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The forward section of KH-9 housed four McDonnell
Douglas Mark 8 satellite reentry vehicles (RV), which were fed film exposed by the main cameras. Each RV had an empty mass of 434 kg. It housed a film take-up assembly (built by RCA Astro Electronic Division) with a mass of 108 kg, and could
623:
propellant tanks for the pressure fed
Orbital Adjust System (OAS) and the Reaction Control System (RCS). OAS and RCS were connected by a transfer line to facilitate propellant exchange. The tank pressure was maintained within the operational range by additional high pressure nitrogen tanks. The SCS
436:
in recoverable film return capsules for processing and interpretation. The highest ground resolution achieved by the main cameras of the satellite was 2 ft (0.61 m), though another source says "images in the "better-than-one-foot" category" for the last "Gambit" missions.
705:
Missions 1205 to 1216 carried a "mapping camera" (also known as a "frame camera") that used 9 in (230 mm) film and had a moderately low resolution of initially 30 ft (9.1 m), which improved to 20 ft (6.1 m) on later missions (somewhat better than
672:
to take stereo images, with a forward looking camera on the port side, and an aft looking camera on the starboard side. Images were taken at altitudes ranging from 90–200 mi (480,000–1,060,000 ft; 140–320 km). The camera optical layout is an f/3.0 folded
455:
military capabilities and in the acquisition of accurate intelligence for the formulation of U.S. national policy decisions as well as deployment of U.S. forces and weapon systems. The satellites were instrumental in U.S. National
Technical Means of Verification of
507:
from the cameras was sent to recoverable re-entry vehicles and returned to Earth, where the capsules were caught in mid-air by an aircraft. Four re-entry vehicles were carried on most missions, with a fifth added for missions that included a mapping camera.
714:
with images between 1973 and 1981. Almost all the imagery from this camera, amounting to 29,000 images, each covering 3,400 km (1,300 sq mi), was declassified in 2002 as a result of
Executive order 12951, the same order which declassified
618:
for previous generations of reconnaissance satellites. The SCS featured an increased diameter of 10 ft (3.0 m) (compared to 5 ft (1.5 m) for the Agena) and a length of 6 ft (1.8 m). It housed
610:
The
Satellite Control Section (SCS), which forms the aft part of the SBA, started as Air Force Project 467. SCS was intended as a more capable replacement for the on-orbit propulsion, which had been provided by the
2414:
2199:
502:
search satellites. The goal was to search large areas of the Earth with a medium resolution camera. The KH-9 carried two main cameras, although a mapping camera was also carried on several missions. The
1689:
1801:
1617:
750:
store about 227 kg of film. The twelve mapping missions were equipped with an additional
General Electrics Mark V RV, which could store about 32 kg of film for a total mass of 177 kg.
685:
of the Wright design. In each of the cameras the ground image passes through the corrector plate to a 45°-angle flat mirror, which reflects the light to a 0.91 m (3 ft 0 in)-diameter
1538:
The total cost of the 20 flights KH-9 program from FY1966 to FY1986 was US$ 3.262 billion in respective year dollars (equivalent to 17.47 billion in 2023, with an average reference year of 1976).
813:. It was a piggy-back payload on KH9-8 (1208) boosting it to a 500 mile (800 kilometers) circular orbit. It disappeared from ground-based sensors in the 1990s, and was found again in 2024.
1765:
1701:
1629:
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in a 70 ft (21 m) container. Ultimately, four generations ("blocks") of KH-9 HEXAGON reconnaissance satellites were developed. KH9-7 (missions 7 to 12) was the first to fly a
1753:
4244:
1777:
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to catalogue Soviet air defence radars, eavesdrop on voice communications, and tape missile and satellite telemetry. Missions 1210 to 1212 also included scientific subsatellites.
4254:
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for the
Stellar Index camera (SI). Integration and ground-testing of Satellite Vehicle-1 (SV-1) were completed in May 1971, and it was subsequently shipped to
726:
Scientific analysis of declassified KH-9 satellite images continues to reveal historic trends and changes in climate and terrestrial geology. A 2019 study of
2142:
582:
retrieved its payload in April 1972 after a lengthy search, but the film had disintegrated during the nine months underwater, leaving no usable photographs.
1550:
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incorporated a freon gas system for backup attitude control inherited from the Agena, commonly referred to as "lifeboat". SCS was equipped with deployable
1641:
3806:
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over the past half-century used data collected by KH-9 satellites throughout the 1970s and 1980s to demonstrate that melt rates had doubled since 1975.
467:
The KH-9 was declassified in
September 2011 and an example was put on public display for a single day on 17 September 2011 in the parking lot of the
4124:
3437:
1593:
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Over the duration of the program, the lifetime of the individual satellites increased steadily. The final KH-9 operated for 275 days. The satellite
2442:
4160:
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1713:
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main mirror. The main mirror directs the light through an opening in the flat mirror and through a four-element lens system onto the film
2119:
512:
3999:
1938:
3405:
1605:
2310:
1983:
4009:
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457:
3369:
2495:
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520:
445:
425:
70:
677:, with a focal length of 60 in (1,500 mm). The system aperture is defined by a 20 in (510 mm) diameter
472:
461:
4239:
4145:
3430:
3365:
2491:
4155:
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532:
468:
2200:"An Underwater Ice Station Zebra: Recovering a Secret Spy Satellite Capsule from 16,400 feet Below the Pacific Ocean"
3366:"Reentry Breakup and Survivability Characteristics of the Vehicle Atmospheric Survivability Project (VASP) Vehicles"
589:
with and without the
Mapping Camera System was 13,300 and 11,400 kg (29,300 and 25,100 lb), respectively.
3907:
2555:
2123:
1889:
1885:
625:
2184:
2149:
3935:
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K. S. W. Champion; J. M. Forves (1976). "Atmospheric drag analyses of low-altitude
Doppler beacon satellites".
1526:
575:
417:
809:
IRCB (Infra-Red Calibration Balloon) was an 66 cm diameter inflatable calibration sphere orbited in the
4150:
4024:
3940:
3526:
3423:
1901:
548:
2346:
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They are also officially known as the Broad Coverage Photo Reconnaissance satellites (Code 467), built by
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216:
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NARA ARC database description of "Keyhole-9 (KH-9) Satellite Imagery", accession number NN3-263-02-011
4119:
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543:(missions 13 to 18) included upgrades to electrical distribution and batteries. Two added tanks with
441:
96:
60:
45:
1984:"Critical to US Security: the development of the GAMBIT and HEXAGON satellite reconnaissance system"
4070:
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2020:
794:
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A reentry vehicle from the first Hexagon satellite sank to 16,000 ft (4,900 m) below the
253:
2415:"NIMA Sponsors Historical Imagery Declassification Conference America's Eyes: What We Were Seeing"
2390:
1566:
Total weight: 11,400 kg (25,100 lb), with mapping camera 13,300 kg (29,300 lb)
602:
432:
aboard the KH-9 was stored on RCA Astro Electronic Division take up reel system then sent back to
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1965:
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1837:
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661:
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640:
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Between September 1966 and July 1967, the contractors for the Hexagon subsystems were selected.
2821:
1623:
A technician despools one of the re-entry modules which contained the film used by the cameras.
4065:
4004:
3958:
3925:
3715:
3627:
3562:
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1934:
1807:
A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (rear view without solar panels).
615:
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126:
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4129:
3679:
2441:
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120:
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193:
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SpaceRef.com: "KH-9 Hexagon Spy Satellite Makes a Rare Public Outing (Photos and Video)"
2540:
1707:
This painting of a KH-9 shows the two different camera types that the satellite carried.
39:
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4233:
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3022:
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2941:
2914:
2887:
2860:
2762:
2738:
2714:
2690:
2666:
2642:
2618:
2594:
2570:
2556:"National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide: Version 1.0 2008 Edition"
2514:
2477:
2401:
2368:
2333:
2314:
2287:
2228:
2171:
2063:
2006:
1987:
1880:
759:
678:
674:
571:
421:
323:
319:
280:
114:
2418:
2299:
Doyle, John M., Big Bird, uncaged, Air & Space, December 2011/January 2012, p.10
3930:
3887:
3505:
3485:
3406:
Photographic imagery from KH-7 Surveillance and KH-9 Mapping system (1963 to 1980).
1895:
1870:
763:
452:
414:
102:
2492:"Atmospheric Density Determination from Analysis of Doppler Beacon Satellite Data"
2466:
2109:
Doyle, John M., Big Bird, uncaged, Air and Space, December 2011/January 2012, p.10
2091:"Declassified US Spy Satellites Reveal Rare Look at Secret Cold War Space Program"
2076:
1771:
A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (film recovery unit).
782:
1578:
Orbit: elliptical, 160 km × 240 km (99 mi × 149 mi)
3892:
3849:
3490:
1875:
669:
612:
516:
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2776:
1962:"34D-9: Titan rocket with last KH-9 explodes after liftoff (18 April 1986) (F)"
1759:
A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (forward section).
3882:
3480:
1961:
1865:
1816:
1783:
A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (center section).
1557:
882:
498:
The KH-9 was originally conceived in the early 1960s as a replacement for the
2393:. National Archives and Records Administration press release. 9 October 2002.
1695:
The shroud and base of a KH-9 undergo vibration tests in an acoustic chamber.
652:
A achieved ground resolution of Satellite Vehicles (SV) 1 to 18 main cameras.
2095:
1561:
1445:
767:
731:
620:
1795:
A KH-9 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (left camera).
697:
better than 2 ft (0.61 m) during the later phase of the project.
2777:"Robotic ravens: American ferret satellite operations during the Cold War"
1635:
A diagram showing the assembly, testing and launch preparations of a KH-9.
693:. The cameras could scan contiguous areas up to 120° wide, and achieved a
555:
supply for the film transport system and the camera vessel was increased.
386:
1731:
This diagram shows the various sections of the KH-9 and their dimensions.
1659:
A KH-9 re-entry module hanging from its parachute, ready to be retrieved.
741:. It was developed solely as a replacement for the Corona search system.
552:
2822:"A satellite that was lost in space for 25 years has finally been found"
2559:
559:(missions 19 and 20) was equipped with an extended command system using
515:(LMSC) was awarded the contract for the Satellite Basic Assembly (SBA),
4214:
4014:
3780:
3770:
3710:
551:(RCS) served to increase KH-9's operational lifetime. In addition, the
3744:
2490:
James N. Bass; Krishin H. Bhavnani; Isabel M. Hussey (1 April 1975).
2042:"Assessment of Intelligence Gain Provided by KH-9 over KH-4 and KH-8"
690:
544:
183:
2391:"National Archives Releases Recently Declassified Satellite Imagery"
1599:
The reaction control system of a KH-9, showing the propellant tanks.
770:. The measurements of the atmospheric density were released through
710:). Intended for mapmaking, photos this camera took cover the entire
656:
17:
2443:"Cold War Spy Satellites Reveal Substantial Himalayan Glacier Melt"
2274:"The Air Force and the National Security Space Program 1946 - 1988"
4187:
4114:
3642:
836:
790:
Missions 1203, 1207, 1208, 1209, and 1212 to 1219 included Ferret
711:
694:
655:
647:
639:
601:
433:
385:
243:
233:
3387:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3345:
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3318:
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3291:
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3264:
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3237:
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3210:
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3183:
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3156:
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3129:
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3102:
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3075:
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3048:
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2994:
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148:
16.2 m × 3.05 m (53.1 ft × 10.0 ft)
3760:
2494:. Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Hanscom AFB. Archived from
771:
586:
528:
487:
483:
108:
3795:
3419:
482:
put a KH-9 on public display along with its predecessors the
2148:. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). 1988. Archived from
547:
for the Orbit Adjust System (OAS) and new thrusters for the
2347:"NRO's Review & Redaction Guide (RRG), Version 2, 2012"
2241:
2239:
2237:
2205:. CIA (Historical Collection Publications). Archived from
1968:
from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
1575:
Length (with mapping camera): 16.21 m (53.2 ft)
1683:
A KH-9 being transported by truck in a special canister.
424:
between 1971 and 1986. Of twenty launch attempts by the
1581:
Scanners: television, radio, and high resolution camera
451:
The satellites were an important factor in determining
2313:. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Archived from
1986:. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Archived from
1572:
Max. diameter (main body): 3.05 m (10.0 ft)
2248:"Hexagon (KH-9) Mapping Camera Program and Evolution"
2077:"NRO Observes 50th Anniversary with Declassification"
632:
parabolic antenna for high data rate communication.
4207:
4200:
4180:
4173:
4138:
4107:
4098:
4046:
4023:
3990:
3981:
3949:
3916:
3848:
3839:
3753:
3732:
3701:
3678:
3650:
3641:
3620:
3594:
3585:
3555:
3535:
3514:
3468:
3461:
3454:
1671:
Another view of the KH-9's reaction control system.
368:
360:
352:
344:
337:
315:
302:
294:
286:
275:
270:
252:
242:
232:
222:
212:
207:
189:
175:
165:
160:
144:
136:
89:
84:
66:
56:
2137:
2135:
2133:
737:The KH-9 was never a backup project for the KH-10
719:, and copies of the films were transferred to the
1977:
1975:
1611:A KH-9 in scaffolding, being prepared for launch.
786:Stereo pair of KH-9 imagery (Los Angeles-1968/06)
2187:. Fox News. Associated Press. 25 December 2011.
1569:Reentry weight: 5,330 kg (11,750 lb)
723:'s Earth Resources Observation Systems office.
4245:Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
3303:
3301:
3276:
3274:
3249:
3247:
3222:
3220:
3195:
3193:
3168:
3166:
3141:
3139:
3114:
3112:
3087:
3085:
3060:
3058:
3033:
3031:
3006:
3004:
2979:
2977:
2952:
2950:
2925:
2923:
2898:
2896:
2871:
2869:
2844:
2842:
2185:"Decades Later, a Cold War Secret Is Revealed"
1745:National Museum of the United States Air Force
480:National Museum of the United States Air Force
3807:
3431:
1719:Basic specifications and diagram of the KH-9.
563:. In the mid 1970s, over 1,000 people in the
8:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3330:
3328:
32:
2417:. SpaceRef. 15 October 2002. Archived from
2120:"Three former spy satellites go on display"
4255:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
4204:
4177:
4104:
3987:
3845:
3814:
3800:
3792:
3647:
3591:
3465:
3458:
3438:
3424:
3416:
334:
140:11400 kg to 13300 kg (with mapping camera)
38:
31:
1956:
1954:
1933:. Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York.
766:in an effort to understand the effect on
820:
781:
3404:US Geological Survey Satellite Images:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1589:
1549:The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft and
1483:170.0 km × 230.0 km, i=96.5°
1450:163.0 km × 224.0 km, i=96.4°
1415:177.0 km × 262.0 km, i=96.4°
1382:169.0 km × 265.0 km, i=96.5°
1349:177.0 km × 256.0 km, i=96.3°
1316:172.0 km × 218.0 km, i=96.4°
1283:155.0 km × 239.0 km, i=97.0°
1250:159.0 km × 242.0 km, i=97.0°
1217:157.0 km × 234.0 km, i=96.7°
1184:157.0 km × 234.0 km, i=96.3°
1151:162.0 km × 271.0 km, i=96.7°
1118:153.0 km × 285.0 km, i=94.5°
1085:159.0 km × 275.0 km, i=96.9°
1052:156.0 km × 269.0 km, i=96.2°
1019:152.0 km × 270.0 km, i=95.7°
986:160.0 km × 281.0 km, i=96.5°
953:174.0 km × 251.0 km, i=96.9°
920:157.0 km × 331.0 km, i=97.0°
887:184.0 km × 300.0 km, i=96.4°
762:to help map the atmospheric density at
668:The main camera system was designed by
519:for the primary Sensor Subsystem (SS),
2820:Passant Rabie / Gizmodo (1 May 2024).
7:
2535:. New Mexico State University: 343.
681:corrector plate, which corrects the
3364:Stern, Richard G. (5 August 2008).
2019:Deutsch, Ricky (12 November 2020).
1833:Other U.S. imaging spy satellites:
567:area worked on the secret project.
513:Lockheed Missiles and Space Company
2311:"A history of the HEXAGON program"
2279:. USAF Historical Research Center.
44:A KH-9 HEXAGON during assembly by
25:
2554:Scott F. Large (9 October 2002).
2246:Burnett, M.G. (1 December 1982).
1930:The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft
754:High-altitude atmospheric density
527:for the Film Take-Up system, and
298:1.52 m (5 ft 0 in)
290:0.91 m (3 ft 0 in)
27:American family of spy satellites
3823:
3382:
3340:
3313:
3286:
3259:
3232:
3205:
3178:
3151:
3124:
3097:
3070:
3043:
3016:
2989:
2962:
2935:
2908:
2881:
2854:
2756:
2732:
2708:
2684:
2660:
2636:
2612:
2588:
2564:
2508:
2471:
2440:Harvey, Chelsea (20 June 2019).
2395:
2362:
2327:
2281:
2222:
2165:
2057:
2000:
1819:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
574:after its parachute failed. The
2198:Walthrop, David (28 May 2013).
458:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
428:, all but one were successful.
3448:National Reconnaissance Office
2465:Barbara Pope (28 April 2006).
1647:The forward section of a KH-9.
758:Missions 1205 to 1207 carried
525:RCA Astro-Electronics Division
523:for the Reentry Vehicle (RV),
446:National Reconnaissance Office
426:National Reconnaissance Office
71:National Reconnaissance Office
1:
2775:Day, Dwayne (27 April 2009).
2529:Satellite Doppler Positioning
2467:"NIMS file by satellite name"
797:, which were launched into a
473:National Air and Space Museum
462:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
111:(stellar and terrain cameras)
390:A KH-9 HEXAGON main features
2309:Richard J. Chester (1985).
660:A KH-9 image of the Soviet
469:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
4271:
4048:Geosynchronous Earth orbit
3368:. dtic.mil. Archived from
2124:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1890:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
644:A main camera optical path
539:panoramic camera and SBA.
372:Stellar Solid State Camera
3833:reconnaissance satellites
2272:Hall, R. Cargill (1988).
1982:Gerald K. Haines (1997).
739:Manned Orbital Laboratory
606:Satellite Control Section
598:Satellite Control Section
533:Vandenberg Air Force Base
418:reconnaissance satellites
380:
333:
329:
266:
262:
248:260 km (160 mi)
238:170 km (110 mi)
203:
199:
180:Vandenberg Air Force Base
156:
152:
80:
76:
52:
37:
3951:Synthetic-aperture radar
478:On 26 January 2012, the
348:Stereo Panoramic Cameras
4025:Highly elliptical orbit
3941:Enhanced Imaging System
3338:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3311:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3284:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3257:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3230:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3203:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3176:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3149:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3122:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3095:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3068:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3041:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
3014:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2987:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2960:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2933:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2906:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2879:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2852:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2754:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2730:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2706:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2682:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2658:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2634:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2610:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
2586:. NASA. 8 October 2010.
1902:Enhanced Imaging System
549:Reaction Control System
129:(MK 8 reentry vehicles)
123:(MK V reentry vehicles)
1556:Launch vehicle: Titan
787:
721:U.S. Geological Survey
665:
653:
645:
607:
391:
3336:"1984-065A 1984-065A"
2558:. NRO. Archived from
2446:. Scientific American
2021:"Controlling Hexagon"
785:
768:ephemeris predictions
659:
651:
643:
605:
405:), commonly known as
389:
356:Mapping Camera System
217:Sun-synchronous orbit
213:Reference system
85:Spacecraft properties
2958:"KH 9-05 1973-014 A"
2794:Krebs, Gunter Dirk.
2317:on 15 September 2012
2155:on 16 September 2012
2099:. 18 September 2011.
1990:on 15 September 2012
1964:. 16 December 2012.
1927:Yenne, Bill (1985).
683:spherical aberration
593:Main KH-9 components
565:Danbury, Connecticut
442:Lockheed Corporation
364:Stellar Index camera
61:Imagery intelligence
4240:1971 in spaceflight
3309:"KH 9-18 1983-060A"
3282:"KH 9-17 1982-041A"
3255:"KH 9-16 1980-052A"
3228:"KH 9-15 1979-025A"
3201:"KH 9-14 1978-029A"
3174:"KH 9-13 1977-056A"
3147:"KH 9-12 1976-065A"
3120:"KH 9-11 1975-114A"
3093:"KH 9-10 1975-051A"
3066:"KH 9-09 1974-085A"
3039:"KH 9-08 1974-020A"
3012:"KH 9-07 1973-088A"
2985:"KH 9-06 1973-046A"
2931:"KH 9-04 1972-079A"
2904:"KH 9-03 1972-052A"
2877:"KH 9-02 1972-002A"
2850:"KH 9-01 1971-056A"
2800:Gunter's Space Page
2541:1976sdp..conf..343C
2143:"The HEXAGON story"
1522:(NSSDC ID Numbers:
1352:22 September 1979
1319:11 September 1978
956:13 September 1972
778:ELINT subsatellites
99:(satellite vehicle)
34:
3446:Satellites of the
2781:thespacereview.com
2212:on 28 October 2013
1827:Spaceflight portal
1286:23 December 1977
1253:13 December 1976
923:29 February 1972
811:Space Test Program
788:
666:
654:
646:
608:
561:plated-wire memory
413:, was a series of
392:
208:Orbital parameters
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4196:
4195:
4169:
4168:
4139:Secondary mission
4094:
4093:
4076:Rhyolite/Aquacade
3977:
3976:
3789:
3788:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3660:Rhyolite/Aquacade
3581:
3580:
3551:
3550:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1486:18 October 1984
1474:
1439:
1418:5 December 1982
1406:
1373:
1340:
1307:
1274:
1241:
1208:
1187:5 November 1975
1175:
1142:
1109:
1076:
1069:10 November 1973
1055:12 October 1973
1043:
1010:
977:
944:
911:
876:
843:
695:ground resolution
505:photographic film
430:Photographic film
384:
383:
376:
375:
127:McDonnell Douglas
16:(Redirected from
4262:
4205:
4178:
4105:
3988:
3846:
3828:
3827:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3648:
3592:
3466:
3459:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2966:
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2961:
2954:
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2927:
2918:
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2907:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1924:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1521:
1472:
1437:
1404:
1371:
1338:
1305:
1272:
1239:
1206:
1201:4 December 1975
1173:
1140:
1135:29 October 1974
1107:
1074:
1041:
1008:
989:8 January 1973
975:
970:10 October 1972
942:
909:
904:20 January 1972
874:
841:
821:
799:high Earth orbit
745:Reentry vehicles
420:launched by the
340:
335:
311:
309:
234:Perigee altitude
161:Start of mission
121:General Electric
42:
35:
21:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4192:
4181:Primary mission
4165:
4134:
4108:Primary mission
4090:
4042:
4019:
3992:Low Earth orbit
3973:
3945:
3918:Electro-optical
3912:
3835:
3822:
3820:
3790:
3785:
3749:
3720:
3697:
3674:
3637:
3616:
3577:
3547:
3531:
3510:
3450:
3444:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3375:
3373:
3372:on 17 July 2011
3363:
3362:
3353:
3341:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2855:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2501:
2499:
2498:on 17 July 2011
2489:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2127:26 January 2012
2118:Cohen, Aubrey,
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1941:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1693:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1669:
1660:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1544:
1536:
1506:Launch failed
1471:
1453:21 March 1984
1436:
1403:
1370:
1337:
1304:
1271:
1238:
1205:
1172:
1154:19 March 1975
1139:
1106:
1088:13 March 1974
1073:
1040:
1007:
974:
941:
908:
890:6 August 1971
873:
849:Launch vehicle
840:
819:
807:
780:
760:Doppler beacons
756:
747:
703:
638:
600:
595:
496:
460:(SALT) and the
338:
307:
306:
244:Apogee altitude
227:Low Earth orbit
194:Martin Marietta
132:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4268:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:Mentor (Orion)
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3595:Radar location
3589:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3506:Kennen/Crystal
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3399:External links
3397:
3394:
3393:
3351:
3324:
3297:
3270:
3243:
3216:
3189:
3162:
3135:
3108:
3081:
3054:
3027:
3000:
2973:
2946:
2919:
2892:
2865:
2838:
2812:
2796:"IRCB (S73-7)"
2786:
2767:
2743:
2719:
2695:
2671:
2647:
2623:
2599:
2575:
2562:on 6 May 2009.
2546:
2519:
2482:
2457:
2432:
2421:on 14 May 2023
2406:
2382:
2373:
2338:
2301:
2292:
2264:
2233:
2190:
2176:
2129:
2111:
2102:
2082:
2068:
2033:
2011:
1971:
1950:
1939:
1913:
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1907:
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1811:
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1794:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1743:A KH-9 at the
1742:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1694:
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1622:
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1601:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1543:
1542:Specifications
1540:
1535:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:18 April 1986
1498:
1495:
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1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:6 March 1981
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1333:16 March 1979
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1300:16 March 1978
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1268:
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1254:
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1242:
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1222:
1221:
1220:1 April 1976
1218:
1215:
1212:
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1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
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1155:
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1149:
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1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1121:28 July 1974
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1102:10 April 1974
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
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1037:
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1024:
1023:
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1017:
1014:
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984:
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847:
844:
834:
831:
828:
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815:
806:
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795:sub-satellites
779:
776:
764:high altitudes
755:
752:
746:
743:
702:
701:Mapping camera
699:
637:
634:
599:
596:
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591:
545:ullage control
495:
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382:
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271:Main telescope
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
4267:
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4216:
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4016:
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4008:
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3993:
3989:
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3921:
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3909:
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3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:KH-8 Gambit 3
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
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3830:United States
3826:
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3733:Communication
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3626:
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3623:
3621:Ship location
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Chalet/Vortex
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Lacrosse/Onyx
3566:
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3371:
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3337:
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2043:
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2015:
2012:
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2007:public domain
1989:
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1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
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1940:0-671-07580-2
1936:
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1915:
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1881:KH-8 Gambit 3
1879:
1877:
1874:
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1467:25 June 1984
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1366:18 June 1980
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1267:27 June 1977
1266:
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1038:
1036:13 July 1973
1035:
1032:
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1022:19 May 1973
1021:
1018:
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1003:9 March 1973
1002:
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869:15 June 1971
868:
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858:
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835:
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829:
826:
823:
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817:KH-9 missions
816:
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804:
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724:
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688:
684:
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676:
675:Wright camera
671:
663:
658:
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642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
622:
617:
614:
604:
597:
592:
590:
588:
583:
581:
580: (DSV-1)
579:
573:
572:Pacific Ocean
568:
566:
562:
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476:
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454:
449:
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422:United States
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
336:
332:
328:
325:
324:Near-infrared
321:
320:visible light
318:
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
281:Wright camera
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
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159:
155:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:Eastman Kodak
113:
110:
107:
105:(main camera)
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4250:Surveillance
3931:KH-11 Kennen
3908:KH-10 Dorian
3903:KH-9 Hexagon
3902:
3888:KH-6 Lanyard
3878:KH-4B Corona
3873:KH-4A Corona
3850:Photographic
3665:Magnum/Orion
3500:
3374:. Retrieved
3370:the original
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2789:
2780:
2770:
2746:
2722:
2698:
2674:
2650:
2626:
2602:
2578:
2560:the original
2549:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2485:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2409:
2385:
2376:
2354:. Retrieved
2341:
2321:24 September
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2304:
2295:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2214:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2193:
2179:
2157:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2122:
2114:
2105:
2094:
2085:
2071:
2049:. Retrieved
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2014:
1994:24 September
1992:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1946:
1931:
1928:
1896:KH-11 Kennen
1871:KH-6 Lanyard
1832:
1547:Data source:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1523:
1520:
1399:11 May 1982
1234:8 July 1976
1168:8 June 1975
937:7 July 1972
833:Launch date
830:Mission no.
808:
805:IRCB (S73-7)
789:
757:
748:
736:
728:glacial melt
725:
704:
670:Perkin-Elmer
667:
629:
626:solar panels
609:
584:
577:
569:
556:
540:
536:
517:Perkin Elmer
510:
497:
477:
466:
450:
439:
415:photographic
410:
406:
402:
394:
393:
295:Focal length
103:Perkin-Elmer
90:Manufacturer
57:Mission type
33:KH-9 HEXAGON
29:
4010:White Cloud
3893:KH-7 Gambit
3868:KH-3 Corona
3863:KH-2 Corona
3858:KH-1 Corona
3376:13 February
2752:"1984-065C"
2728:"1976-065C"
2704:"1976-065B"
2680:"1974-085B"
2656:"1974-020C"
2632:"1974-020B"
2608:"1973-088B"
2584:"1972-052C"
1876:KH-7 Gambit
1412:Titan IIID
1379:Titan IIID
1346:Titan IIID
1313:Titan IIID
1280:Titan IIID
1247:Titan IIID
1214:Titan IIID
1181:Titan IIID
1148:Titan IIID
1115:Titan IIID
1082:Titan IIID
1049:Titan IIID
1016:Titan IIID
983:Titan IIID
950:Titan IIID
917:Titan IIID
855:Decay date
846:Other Name
636:Main camera
616:upper stage
494:Development
339:Instruments
316:Wavelengths
303:Focal ratio
254:Inclination
176:Launch site
137:Launch mass
4234:Categories
4208:USA number
3883:KH-5 Argon
3754:Technology
2502:16 January
1909:References
1866:KH-5 Argon
1509:Titan 34D
1480:Titan 34D
1470:1984-065A
1435:1983-060A
1402:1982-041A
1369:1980-052A
1336:1979-025A
1303:1978-029A
1270:1977-056A
1237:1976-065A
1204:1975-114A
1171:1975-051A
1138:1974-085A
1105:1974-020A
1072:1973-088A
1039:1973-046A
1006:1973-014A
973:1972-079A
940:1972-052A
907:1972-002A
883:Titan IIID
872:1971-056A
630:unfurlable
578:Trieste II
190:Contractor
145:Dimensions
2425:8 January
2356:7 January
2159:6 October
2096:Space.com
2051:7 January
1503:1986-F03
1446:Titan 34D
1442:OPS 0721
1409:OPS 5642
1376:OPS 3123
1343:OPS 3854
1310:OPS 0460
1277:OPS 4800
1244:OPS 4699
1211:OPS 4428
1178:OPS 6381
1145:OPS 7122
1112:OPS 6245
1079:OPS 6630
1046:OPS 8261
1013:OPS 8410
980:OPS 8314
947:OPS 7293
914:OPS 1737
879:OPS 7809
732:Himalayas
621:hydrazine
576:USS
541:Block-III
521:McDonnell
411:KeyHole-9
401:codename
170:Titan III
4033:Jumpseat
3964:Lacrosse
3688:Jumpseat
3496:Gambit 3
3491:Gambit 1
2026:19 April
1966:Archived
1947:Big Bird
1840:series:
1813:See also
679:aspheric
664:airfield
557:Block-IV
553:nitrogen
537:Block-II
464:(ABMT).
444:for the
407:Big Bird
287:Diameter
97:Lockheed
67:Operator
46:Lockheed
4215:USA-193
4201:Unknown
4174:R&D
4071:Mercury
4038:Trumpet
4015:Samos-F
3771:USA-193
3766:GeoLITE
3711:Samos-F
3693:Trumpet
3612:Mercury
3501:Hexagon
3486:Lanyard
3469:Keyhole
3462:Optical
3455:Imaging
2537:Bibcode
2469:. NASA.
2450:20 June
2216:29 June
1900:KH-13 (
1586:Gallery
1491:KH9-20
1458:KH9-19
1423:KH9-18
1390:KH9-17
1357:KH9-16
1324:KH9-15
1291:KH9-14
1258:KH9-13
1225:KH9-12
1192:KH9-11
1159:KH9-10
842:NORAD #
827:Block
730:in the
708:LANDSAT
687:concave
662:Kubinka
628:and an
471:of the
448:(NRO).
403:HEXAGON
279:folded
4100:MASINT
4081:Vortex
4061:Magnum
4056:Canyon
3983:SIGINT
3776:Colony
3745:SLDCOM
3670:Mentor
3602:Canyon
3587:SIGINT
3476:Corona
2826:Qz.com
2257:12 May
1937:
1838:CORONA
1527:COSPAR
1477:USA 2
1126:KH9-9
1093:KH9-8
1060:KH9-7
1027:KH9-6
994:KH9-5
961:KH9-4
928:KH9-3
895:KH9-2
860:KH9-1
852:Orbit
717:CORONA
691:platen
500:CORONA
453:Soviet
399:BYEMAN
223:Regime
184:SLC-4E
166:Rocket
117:(film)
4188:MiTEx
4156:SBIRS
4146:MIDAS
4115:FORTE
4086:GSSAP
4005:Poppy
3959:Quill
3936:Misty
3926:Samos
3841:IMINT
3716:Poppy
3643:ELINT
3628:Poppy
3573:FIA-R
3563:Quill
3556:Radar
3543:Samos
3536:Other
3522:Misty
3515:Misty
3481:Argon
2831:5 May
2805:5 May
2352:. NRO
2350:(PDF)
2277:(PDF)
2253:. NRO
2251:(PDF)
2210:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2153:(PDF)
2146:(PDF)
2047:. NRO
2045:(PDF)
1945:p.32
1886:KH-10
1551:NSSDC
1497:1220
1473:15063
1464:1219
1438:14137
1429:1218
1405:13170
1396:1217
1372:11850
1363:1216
1339:11305
1330:1215
1306:10733
1297:1214
1273:10111
1264:1213
1240:09006
1231:1212
1207:08467
1198:1211
1174:07918
1165:1210
1141:07495
1132:1209
1108:07242
1099:1208
1075:06928
1066:1207
1042:06727
1033:1206
1009:06382
1000:1205
976:06227
967:1204
943:06094
934:1203
910:05769
901:1202
875:05297
866:1201
837:NSSDC
824:Name
792:ELINT
712:Earth
613:Agena
434:Earth
4161:STSS
4130:Vela
4125:DMSP
4000:GRAB
3761:STEX
3633:NOSS
3378:2011
2833:2024
2807:2024
2504:2011
2452:2019
2427:2018
2358:2023
2323:2011
2259:2021
2218:2013
2161:2011
2053:2023
2028:2022
1996:2011
1935:ISBN
1859:KH-4
1854:KH-3
1849:KH-2
1844:KH-1
1558:IIID
1534:Cost
1426:III
1393:III
1360:III
1327:III
1294:III
1261:III
772:NASA
587:mass
529:Itek
488:KH-8
486:and
484:KH-7
395:KH-9
310:/3.0
276:Type
109:Itek
18:KH-9
4151:DSP
4120:GPS
3969:FIA
3781:RPP
3740:SDS
3703:LEO
3680:HEO
3652:GEO
3527:EIS
1562:34D
1524:See
1494:IV
1461:IV
1228:II
1195:II
1162:II
1129:II
1096:II
1063:II
409:or
353:MCS
345:SPC
258:97°
4236::
3354:^
3327:^
3300:^
3273:^
3246:^
3219:^
3192:^
3165:^
3138:^
3111:^
3084:^
3057:^
3030:^
3003:^
2976:^
2949:^
2922:^
2895:^
2868:^
2841:^
2824:.
2798:.
2779:.
2531:.
2236:^
2132:^
2093:.
1974:^
1953:^
1917:^
1515:—
1512:—
1030:I
997:I
964:I
931:I
898:I
863:I
839:ID
774:.
490:.
475:.
369:S3
361:SI
322:,
182:,
3815:e
3808:t
3801:v
3439:e
3432:t
3425:v
3391:.
3380:.
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3322:.
3295:.
3268:.
3241:.
3214:.
3187:.
3160:.
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3025:.
2998:.
2971:.
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2890:.
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2783:.
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2669:.
2645:.
2621:.
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2539::
2533:1
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2480:.
2454:.
2429:.
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2371:.
2360:.
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2325:.
2290:.
2261:.
2231:.
2220:.
2174:.
2163:.
2079:.
2066:.
2055:.
2030:.
2009:.
1998:.
1943:.
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1892:)
1888:(
1560:/
1529:)
397:(
308:f
20:)
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