Kadamba dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

1041: 1140:) from the royal family often helped the king in central administration at the royal capital. Some governed in the far off provinces. This experience not only provided future security and know-how for the king to be, but also kept administration controls within trusted family members. This is seen in the case of kings Shantivarma, Kakusthavarma and Krishnavarma. King Kakusthavarma had appointed his son Krishnavarma as viceroy of Triparvatha region. King Ravivarma's brothers Bhanu and Shivaratha governed over Halasi and Uchangi provinces respectively. Some regions continued to be under hereditary ruling families such as the Alupas, the Sendrakas, the Kekeyas and the Bhataris. While Banavasi was the nerve center of power, Halasi, Triparvata and Uchangi were important regional capitals. The kingdom was divided into provinces ( 2564: 507: 365: 2620:

main content of the inscriptions were in Sanskrit, the boundary specifications of the land grant were in Kannada. In subsequent two centuries, not only do inscriptions become more numerous and longer in size, these inscriptions show a significant increase in the usage of Kannada, though the invocatory, the implicatory and the panegyric verses are in Sanskrit. Settar points out that there are inscriptions where the implicatory verses have been translated verbatim into Kannada also. In fact Kannada composed in verse meters start making their appearance in inscriptions even before being committed to literature.

1285: 2616:). In the early centuries of the first millennium, inscriptions in the Deccan were predominantly in the Prakrit language. Then came a slow change with records appearing in bilingual Sanskrit-Prakrit languages around the middle of the fourth century, where the genealogy information is in Sanskrit while the functional portion was in Prakrit. From around the fifth century, Prakrit fell out of use entirely and was replaced by the Dravidian languages. In the Kannada speaking regions in particular, the trend was to inscribe in Sanskrit entirely or in Sanskrit-Kannada. 1867:. However, from the seventh century onward, the growing popularity of Jainism and Buddhism became a cause for concern to the Hindu saints who saw the growth of these new faiths as heretic to mainstream Hinduism. This new found Hindu resurgence, especially in Tamil country, was characterized by public debates and enthusiastic rebuttals by itinerant saints. Their main purpose was to energize and revive Hindu Bhakti among the masses and bring back followers of sects considered primitive, such as the Kalamukhas, Kapalikas and Pasupatas, into mainstream Hinduism. 2062:"). These stones, the inscriptions and relief sculptures on them were meant to deify the fallen hero. According to Upendra Singh, The largest concentration of such stones, numbering about 2650 and dated to between the fifth and thirteenth centuries, are found in the modern Karnataka region of India. While most were dedicated to men, a few interesting ones are dedicated to women and pets. The Siddhenahalli, the Kembalu and the Shikaripura hero stones extol the qualities of women who died fighting cattle rustlers or enemies. The Gollarahatti and the 2588: 2576: 380: 6172: 2385: 584:. According to R.N. Nandi, since the inscription states the family got its name by tending to the totem tree that bore the beautiful Kadamba flowers, it is an indication of their tribal origin. However the historians Sastri and Kamath claim the family belonged to the Brahmin caste, believed in the Vedas and performed Vedic sacrifices. According to the Talagunda and the Gudnapur inscriptions, they belonged to the 1060:, "Virtuous kings") and followed them closely in their administrative procedures. The kings were well read and some were even scholars and men of letters. Inscriptions describe the founding king Mayurasharma as "Vedangavaidya Sharada" ("master of the Vedas"), Vishnuvarma was known for his proficiency in grammar and logic, and Simhavarma was called "skilled in the art of learning". 59: 885:(horse sacrifice). It is known that he possibly lost his life in battle with the Pallavas. According to the Hebbatta record his successor and son Vishnuvarma had to accept the suzerainty of the Pallavas despite showing initial allegiance to his uncle Santivarma ruling from Banavasi whom he described in an earlier record as "lord of the entire Karnata country". In 2092:, there is only a passing reference of widow being required to lie by the side of her husband's corpse on the funeral pyre, then alight from it before it was lit, for the chanting of hymns to commence that blessed her with future wealth and children. This was an indication that window remarriage was in vogue. Altekar points out that even the authors of the 2039:

which deema the marriage of a Brahmin man to Kshatriya woman as unacceptable but that of a Kshatriya man to a Brahmin woman as acceptable. Thus a caste system was in play with all the three main religions of the times. However, Majumdar does point out the highly assimilate nature of the Hindu society where all the early invaders into India, such as the

2393: 4899: 1952:, Niravadya Pandita and Kumaradatta find mention in their inscriptions. Jainas occupied commanding posts of importance in their armies. According to Adiga, image worship, which was originally prohibited, was now popularized among the common man and the monks. This helped raise funds for the construction of Jain temples ( 2636:

minted coins, some of which have Kannada legends which provide additional numismatic evidence of their history. The Kadambas (along with their contemporary Ganga dynasty of Talakad) were the first rulers to use Kannada as an additional official administrative language, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription of

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with either partially digested food in their body or on a full stomach. Bathing with cold water after exercises was considered unhealthy. Medieval sculptures depict youth in physical combat training, doing gymnastics such as lifting the weight of the body with both hands, and doing muscular exercises

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Most of their extant constructions are seen in Halasi and surrounding areas with the oldest one ascribed to King Mrigeshavarma. Other notable temples in Halasi include the Hattikesavara temple with perforated screens by the doors, the Kallesvara temple with octagonal pillars, the Bhuvaraha Narasimha

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says "one who has made the vision of both of his mental and physical eyes steady can conquer even the god of death". An archers proficiency, which depended as much on his footwork as on his fingers and keen eyesight, was proven if he could hit bullseye by just looking down at the target's reflection

1767:, included its natural (or man made) bounding landmarks, layout of agricultural fields, repairs to existing and newly constructed water tanks, irrigation channels and streams, soil type and the crops grown. Repairs to tanks and construction of new ones was a preoccupation of elite, from kings to the 769:

for Vedic studies gives an indication that Vedic lore was quite rudimentary in the Banavasi region at that time. The Gudnapur inscription which was discovered by epigraphist B.R. Gopal states that Mauryasharma, whose grandfather and preceptor was Veerasharma and his father was Bandhushena, developed

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and Punnatas, two contemporary kingdoms who ruled as the northern and southern neighbors of Mayurasharma's Kadamba kingdom. The Talagunda inscription also confirms Mayurasharma was the progenitor of the kingdom. The inscription gives a graphic description of the happenings after the Kanchi incident:

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claims that Kadamba Rudra, the founder of the kingdom, was born in a forest of Kadamba trees. As he had "peacock feather"-like reflections on his limbs, he was called Mayuravarma. From the Talagunda inscription, one more legend informs that the founding king of the dynasty, Mayurasharma was anointed

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cleansed the deceased husband of earthly sins and assured the couple a place in heaven caught on. Occasionally concubines, mothers, sisters, sisters-in-law and even ministers, servants and nurses joined in the act. This took its time to reach the Deccan (Kadamba territory) and the deep south (Tamil

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The caste system was prevalent in the organized Hindu society with the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas at the top. This had a deep impact on such socially important events as marriage. Even Jainism and Buddhism which initially found popularity by avoiding social hierarchy began to develop the trappings

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The Talagunda inscription starts with an invocation of the Hindu god Shiva while the Halmidi and Banavasi inscriptions start with an invocation of the god Vishnu. Madhukeshvara (a form of Shiva) was their family deity and numerous donations were made to the notable Madhukeshvara temple in Banavasi.

1771:, who claimed partial land ownership or a percentage of produce irrigated from the tank or both. Taxes were levied on newly irrigated lands, an indication the rulers actively encourage the conversion of dry land to cultivable wet land. An important distinction is made between types of landholdings: 760:

and Sastri opine that Mayurasharma may have availed himself of the confusion in the south that was created by the invasion of Samudragupta who in his Allahabad inscription claims to have defeated Pallava King Vishnugopa of Kanchi. Taking advantage of the weakening of the Pallava power, Mayurasharma

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The credit of the development of Kannada as a language of inscriptions between the fourth and sixth centuries goes to the Kadambas, the Gangas and the Badami Chalukyas. Among the early ones are the Halmidi stone inscription and the Tagare copper plates which are ascribed to the Kadambas. While the

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which Adiga identifies with the protected monument, the Praneshvara temple at Talagunda. The Praneshvara temple bares inscriptions of Queen Prabhavati (of King Mrigeshavarma) from the late fifth century and of their son King Ravivarma. From these inscriptions, Adiga concludes the temple existed in

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the Chalukyas who were vassals of the Kadambas and governed from Badami conquered the entire kingdom. The Kadambas thereafter became vassals of the Badami Chalukyas. In later centuries, the family fragmented into numerous minor branches and ruled from Goa, Halasi, Hangal, Vainad, Belur, Bankapura,

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by placing the Kshatriya above the Brahmin. While the Brahminical literature points to a tradition that permitted a Brahmin man to marry a woman of Kshatriya caste, a Brahmin woman was not allowed to marry a non-Brahmin man. Just the contrary seems to be the case with Buddhist and Jain literature

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are some of the important inscriptions that throw light on this ancient ruling family of Karnataka. Inscriptions of the Kadambas in Sanskrit and Kannada ascribed to Kadamba branches have been published by epigraphists Sircar, Desai, Gai and Rao of the Archaeological Survey of India. The Kadambas

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According to the epigraphist D. C. Sircar, inscriptions have played a vital role in the re-construction of history of literature in India as well as the political history of the kingdoms during the early centuries of the first millennium. Some inscriptions mention names of noted contemporary and

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From the Talagunda inscription it is known that he maintained marital relations with even such powerful ruling families as the imperial Guptas of the northern India. One of his daughters was married to King Madhava of the Ganga dynasty. According to the Desai one of his daughters was married to

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and successfully dealt with a rebelling successors of Shiva Mandhatri at Ucchangi. The Pallava king Chandadanda (another name for Pallava king Santivarma) also met the same fate according to Sathianathaier. Ravivarma left two of his brothers, Bhanuvarma and Shivaratha to govern from Halasi and

2347:). Additional information is available in medieval sculptures which depict various archery scenes including one where a lady is taking aim from a chariot. Hunting was a favorite pass time of royalty in forest preserves. It served as entertainment, physical exercise and a test of endurance ( 1622:

regions (the ancient divisions of Belvola-300, Puligere-300, Banavasi-12,000) mention cattle raids, cowherds and shepherds. The numerous hero stones to those who fought in cattle raids was an indication of not only lawlessness but also of the importance of herding. The mention of the terms

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are in memory of a dog that died fighting wild boar, and the Tambur inscription of a Kadamba king of the Goa branch describes his death from sorrow of losing his pet parrot to a cat, and the Kuppatur stone was in memory of a bonded servant who was given the honorific "slayer of the enemy"

1948:. However, they were tolerant to other faiths. The Kadamba kings appear to have encouraged Jainism as well. Some records of King Mrigeshavarma indicate describe donations to Jain temples and that King Ravivarma held a Jain scholar in high esteem. Names of such noted Jain preceptors as 932:. Numerous inscriptions from his rule, starting from fifth up to the thirty-fifth regnal years give a vivid picture of his successes which was marked by a series of clashes within the family, and also against the Pallavas and the Gangas. He is credited with a victory against the 834:

Kumara Gupta's son Skanda Gupta (of the Gupta dynasty), and from Balaghat inscription of Vakataka king Prithvisena we know another daughter called Ajitabhattarika was married to the Vakataka prince Narendrasena. He maintained similar relations with the Bhatari vassal and the

797:). According to Jouveau-Dubreuil he was defeated by the King Prithvisena but managed to maintain his freedom. Majumdar feels Kangavarma battled with King Vidyasena of the Basin branch of the Vakataka kingdom with no permanent results. His son Bhageerath who came to power in 506: 426:, and at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions. An indication of their imperial ambitions is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers, and the marital relations they kept with other kingdoms and empires, such as the 654:("horse sacrifice"), a quarrel arose in which Mayurasharma was humiliated. Enraged, the Brahmin discontinued his studies, left Kanchi swearing vengeance on the Pallavas and took to arms. He collected a faithful group of followers, routed the Pallava armies and 1814:(c. 940). References to townships with specialized classes of people such as the diamond and cloth merchants and their shops, merchant guilds (corporate bodies), important temples of worship and religious hubs, palaces of the royalty, vassals and merchants ( 1681:, they frequently depended on cattle thieving from outlying farms and the abduction of women. The Bedas subsisted by selling to merchants stolen cattle and such produce from the forest as meat, sandalwood and timber, and crops from disorganized agriculture. 1272:

which usually included an inscription extolling the virtues of the hero, the grant would be in the form of land. Such land grant could be as small as a plot, as large as several villages, or even a large geographical unit depending on the heroes status.

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There are several legends regarding the origin of the Kadambas. According to one such legend the originator of this dynasty was a three-eyed four-armed warrior called Trilochana Kadamba (the father of Mayurasharma) who emerged from the sweat of the god

2643:. The historian Kamath claims Kannada was the common language of the region during this time. While most of their inscriptions are in Sanskrit, three important Kannada inscriptions from the rule of the early Kadambas of Banavasi have been discovered. 970:) which showed his tolerance and encouragement of all faiths and religions. A Mahadeva temple constructed during his rule finds mention in a Greek writing of the period. According to the Gudnapur inscription, lesser rulers such as the Punnatas, the 1847:

ardent patronage to Hinduism in northern India and their aversion to other religions. According to Sastri, till about the fifth century, South India witnessed a harmonious growth of these religions and the sects related to them without hindrance.

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indicating that a mint may have existed in Banavsi that produced coins with Kannada legends at that time. The discovery of the Talagunda Lion balustrade inscription at the Praneshvara temple during excavations in 2013, and its publication by the

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occur often in literature indicating wrestling was a popular sport with the royalty and the commoners. Wrestlers of both genders existed, the woman fighters meant purely for the entertainment to a male audience. Several kings had titles such as

1121:). The Gavundas formed the elite land owners who were the intermediaries between the king and the farmers collecting taxes, maintaining revenue records and providing military support to the royal family. The army consisted of officers such as 2416:

style (sanctum with its superstructure) is a Kadamba invention. A good example of this construction is seen in the Shankaradeva temple at Kadarolli in the modern Belgaum district. The structures themselves were simplistic with a square

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describes twenty one types of hunt including ambushing deer at waterholes with the hunting party dressed in green and concealed in the hollows of trees. It mentions a special breed of hunting dogs chosen from places such as the modern

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the late fourth century. Further, according to Adiga, the pillar inscription supports the claim that the earliest structure existed there as early as the third century and was under the patronage of the Chutu Satakarnis of Banavasi.

2704:(KTCL).The royal lion emblem of the Kadambas is used a logo on its buses. The lion emblem logo became an integral part of KTCL since its inception in 1980 when the corporation was set up to provide better public transport service. 2659:

in 2016, has shed more light on the politics of language during the early Kadamba era. The bilingual inscription dated to 370 CE written in Sanskrit and Kannada is now thought to be the oldest inscription in the Kannada language.

2563: 2549:(hall with the sculpture of the Nandi the bull); the Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi which shows several Later Chalukyas style additions over a pre-existing Early Chalukya surroundings; and the 12th century, three shrined ( 906:

Santivarma's son Mrigeshavarma came to the throne and faced the Pallavas and Gangas with considerable success. The Halasi plates describes him the "destroyer of the eminent family of the Gangas" and the "destructive fire"

2671:("The festival of Kadamba") is a festival that is celebrated every year by the Government of Karnataka in honor of this kingdom. The creation of the first native Kannada kingdom is celebrated by a popular Kannada film, 1668:), seems to be the thing to do, for both the quantum of grain produced and number of cattle head determined opulence. There are several records that mention the donation of both gracing and cultivable land in units of 1177:

Apart from the various divisions and sub-divisions of the kingdom, there was a concept of urban settlement. The fifth-century Birur copper plate inscription of king Vishnuvarma describes Banavasi as "the ornament of

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Thus, according to Ramesh, in an act of righteous indignation was born the first native kingdom of Karnataka, and the Pallava King Skandavarma condescended to recognize the growing might of the Kadambas south of the

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and Chutus may have patronized Buddhism, there is not much to say regarding the ruling Kadamba family, vast majority of whose inscriptions are Brahminical grants. In fact, according to Ray, the traces of Buddhist

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to either those who fought cattle thieves or to their families. A nomadic way of life is not prevalent in most communities, with the exception of hill tribes called Bedas. A semi-nomadic community, according to

830:, under the rule of Kakusthavarma, the kingdom reached its pinnacle of success and the Talagunda record calls him the "ornament of the family". The Halasi and Halmidi inscriptions also hold him in high esteem. 1997:

of a caste-based society. This particular feature was, according to Singh, a unique feature of Jainism in what is modern-day Karnataka during the early medieval period. Both the sects of Jainism, the

2299:, "wrestling fight"). Wrestlers were distinguished based on their body weight, age, skill, proficiency and stamina. Those who exemplified themselves were recognized and maintained on specific diets. 1582:

Inscriptions and literature are the main source of information about the economy and the factors that influenced it. According to Adiga, from studies conducted by historians and epigraphists such as

892:, his son Simhavarma came to power but maintained a low profile relationship with Banavasi. In the northern part of the kingdom (the Banavasi branch), Santivarma's brother Shiva Mandhatri ruled from 1818:), fortifications, courtesan streets, and grain merchants and their markets are a clear indication that these urban entities were the centers of administrative, religious and economic activity. 808:, "great Ocean") himself indicating he may have retrieved their losses against the Vakatakas. But contemporary though Vakataka inscriptions do not confirm this. His son Raghu died fighting the 608:

who succeeded them. According to Rao and Minahan, being native Kannadigas, the Kadambas promptly gave administrative and political importance to their language Kannada after coming to power.

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and let his younger brother Krishnavarma rule over the southern portion and deal with the Pallavas. The branch is called the Triparvata branch and ruled from either Devagiri in the modern

2472:) that connects the sanctum to the hall. All temples at Halasi have pillars with decorative capitals. The Kadamba style of tower was popular several centuries later and are seen in the 351: 453:

and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with autonomy. From the mid-6th century the dynasty continued to rule as a vassal of larger Kannada empires, the

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and Sen feel the visit happened during the reign of Bhageerath. According to Sen, Kalidasa was sent by Chandragupta II Virakmaditya to conclude a marriage alliance with the Kadambas.

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Grants were made to Buddhist centers as well. According to Kamath, the royal capital Banavasi had long been a place of Buddhist learning. In the seventh century, the Chinese embassy

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according to the Sangolli inscription. According to the Bannahalli plates, Harivarma was killed by a resurgent Krishnavarma II (son of Simhavarma) of the Triparvata branch around

879:. Majumdar considers Krishnavarma's rule as somewhat obscure due to lack of his inscriptions though the records issued by his sons credit him with efficient administration and an 1186:" (toll collection centers) indicating it was a major trade center at that time. Numerous inscriptions make reference to the rulers at Banavasi as "excellent lords of the city" ( 2587: 804:

is said to have retrieved his fathers losses. According to Kamath, the Talagunda inscription describes Bhageerath as the sole "lord of the Kadamba land" and the "great Sagara" (

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Inscriptions mention various Shaiva sects (worshipers of the god Shiva) such as Goravas, Kapalikas, Pasupatas and Kalamukhas. Famous residential schools of learning existed in

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in the adjective, the imposition of taxes on milk and milk products, the existence of large cattle herds and the gifting of a thousand cows as a mark of the donors affluence (

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Historians are divided on the issue of the geographical origin of the Kadambas, whether they were of local origin or earlier immigrants from northern India. The social order (

6188: 7362: 5121: 1914:("Horse sacrifice"). There are numerous records that record grants made to Brahmins. According to Sircar, some fifth and sixth century inscriptions have an invocation of 2484:

built in the 14th century. In addition to temples, according to the art historian K.V. Soudara Rajan, the Kadambas created three rock-cut Vedic cave temples cut out of

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appears to have succeeded in establishing a new kingdom. According to epigraphist M.H. Krishna, Mayurasharma further subdued minor rulers such as the Traikutas, the

7494: 7474: 1960:) in temples and a steady move toward ritualistic worship among the laymen undermined the concept of "quest for salvation" and the ascetic vigor of the religion. 1564: 481:, were not natives of the region and therefore the nucleus of power resided outside present-day Karnataka. The Kadambas were the first indigenous dynasty to use 1910:(warrior) status. An inscription of Vishnuvarma describes him as the "protector of the excellent Brahmana faith". His father Krishnavarma-I performed the Vedic 1133:. The organization was based on the strategy called "Chaurangabala". Guerrilla warfare was not unknown and may have been used often to gain tactical advantage. 7484: 7438: 1260:) that levied taxes on incoming goods. In recognition of military or protective service provided by deceased warriors, the state made social service grants ( 623:) gives what may be the most possible cause for the emergence of the Kadamba kingdom. It states that Mayurasharma was a native of Talagunda, (in present-day 344: 1284: 5075: 6161: 5046: 5041: 572:

inscription, or of local tribal origin. Historians Chopra et al. claim the Kadambas were none other than the Kadambu tribe who were in conflict with the

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counts purity of ancestry, physical health and soundness of mind as the main attributes that made a person worthy of such initiation. Both Jinasena and

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in the north and that the people of these lands sought his protection. Ravivarma donated land to a Buddhist Sangha (temple) in his 34th regnal year in

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in their description of the duties of women and widows in society, but rather prescribed the path of worldly renunciation as worthy. It is from about

4803: 4116: 864:) to display his prosperity, thus "attracting the attention of his enemies", the Pallavas. When the Pallava threat loomed, He divided his kingdom in 6987: 6825: 974:, the Kongalvas and the Pandyas of Uchangi were dealt with successfully. The crux of the kingdom essentially consisted of significant areas of the 489:, this era serves as a broad-based historical starting point in the study of the development of the region as an enduring geo-political entity and 7514: 7443: 5362: 4913: 337: 2604:

earlier poets (Aihole inscription of Ravikirti which mentions the Sanskrit poets Kalidasa and Bharavi). The development of versification and the

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Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are the main sources of the Kadamba history. The Talagunda, Gudnapur, Birur, Shimoga, Muttur, Hebbatta,

7337: 4853: 4483: 4364: 2473: 1602:, it is clear the kingdom depended on revenues from both agricultural and pastoral elements. Numerous inscriptions, mainly from the modern 4827: 4178: 4065: 765:, the Pariyathrakas, the Shakasthanas, the Maukharis, the Punnatas and the Sendrakas. The fact that Mayurasharma had to travel to distant 1236:) and professional taxes on traders such as oilmen, barbers and carpenters. Inscriptions mention many more taxes such as internal taxes ( 7428: 7342: 2738: 1851:

Appeasement of local deities and local practices which included offerings of sacrifices often went alongside popular Vedic gods such as

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Bandalike, Chandavar and Jayantipura (in Odisha). That the Kadambas of Banavasi were a prosperous kingdom is attested to by the famous

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The beginnings of Kadamba architecture can be traced to the fourth century based on evidence in the Talagunda pillar inscription of

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region, he was able to levy tributes from the Banas and other kingdoms and finally proclaimed independence. According to Indologist

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Buddhism lived. However, according to Ray, while there is evidence to prove that certain pre-Kadamba royal families, such as the

842:. According to Desai and Panchamukhi evidence from Sanskrit literature indicates that during this time the notable Sanskrit poet 31: 662:(Sriparvata) region. After a prolonged period of low intensity warfare against the Pallavas and other smaller kings such as the 6202: 5068: 4376:

Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra

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though some inscriptions claim he secured the kingdom for his family. He was succeeded by his younger brother Kakusthavarma in

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family bore him a son called Ravivarma. Mrigeshavarma was known to be a scholar and an expert in riding horses and elephants.

267: 242: 228: 7489: 7287: 7217: 6898: 6835: 6815: 6578: 6223: 6154: 5959: 4147: 3458: 2412: 2209:, the tide began to turn in northern India, especially in Kashmir, but found a later stronghold in Rajasthan. The belief in 2058:

A unique feature of medieval Indian society was the commemoration of the deceased hero by the erection of memorial stones ("

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rule in the third century coincided with the advent of two religious phenomena in the Deccan and South India: the spread of

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of Karnataka state) and his family got its name from the Kadamba tree that grew near his home. The inscription narrates how

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possibly with the help of some native tribes and claimed sovereignty. The Kadamba power reached its peak during the rule of

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poets were the authors of inscriptions too (Trivikramabhatta composed the Bagumra copper plates and the Sanskrit classic

7400: 7322: 7089: 7057: 6820: 6266: 6248: 6230: 6210: 5815: 5429: 5252: 1525: 753: 675: 3475: 1779:(collective) and this is seen in inscriptions as early as the third-fourth century in South India. Records such as the 1069:) provided guidance in governance. Mores identified several important positions in the government: the prime minister ( 7509: 7479: 7332: 7001: 6830: 6667: 5034: 1649:) indicate cow herding was an important part of the economy. There are records that mention the shepherd settlements ( 461:

empires for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties. Notable among these are the

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Mixed farming, a combination of grazing and cultivation, mostly controlled by the wealthy Gavunda peasantry (today's

951:(king's last regnal year) and claims that the king's suzerainty extended over the whole of South India as far as the 6171: 2511:(Later Chalukyas). The best representations of this style are seen in the Mahadeva temple at Tambdi Surla in modern 7327: 7291: 6257: 6239: 6219: 5061: 4244: 2180:

when deceased general Goparaja's wife immolated herself on her husband's pyre. Then around 606, the mother of King

774:(warrior caste). Sen feels the successor of Mayurasharma, Kangavarma changed his surname from "Sharma" to "Varma". 2608:

style ("epic") of poetry appears first in inscriptions before making their appearance in literature. Further some

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In later centuries, Kadamba architecture was influenced by the ornate architectural style of their overlords, the

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was, according to the Talagunda inscription, a Brahmin by birth though his successors may have assumed the surname

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as evidenced by their inscriptions. The situation was the same with their immediate neighbors, the Gangas and the

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under a Kadamba tree. Another legend tries to simplify it by claiming Mayurasharma himself was born to Shiva and

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Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages

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Functioning purely on the excess produce of the rural hinterland were the urban centers, the cities and towns (

1514: 1420: 2435:) over the sanctum is pyramidal with horizontal non-decorative stepped stages tipped at the a pinnacle with a 1209:) as a witness to the granting of a village to a Brahmin by the monarch. A reference to the mercantile class ( 4550:

The Rise of Mahāsena: The Transformation of Skanda-Kārttikeya in North India from the Kuṣāṇa to Gupta Empires

2225:. What was once a Kshatriya only practice came to be adopted by the Brahmins and even some Jains from around 1216:

One sixth of land produce was collected as tax. Other taxes mentioned in inscriptions were the levy on land (

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Defense Minister Pranab Mukherjee opened the first phase of India's giant western naval base INS Kadamba in

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their architectural style had a few things in common with the Pallava style. Kamath points out that their

454: 3448: 2302:

Much of the information we get about activities such as archery and hunting is from classics such as the

1763:) descriptions in lithic and copper plate records, such as the Hiresakuna 6th-century copper plates from 6730: 6568: 6370: 5717: 5601: 5572: 5472: 4960: 4940: 1351: 671: 564:) of the Kadamba family is also an issue of debate, whether the founders of the kingdom belonged to the 450: 4423:

Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries

4300:

The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030

2071:) for bravely fighting and killing a man-eater Tiger with his club before succumbing to his injuries. 982:. King Ravivarma of the Banavasi branch killed king Vishnuvarma of the Triparvata branch according to 7390: 7314: 7257: 7127: 6758: 6609: 6345: 6325: 6139: 4980: 4890: 2733: 2401: 1882:

is all too evident. Inscriptions narrate various land grants to Brahmins that specify their lineage (

1431: 937: 486: 320: 7277: 7247: 6715: 6697: 6634: 6614: 6538: 6513: 6360: 6214: 5980: 5918: 5370: 5165: 4970: 4950: 4175:

is held at Banavasi as it is here that the Kadamba kings organized the spring festival every year.

3485: 2632: 384: 2406:

According to Kamath, the Kadambas are the originators of the Karnataka architecture. According to

1783:

Taluk inscription indicate occasionally women were village headmen and counselors, and held land (

379: 7415: 7187: 7029: 6981: 6591: 6350: 6292: 6097:

Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

5729: 5556: 5500: 5456: 4204: 3251: 2063: 1678: 1599: 1022: 860:) was known for his personal charm and beauty. According to an inscription he wore three crowns ( 470: 466: 439: 4861: 2689:

commissioned India's most advanced and first dedicated military naval base named INS Kadamba in

391:

village, usually dated 450 CE is the earliest Kannada inscription issued by the Kadamba dynasty.

4837: 4188: 4075: 2384: 7504: 7395: 7232: 6943: 6662: 6657: 6649: 6629: 6493: 6478: 6315: 5968: 5964: 5922: 5911: 5889: 5857: 5843: 5528: 4995: 4985: 4975: 4743: 4724: 4705: 4686: 4667: 4648: 4629: 4610: 4591: 4572: 4553: 4534: 4515: 4498: 4479: 4462: 4445: 4426: 4398: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4303: 4034: 3489: 3454: 3243: 2965: 2697: 2646:

Recent reports claim that the discovery of a 5th-century Kadamba copper coin in Banavasi with

2508: 1044:

Old Kannada inscription (1200 AD) of King Kamadeva of the Kadamba dynasty of the Hangal branch

711: 577: 7405: 7385: 7380: 7252: 6893: 6763: 6725: 6705: 6672: 6624: 6553: 6488: 6448: 6423: 6418: 6270: 6252: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5787: 5783: 5743: 5709: 5705: 5524: 5348: 5320: 5312: 5258: 4945: 2718: 2686: 2407: 2023: 1591: 1400: 1342: 983: 925:) was able to build the kingdom back to its original might during a long rule lasting up to 872: 847: 827: 757: 715: 624: 427: 260: 2372:

which were preferred for their stamina in chasing and cornering the prey. According to the

2002: 1886:) as well as Vedic specialization. According to Sircar, the early rulers called themselves 752:

river as a sovereign power. Majumdar however feels even an inscription as important as the

650:("school"). There, owing to some misunderstanding between him and a Pallava guard or at an 473:. During the pre-Kadamba era the ruling families that controlled the Karnataka region, the 7370: 7157: 7132: 7043: 6840: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6745: 6735: 6720: 6677: 6563: 6558: 6483: 6091: 5972: 5930: 5926: 5893: 5865: 5861: 5807: 5713: 5645: 5607: 5413: 4990: 4965: 4216: 2713: 2232:. In the modern Karnataka region (Kadamba territory), there are only eleven cases between 2076: 2052: 1875: 1665: 1552: 1409: 1380: 1333: 794: 683: 616:

One of their earliest inscriptions, the Talagunda inscription of crown prince Santivarma (

462: 247: 3701:

Ray (2019), Chapter-Introduction, Section-Perception: Buddhist Banavasi, Past and Present

2034:

Majumdar notes that the Buddhist and Jain literature of the period accounts for the four

5247: 5094: 4395:

History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy

3476:"Chapter II: THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF INDIA BEFORE THE RISE OF GUPTAS - EASTERN INDIA" 7423: 7272: 7262: 7197: 7192: 6923: 6788: 6710: 6687: 6682: 6619: 6548: 6463: 6355: 6305: 6261: 6234: 5827: 5700: 5597: 5198: 5005: 2728: 2647: 2437: 2365: 2181: 1619: 1485: 1467: 762: 727: 412: 4319:

The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day

7458: 7147: 7142: 7117: 6948: 6938: 6903: 6878: 6860: 6523: 6508: 6393: 6282: 6243: 5976: 5934: 5779: 5739: 5640: 5623: 5576: 5561: 5547: 5520: 5516: 5476: 5461: 5450: 5402: 3270: 2673: 2388:

The Praneshvara temple at Talagunda, dates from the late fourth century Kadamba rule.

2055:

were all absorbed into the Hindu society without a trace of their earlier practices.

2040: 1810: 1595: 1583: 1449: 1389: 1315: 1194:

period. By the fifth century, it was a fortified settlement and the Kadamba capital (

952: 719: 597: 573: 443: 431: 310: 233: 5338: 4721:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India:From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

1170:) which appears to have enjoyed particular freedoms under the authority of headman ( 826:. Kakusthavarma was the most powerful ruler of the dynasty. According to Sastri and 7242: 7177: 7122: 6845: 6543: 6498: 6433: 6398: 5695: 5568: 5468: 5276: 5241: 5223: 5215: 5159: 2678: 2624: 2543: 2262: 2213:

began to appeal, especially to the warrior classes, and the theory that performing

2089: 2081: 1899: 1844: 1804: 1587: 1503: 988: 839: 723: 679: 663: 628: 542: 538: 416: 305: 139: 4607:

Decolonising Heritage in South Asia: The Global, the National and the Transnationa

3479: 2959: 7375: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7167: 7152: 7112: 6528: 5884: 5877: 5760: 5734: 5542: 5512: 5173: 4569:

Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, section:Kannadigas

2419: 2336: 2304: 2123: 2094: 1895: 1780: 1306: 1049: 687: 478: 458: 435: 1162:) comprising numerous villages under which were the villages in groups of ten ( 658:(frontier guards) and firmly rooted himself in the dense forests of the modern 7162: 6958: 6908: 6503: 5946: 5756: 2142: 2107: 2059: 1832: 1362: 1269: 1191: 1013:

when he raided Banavasi, thus uniting the two branches of the kingdom. Around

941: 881: 749: 601: 325: 315: 58: 17: 4662:

Satyanath, T.S. (2018) . K. Alfons Knauth, Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta (ed.).

3247: 2218:

country) where the earliest cases, voluntary as they were, are seen by about

2084:, because there was no sanction for the practice in the funeral hymns of the 1154:), nine of which have been identified by Panchamukhi. Under a district was a 7222: 7182: 6953: 6888: 6883: 6438: 6413: 6310: 6193: 6179: 5689: 4832: 4502: 4183: 4070: 2501: 2361: 2355:). The medieval sculptors spared no effort in depicting hunting scenes. The 2319: 1998: 1949: 1935: 1907: 1641: 1494: 1476: 1190:). Excavations have revealed that Banavasi was a settlement even during the 979: 933: 771: 659: 569: 554: 537:(goddess of the earth). Other legends tie them without any substance to the 400: 5099: 4466: 4449: 3668:"History of Karnataka-The Shatavahanas-10, section: Education and Religion" 2187:

This however did not find immediate support with noted poets such as Bana (

1684:

From inscriptions three types of land are evident; wet or cultivable land (

999:

After Ravivarma's death, he was succeeded by his peaceful son Harivarma in

576:(of modern Kerala) during the Sangam era. The Kadambus find mention in the 4768: 4626:

A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar

3671: 3366: 3058: 2793: 2790:"History of Karnataka-The Shatavahanas-10, section:Origin of the Kadambas" 2519:

in the late 12th-13th century by the Kadambas of Goa; the single shrined (

2496:("half mantapa") with plain pillars and a sanctum which contain images of 2254:, mostly in the warrior communities indicating an overall lack of appeal. 2005:

followed a strict qualification process for persons worthy of initiation.

1988:

sites that have been discovered in Banavasi are located outside the town.

7227: 7050: 6850: 6518: 6443: 6408: 6116:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

5767: 5650: 5508: 5334: 5326: 5280: 5271: 2581:

Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi, built by the later Kadambas of Banavasi

2485: 2477: 2455:. The inscription makes mention of a Mahadeva temple of the Sthanagundur 2431: 2369: 2166: 2158: 2085: 2014: 2006: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1940: 1938:

and Talagunda. Vedic education was imparted in places of learning called

1871: 1836: 1458: 1440: 1297: 876: 843: 809: 790: 605: 408: 120: 101: 87: 77: 3255: 3231: 718:

region in central Karnataka. According to the historian and epigraphist

510:

Old Kannada inscriptions of Kadamba king Kamadeva of the Hangal branch (

7267: 6918: 6913: 6453: 5848: 5774: 5675: 5656: 5504: 5377: 5330: 5292: 5285: 4014: 3275:. THE DIRECTOR GENERAL, archaeological survey of INDIA. pp. 86–90. 2681:. It is based on a popular novel written in 1933 with the same name by 2425: 1980: 1864: 1840: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1324: 1150: 581: 565: 534: 490: 482: 474: 388: 105: 91: 4784: 4529:

Majumdar & Altekar, Ramesh Chandra & Ananth Sadashiv (1986) .

4013:

Dr. D.C. Sircar, Dr. P.B.Desai, Dr. G.S. Gai, N. Lakshminarayana Rao.

2700:

owned bus service is named after the Kadambas Dynasty and is known as

2593:

The Mahadeva temple at Tambdi Surla, Goa, built by the Kadambas of Goa

2392: 2027:(distinction or caste) based society and the responsibilities of each 368:

The Talagunda pillar Sanskrit Inscription of crown prince Santivarma (

7137: 6933: 6928: 6855: 6403: 6388: 5811: 5382: 5297: 5229: 5155: 4442:

A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present

4239: 2690: 2628: 2195: 2044: 1923: 1878:. According to Adiga, their patronage to Brahmins well versed in the 1860: 1852: 1764: 1543: 1065: 975: 971: 963: 912: 835: 766: 632: 404: 4898: 1724:). A sixth-century grant refers to garden land that grew sugarcane ( 3236:

Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute

1063:

This wisdom and knowledge from the ancient Hindu texts called (the

7172: 7107: 6458: 3363:"History of Karnataka-The Shatavahanas-10, section:Administration" 2497: 2481: 2391: 2383: 2146: 2048: 1985: 1927: 1879: 1856: 1155: 1039: 707: 667: 643: 561: 530: 505: 378: 363: 285: 686:

under king Skandavarma had to accept his sovereignty between the

5342: 5183: 4148:"Kannada inscription at Talagunda may replace Halmidi as oldest" 6143: 5103: 3055:"History of Karnataka-The Shatavahanas-10, section:Mayuravarma" 741:

fuel and stones, ladle, melted butter and the oblation vessel,

485:, the language of the soil, at an administrative level. In the 4336:

Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian, Nilakanta K.A. (2003) .

2964:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 15–17, 30–49, 322–323. 2961:

The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka

2569:

Tarakeshwara temple at Hangal, built by the Kadambas of Hangal

2512: 2489: 642:

along with his guru and grandfather Veerasharma to pursue his

4338:

History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Part 1

4854:"Indian Coins, Dynasties of South India, Govindayara Prabhu" 1748:), flowers were mostly for temple use and such lands called 580:

as totemic worshipers of the Kadambu tree and the Hindu god

4740:

Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India

3013:

Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003), pp.26, 161–162

1213:) further indicates the commercial importance of Banavasi. 1205:

of the Chalukyas refer to Banavasi and its corporate body (

726:

which pertains to a water reservoir contained the names of

4015:"Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, vol 15,18" 3994:

Satyanath T.S. in Knauth & Dasgupta (2018), pp.125-126

2480:

in the 12th century) and the Hemakuta group of temples in

1025:

of the Chalukyas which describes Banavasi in these terms:

524:) in the open mantapa of the Tarakeshwara temple at Hangal 3453:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 25, 145. 2376:

queens and courtesans accompanied the king on horseback.

1268:) that supported their family. In addition to erecting a 4476:

Portraits of a Nation: History of Ancient India: History

4271:"Kadamba dynasty logo to be reinstaed on Goa govt buses" 4765:"History of Karnataka – The Shatavahanas-10, Arthikaje" 2257:

Physical education was very popular with men. The book

4003:

Satyanath T.S. in Knauth & Dasgupta (2018), p. 125

3205: 1802:) that often find mention in Kannada classics such as 1728:). Other crops that were also cultivated were barley ( 743:

unsheathed a flaming sword, eager to conquer the earth

4628:. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. 4357:

History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D

3967:

Satyanath T.S. in Knauth & Dasgupta (2018), p.123

4828:"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition" 4066:"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition" 2760:

Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka C. A.D. 500-1200

1256:). The capital Banavasi had eighteen custom houses ( 1105:) above whom was the king himself, other officials ( 782:

Mayurasharma was succeeded by his son Kangavarma in

7414: 7361: 7313: 7286: 7098: 6972: 6869: 6801: 6744: 6696: 6648: 6590: 6577: 6379: 6291: 6201: 6109:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 3601:

Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003), p. 189

3583:

Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian ((2003), p.188

2844:

Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003), p. 161

2126:, do not make any mention of any ritual resembling 281: 191: 181: 171: 159: 145: 133: 119: 111: 97: 83: 73: 41: 4586:Rao, Seshagiri L.S. (1988) . Amaresh Datta (ed.). 2184:decided to predecease her terminally ill husband. 1922:(Hari and Hara are another name of the Hindu gods 1029:Resembling the city of gods and a girdle of swans 756:leaves many a detail unanswered. Scholars such as 7470:States and territories disestablished in the 540s 4836:. Chennai, India. 3 November 2003. Archived from 4019:What Is India News Service, Friday, 28 April 2006 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 1220:), social security tax paid to the royal family ( 4804:"5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi" 4533:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publications. 4514:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publications. 4117:"5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi" 3909: 3907: 3670:. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from 3365:. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from 3057:. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from 2898:Rao, Seshagiri in Amaresh Datta (1988), p. 1717 2792:. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from 1048:The Kadamba kings, like their predecessors the 1027: 911:) to the Pallavas. His queen Prabhavati of the 733: 403:, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the 7465:States and territories established in the 340s 3181: 3179: 2464:temple and the Ramesvara temple which shows a 2423:(sanctum) with an attached larger hall called 1843:and Buddhism. This was a direct result of the 1712:) or a tall stout grain yielding grass called 596:lineage"), which connected them to the native 6155: 5115: 5069: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 2888:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 39–40. 2468:projection (small tower) over the vestibule ( 2287:refers to two types of combative sports, the 1967:described Banavasi as a place of one hundred 1031:playing on the high waves of the river Varada 722:a fragmentary inscription of Mayurasharma at 706:which could be interpreted as either ancient 345: 8: 4414:Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami 4039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3206:"Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature" 2553:) Kadambeshvara temple with open and closed 2492:. Like their temples, the caves too have an 2396:Bhuvaraha Narasimha temple Halasi, Karnataka 2080:appears to have been adopted well after the 1657:) and numerous references to small hamlets ( 793:might to protect his kingdom (also known as 4664:Figures of Transcontinental Multilingualism 3874: 3872: 3142: 3140: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2685:. On 31 May 2005 Defence minister of India 2283:("wrestler of the three worlds"). The book 1894:, an indication of their propensity toward 6587: 6162: 6148: 6140: 5122: 5108: 5100: 5076: 5062: 4877: 4115:DH News Service Mysore (7 February 2006). 3922:Chugh (2017), chapter 2.1, section: Vishnu 3897: 3895: 3893: 3507: 3505: 3406: 3404: 3402: 2538:(and an ornate domical ceiling), a closed 1898:(a branch of Hinduism). The founding king 1700:) usually used to cultivate paddy (called 438:. Mayurasharma defeated the armies of the 352: 338: 292: 57: 38: 4588:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2 3790: 3788: 3638: 3636: 3634: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2523:) Tarakeshvara temple (modeled after the 1956:). Installation of images of Jain monks ( 399:were an ancient royal family from modern 5143: 5139: 4245:"India Opens Major Naval Base at Karwar" 3661: 3659: 3657: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2924: 2922: 1971:where ten thousand scholars of both the 735:That the hand dexterous in grasping the 449:The Kadambas were contemporaries of the 5998: 4914:Political history of medieval Karnataka 4889: 4683:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4571:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 4177:Staff Correspondent (20 January 2006). 4064:Muralidhara Khajane (3 November 2003). 3293: 3291: 3130: 3128: 3039: 3037: 2861: 2859: 2750: 2559: 295: 7495:6th-century disestablishments in India 5679:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4531:Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D 4212: 4202: 4032: 2813: 2811: 2474:Lakshmi Devi Temple at Doddagaddavalli 2141:begins to appear in the literature of 2074:According to Altekar, the practice of 1166:). The smallest unit was the village ( 7475:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India 5876: 5693: 5622: 5595: 5546: 5541: 4666:. Zurich: LIT Verlag GambH & Co. 4647:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4179:"Kadambotsava in Banavasi from today" 2266:such as bending a crowbar. The terms 1720:, rarely mentioned) and garden land ( 545:of northern India. An inscription of 517:) and Hoysala king Veera Ballala II ( 415:in India. The kingdom was founded by 190: 180: 170: 166: 144: 132: 128: 118: 7: 3481:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas 2202:inhuman and immoral. However around 1148:). Under a province was a district ( 918:After Kakusthavarma only Ravivarma ( 7485:4th-century establishments in India 4702:Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka 4605:Ray, Himanshu Prabha, ed. (2019) . 4461:. Bangalore: Abhinav Publications. 2739:List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties 2308:(post 7th century) and others. The 1756:) and coconuts are also mentioned. 493:as an important regional language. 4767:. OurKarnataka.Com. Archived from 4510:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977) . 4478:. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 4416:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 4359:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. 4317:Altekar, Ananth Sadashiv (1956) . 2762:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 25. 25: 5095:Coins of the Kadambas of Banavasi 4860:. 1 November 2001. Archived from 4810:. 7 February 2006. Archived from 4459:Social Life in Medieval Karnataka 4355:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002) . 4340:. New Delhi: Chand Publications. 4062:A report on Halmidi inscription, 2853:R.N. Nandi in Adiga (2006), p. 93 1244:), tax on eleemosynary holdings ( 6170: 5989:References and sources for table 4897: 4624:Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) . 4187:. Chennai, India. Archived from 4074:. Chennai, India. Archived from 4021:. Archaeological Survey of India 3450:A Historical atlas of South Asia 3447:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 2586: 2574: 2562: 2088:. According to him, even in the 1283: 978:including large parts of modern 265: 240: 226: 173:• Earliest Kadamba records 67: Extent of Kadambas, 500 CE 32:Kadamba dynasty (disambiguation) 4742:. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. 4738:Sircar, Dineshchandra (1971) . 4704:. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. 4412:Dikshit, Durga Prasad (1980) . 3710:Singh, R.B.P. (2008), pp. 72–73 3269:Sircar, Dinesh Chandra (1987). 3185:Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 34, 53 1870:The Kadambas were followers of 1117:) and the writers and scribes ( 7515:Former countries in South Asia 6224:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 4789:Archaeological Survey of India 4590:. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. 4497:. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. 4440:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) . 4397:. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. 4321:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 4242:, Karnataka state, on 31 May. 3642:Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 36–37 3396:Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 35–36 2928:Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 30–31 2865:Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 30-39 2698:Indian state government of Goa 27:4th-6th century Indian dynasty 1: 7305:List of people from Karnataka 4723:. India: Pearsons Education. 4681:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) . 3866:Kamat, J.K. (1980), pp. 75–77 3737:Singh, Upendra, (2008), p. 48 3565:Singh, Upendra (2008), p. 593 2702:Kadamba Transport Corporation 2637: 2528: 2449: 2341: 2324: 2244: 2233: 2226: 2219: 2203: 2188: 2174: 2131: 2112: 2099: 2021:) discuss the existence of a 1570: 1199: 1014: 1007: 1000: 956: 945: 926: 919: 900: 893: 886: 865: 854: 820: 813: 798: 783: 636: 617: 553:by "the six-faced god of war 546: 518: 511: 420: 369: 7401:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 6118:, Cambridge University Press 6086:, Cambridge University Press 5816:Decline of Buddhism in India 5253:Northern Black Polished Ware 4457:Kamat, Jyothsna K. (1980) . 4444:. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. 3887:Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp37-38 3728:Majumdar (1977), pp. 202–203 3719:Majumdar (1977), pp. 201–202 3173:Majumdar (1986), pp. 241–242 3031:Majumdar (1986), pp. 235–237 2243:and forty-one cases between 1906:to indicate their change to 1752:, fruits such as plantains ( 754:Talagunda pillar inscription 6084:An Introduction to Hinduism 4567:Minahan, James B. (2012) . 4302:. Chennai: Orient Longman. 3821:Altekar (1956), pp. 130–131 3812:Altekar (1956), pp. 128–129 3782:Altekar (1956), pp. 124–125 3755:Altekar (1956), pp. 117–118 3410:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 35) 1198:). A later inscriptions of 899:for more than a decade. In 846:visited the Kadamba court. 7536: 6107:Hinduism. Past and present 5977:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 5935:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 5327:Rise of Shramana movements 4919:Origin of Karnataka's name 4643:Saloman, Richard (1998) . 4393:Das, Sisir Kumar (2005) . 4105:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 37 4053:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 12 3913:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 38 3592:Sastri (1955), pp. 381–382 3306:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 35 3285:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 34 3230:Gokhale, Shobhana (1973). 3146:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 33 3084:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 32 3043:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p.31. 2958:Moraes, George M. (1990). 2758:Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh. 2399: 853:His successor Santivarma ( 568:caste as described by the 29: 7085:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 6186: 6114:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 5986: 5883: 5862:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 5847: 5826: 5801: 5773: 5733: 5728: 5669: 5555: 5490: 5448: 5427: 5411: 5400: 5393: 5376: 5360: 5346: 5317: 5310: 5256: 5238: 5235:Painted Grey Ware culture 5220: 5212: 5196: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5151: 5146: 5137: 4474:Kapur, Kamalesh (2010) . 4378:. Chennai: Notion Press. 4096:Ramesh, K.V. (1984), p.10 3857:Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 75 3839:Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 69 3830:Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 68 3746:Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 79 3692:Adiga 92006), pp. 249–252 3474:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). 3342:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p.35 3333:Dikshit (2008), pp. 74–75 3324:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p.38 3232:"Researches in Epigraphy" 3022:Ramesh, K.V. (1984), p. 3 2993:Sastri (1955), pp. 99–100 2984:Ramesh, K.V. (1984), p. 6 2916:Kamath, S.U. (1980), p.30 2542:, a linked gateway and a 2500:(the sun god), Shiva and 1077:), secretary of council ( 1073:), steward of household ( 205: 201: 167: 155: 129: 56: 51: 7080:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 6534:Unification of Karnataka 6082:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 5671:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 5636:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 5552:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 5313:Persian-Greek influences 5131:Middle kingdoms of India 5011:Unification of Karnataka 4719:Singh, Upinder (2008) . 4425:. Abhinav Publications. 3976:Saloman (1998), pp.90-92 3848:Kamat, J.K. (1980), p.74 3619:Adiga (2006), pp.280-281 3419:Adiga (2006), pp. 74, 85 3272:Epigraphia Indica Vol.33 2777:. S. Chand. p. 438. 2261:encouraged men to avoid 1653:), cowherd settlements ( 1182:, adorned with eighteen 710:in central India or the 7300:Karnataka ethnic groups 7238:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 6105:Michaels, Axel (2004), 5803:Late-Classical Hinduism 4956:Western Chalukya Empire 4609:. New York: Routledge. 4548:Mann, Richard (2011) . 4298:Adiga, Malini (2006) . 3574:Adiga (2006), pp. 71–86 3547:Adiga (2006), pp. 21–22 3538:Adiga (2008), pp. 47–55 3529:Adiga (2006), pp. 65–67 3520:Adiga (2006), pp. 36–87 3511:Adiga (2006), pp. 55–67 3315:Majumdar (1986), p. 246 3210:JaineLibrary-jainqq.org 3102:Majumdar (1986), p. 239 2884:T. Desikachari (1991). 2835:Chaurasia (2002), p.252 2683:Devudu Narasimha Sastri 2198:writers who considered 2173:), with a real case in 1916:Hari-Hara-Hiranyagarbha 940:interprets Ravivarma's 413:Uttara Kannada district 5189:Middle Gangetic Plain 5001:Nayakas of Chitradurga 4700:Singh, R.B.P (2008) . 4685:. New Age Publishers. 4493:Ramesh, K.V. (1984) . 4374:Chugh, Lalit (2017) . 4249:Defence Industry Daily 3803:Altekar (1956), p. 128 3794:Altekar (1956), p. 127 3773:Altekar (1956), p. 123 3666:Arthikaje, Mangalore. 3361:Arthikaje, Mangalore. 3297:Majumdar (1986), p.245 3194:Majumdar (1986), p.243 3164:Majumdar (1986), p.239 3134:Majumdar (1986), p.240 3053:Arthikaje, Mangalore. 2907:Minahan (2012), p. 124 2817:Majumdar (1986), p.237 2788:Arthikaje, Mangalore. 2724:History of South India 2525:Mahadeva Temple, Itagi 2429:. The superstructure ( 2397: 2389: 2279:("warrior-wrestler"), 1248:), presents to kings ( 1093:), private secretary ( 1045: 1033: 789:. He had to fight the 745: 525: 392: 376: 193:• Disestablished 7490:525 disestablishments 6569:Western Ganga dynasty 5718:Western Ganga Dynasty 5585: 1st century BCE 5573:Early Pandyan kingdom 5538: 2nd century BCE 5498:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 5492:Preclassical Hinduism 5473:Early Pandyan kingdom 5445: 3rd century BCE 5390: 4th century BCE 5357: 5th century BCE 5267: 6th century BCE 5192:Lower Gangetic Plain 5180:Upper Gangetic Plain 4785:"Indian Inscriptions" 4421:Hardy, Adam (1995) . 3985:Saloman (1998), p. 92 3764:Altekar (1956), p.119 3610:Sastri (1955), p. 382 3122:Sastri (1955), p. 101 3093:Sastri (1955), p. 100 2395: 2387: 2374:Vikramankadevacharita 2137:that the practice of 1920:Hara-Narayana Brahman 1569:South Asian polities 1252:) and cash payments ( 1113:), revenue officers ( 1085:), scholarly elders ( 1043: 720:M. H. Krishna Iyengar 676:Talagunda inscription 672:Lorenz Franz Kielhorn 509: 451:Western Ganga Dynasty 382: 367: 84:Common languages 7520:History of Karnataka 7391:Rajyotsava Prashasti 7258:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 6068:Michaels (2004) p.41 6059:Michaels (2004) p.40 6041:Michaels (2004) p.39 6023:Michaels (2004) p.39 5960:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 5592: 1st century CE 4981:Sultanate of Bijapur 4891:History of Karnataka 3958:Hardy (1995), p. 342 3949:Hardy (1995), p. 323 3901:Kapur (2010), p. 540 3437:Adiga (2006), p. 177 3428:Adiga (2006), p. 216 3387:Adiga (2006), p. 168 2773:Vidya Dhar Mahajan. 2734:Kadamba architecture 2402:Kadamba architecture 2122:), such as Manu and 1565:class=notpageimage| 1097:), chief secretary ( 1052:, called themselves 962:to the south of the 678:, unable to contain 487:History of Karnataka 43:Kadambas of Banavasi 30:For other uses, see 7278:G. S. Shivarudrappa 7248:Gopalakrishna Adiga 6899:Chitrakala Parishat 6826:Dams and reservoirs 6698:Kalaburagi division 6539:Vijayanagara Empire 6514:Rashtrakuta dynasty 6429:Chitradurga Nayakas 6215:Emblem of Karnataka 5919:Rashtrakuta dynasty 5371:Shaishunaga dynasty 5321:Second Urbanisation 5166:Indo-Gangetic Plain 4971:Vijayanagara Empire 4840:on 24 November 2003 4771:on 7 September 2006 4495:Chalukyas of Vatapi 4078:on 24 November 2003 3940:Hardy (1995), p.330 3931:Hardy (1995), p.347 3878:Adiga (2006), p.287 3674:on 7 September 2006 3651:Sircar (1971), p.53 3628:Sircar (1971), p.54 3556:Adiga (2006), p. 45 3488:. pp. 60, 61. 3486:Motilal Banarsidass 3369:on 7 September 2006 3061:on 7 September 2006 2874:Sastri (1955), p.99 2826:Mann (2011), p. 227 2796:on 7 September 2006 2633:Halmidi inscription 2515:built with an open 2291:("fist-fight") and 1647:gosahasram pradarum 936:as well. Historian 770:the character of a 674:who deciphered the 385:Halmidi inscription 183:• Established 7510:Dynasties of India 7480:345 establishments 7188:Nijaguna Shivayogi 6592:Bangalore division 6050:Hiltebeitel (2002) 6032:Hiltebeitel (2002) 5730:Hephthalite Empire 5566:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 5557:Satavahana dynasty 5543:Indo-Greek Kingdom 5466:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 5457:Satavahana dynasty 5430:Spread of Buddhism 5152:Northwestern India 4961:Southern Kalachuri 4951:Rashtrakuta Empire 4275:The Economic times 4215:has generic name ( 3155:Sen (1999), p. 244 2948:Sen (1999), p. 468 2886:South Indian Coins 2398: 2390: 2064:Atakur inscription 1736:), fallow millet ( 1101:), chief justice ( 1083:Sabhakarya Sachiva 1046: 1023:Aihole inscription 600:, a vassal of the 598:Chutus of Banavasi 526: 471:Kadambas of Hangal 467:Kadambas of Halasi 440:Pallavas of Kanchi 393: 377: 46:Banavasi Kadambaru 7452: 7451: 7396:Jakanachari Award 7233:Shishunala Sharif 6944:Togalu gombeyaata 6797: 6796: 6650:Belagavi division 6494:Kingdom of Mysore 6474:Kalyani Chalukyas 6283:Southern birdwing 6137: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 5969:Eastern Chalukyas 5965:Kalyani Chalukyas 5923:Eastern Chalukyas 5912:Gurjara-Pratihara 5905: 9th century 5890:Eastern Chalukyas 5873: 8th century 5858:Eastern Chalukyas 5844:Mlechchha dynasty 5823: 7th century 5805:(ca. CE 650-1100) 5752: 6th century 5725: 5th century 5685: 4th century 5631: 3rd century 5619: 2nd century 5529:Mahayana Buddhism 5496:"Hindu Synthesis" 5363:Persian conquests 5248:Shramanic culture 5184:Ganga-Yamuna doab 5086: 5085: 4996:Nayakas of Keladi 4986:Kingdom of Mysore 4976:Bahmani Sultanate 4864:on 6 January 2004 4814:on 6 October 2006 4730:978-81-317-1120-0 4711:978-81-208-3323-4 4673:978-3-643-90953-4 4616:978-1-138-50559-9 4578:978-1-59884-659-1 4559:978-90-04-21754 6 4552:. Boston: Brill. 4385:978-1-947137-36-3 4229:Das (2005), p.647 4191:on 1 October 2007 4154:. 12 January 2017 4127:on 6 October 2006 2971:978-81-206-0595-4 2527:) built prior to 2509:Kalyani Chalukyas 2285:Akhyanakamanikosa 1775:(individual) and 1598:, B.R. Gopal and 592:("descendants of 578:Sangam literature 362: 361: 291: 290: 277: 276: 273: 272: 253: 252: 16:(Redirected from 7527: 7406:Kempegowda Award 7386:Basava Puraskara 7381:Nrupatunga Award 7253:V. Seetharamaiah 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7023:Western Chalukya 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6964:Mysore musicians 6894:Channapatna toys 6811:Cities and towns 6764:Dakshina Kannada 6588: 6554:Veera Ballala II 6489:Kittur Chennamma 6449:Kingdom of Coorg 6424:Chalukya dynasty 6174: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6141: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6092:Hiltebeitel, Alf 6087: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5854:Badami Chalukyas 5849:Adivasi (tribes) 5839:Empire of Harsha 5835:Vakataka dynasty 5788:Kalabhra dynasty 5784:Badami Chalukyas 5775:Adivasi (tribes) 5744:Kalabhra dynasty 5710:Kalabhra dynasty 5706:Andhra Ikshvakus 5673:(ca. CE 320-650) 5657:Adivasi (tribes) 5525:Smarta Tradition 5378:Adivasi (tribes) 5293:Adivasi (tribes) 5149:cultural period 5144: 5140: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5078: 5071: 5064: 4901: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4753: 4734: 4715: 4696: 4677: 4658: 4639: 4620: 4601: 4582: 4563: 4544: 4525: 4506: 4489: 4485:978-81-207-52122 4470: 4453: 4436: 4417: 4408: 4389: 4370: 4366:978-81-269-00275 4351: 4332: 4313: 4279: 4278: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4123:. 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3260: 3259: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3204:Visaria, Anish. 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3132: 3123: 3120: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2929: 2926: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2755: 2719:History of India 2687:Pranab Mukherjee 2642: 2639: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2533: 2530: 2454: 2451: 2346: 2343: 2329: 2326: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2208: 2205: 2193: 2190: 2179: 2176: 2136: 2133: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2104: 2101: 1892:Parama-brahmanya 1575: 1572: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1416: 1414: 1405: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1335:ANDHRA IKSHVAKUS 1329: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1293: 1287: 1204: 1201: 1136:A crown prince ( 1095:Rahasyadhikritha 1019: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 961: 958: 950: 947: 931: 928: 924: 921: 905: 902: 898: 895: 891: 888: 873:Dharwad district 870: 867: 859: 856: 825: 822: 818: 815: 803: 800: 788: 785: 641: 638: 625:Shimoga district 622: 619: 612:Birth of kingdom 551: 548: 523: 520: 516: 513: 425: 422: 374: 371: 354: 347: 340: 293: 269: 268: 261:Chalukya dynasty 257: 256: 244: 243: 230: 229: 223: 222: 207: 206: 151:Krishna Varma II 66: 61: 39: 21: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7500:Hindu dynasties 7455: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7410: 7371:Karnataka Ratna 7357: 7309: 7282: 7218:Jagannatha Dasa 7133:Devar Dasimayya 7094: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6968: 6865: 6793: 6746:Mysore division 6740: 6692: 6644: 6640:Chikkaballapura 6605:Bangalore Rural 6600:Bangalore Urban 6573: 6564:Vikramaditya VI 6559:Vikramaditya II 6484:Shivappa Nayaka 6469:Kadamba dynasty 6375: 6287: 6197: 6182: 6168: 6138: 6133: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5979: 5975: 5973:Medieval Cholas 5971: 5967: 5958: 5933: 5931:Medieval Cholas 5929: 5927:Pandyan kingdom 5925: 5921: 5896: 5894:Pandyan kingdom 5892: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5837: 5814: 5808:Advaita Vedanta 5806: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5759: 5746: 5742: 5716: 5714:Kadamba Dynasty 5712: 5708: 5699: 5678: 5674: 5646:Western Satraps 5608:Kuninda Kingdom 5600: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5550: 5527: 5499: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5396:Greek conquests 5329: 5325: 5251: 5245: 5233: 5227: 5181: 5153: 5148: 5133: 5128: 5091: 5082: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5024: 5016: 5015: 4991:Hyderabad State 4966:Hoysala Kingdom 4946:Chalukya Empire 4932: 4924: 4923: 4909: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4760: 4750: 4737: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4661: 4655: 4642: 4636: 4623: 4617: 4604: 4598: 4585: 4579: 4566: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4492: 4486: 4473: 4456: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4392: 4386: 4373: 4367: 4354: 4348: 4335: 4329: 4316: 4310: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4211: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4128: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4031: 4024: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 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2864: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2714:Kadambas of Goa 2710: 2666: 2664:In modern times 2640: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2582: 2579: 2570: 2567: 2557:at Rattihalli. 2531: 2452: 2404: 2382: 2344: 2327: 2281:tribhuvanamalla 2251: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2191: 2177: 2171:Mirchchhakatika 2134: 2119: 2115: 2102: 1994: 1845:Gupta dynasties 1831:The end of the 1829: 1824: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1279: 1202: 1099:Sarvakaryakarta 1054:Dharmamaharajas 1038: 1030: 1017: 1010: 1003: 997: 959: 948: 929: 922: 903: 896: 889: 868: 857: 823: 816: 801: 795:Kuntala country 786: 780: 742: 740: 639: 620: 614: 604:empire and the 549: 521: 514: 504: 499: 463:Kadambas of Goa 423: 411:in present-day 372: 358: 297:Kadamba dynasty 266: 248:Pallava dynasty 241: 227: 194: 184: 174: 148: 147:• 516-540 136: 135:• 345–365 104: 90: 69: 68: 64: 47: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7533: 7531: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7338:National parks 7335: 7330: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7273:D. V. Gundappa 7270: 7265: 7263:M. Govinda Pai 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7198:Purandara Dasa 7195: 7193:Ratnakaravarni 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6978: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6924:Karnatik music 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Chamarajanagar 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6688:Uttara Kannada 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6549:Vishnuvardhana 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6479:Keladi Nayakas 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Hoysala Empire 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6366:Transportation 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6237: 6235:Asian elephant 6227: 6226: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6088: 6078: 6071: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5962: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5832: 5830: 5828:Indo-Sassanids 5825: 5819: 5818: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5703: 5701:Varman dynasty 5692: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5602:Indo-Parthians 5598:Indo-Scythians 5594: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5554: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5414:HISTORICAL AGE 5409: 5408: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5237: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5177: 5176: 5174:Southern India 5171: 5170:Central India 5168: 5163: 5150: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5089:External links 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5006:Haleri Kingdom 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4875: 4874: 4850: 4824: 4800: 4781: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4749:978-8120827905 4748: 4735: 4729: 4716: 4710: 4697: 4691: 4678: 4672: 4659: 4653: 4640: 4634: 4621: 4615: 4602: 4596: 4583: 4577: 4564: 4558: 4545: 4539: 4526: 4520: 4507: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4454: 4437: 4431: 4418: 4409: 4403: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4365: 4352: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4314: 4308: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4262: 4231: 4222: 4165: 4139: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4055: 4046: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3903: 3889: 3880: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3653: 3644: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3501: 3494: 3466: 3459: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3287: 3278: 3261: 3222: 3196: 3187: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3072: 3045: 3033: 3024: 3015: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2970: 2950: 2930: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2876: 2867: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2807: 2780: 2765: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729:History of Goa 2726: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2665: 2662: 2648:Kannada script 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2561: 2488:at Arvalem in 2476:(built by the 2400:Main article: 2381: 2378: 2366:Andhra Pradesh 2315:Chhaya-Lakshya 2182:Harshavardhana 2163:Kumarasambhava 2151:Dutagatotkacha 1993: 1990: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1777:non-Brahmadeya 1732:), areca nut ( 1620:Uttara Kannada 1568: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1512: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1418: 1407: 1398: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1360: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1232:), betel tax ( 1224:), sales tax ( 1103:Dharmadhyaksha 1089:), physician ( 1037: 1036:Administration 1034: 996: 993: 779: 776: 613: 610: 503: 500: 498: 495: 477:and later the 436:northern India 360: 359: 357: 356: 349: 342: 334: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 300: 299: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 263: 254: 251: 250: 245: 237: 236: 231: 219: 218: 213: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 99: 95: 94: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 63: 62: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 42: 26: 24: 18:Kadamba Empire 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7532: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7343:Hindu temples 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Allama Prabhu 7146: 7144: 7143:Akka Mahadevi 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Adikavi Pampa 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7016:Western Ganga 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Udupi cuisine 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6939:Mysore Dasara 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Gaarudi Gombe 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879:Bharatanatyam 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6861:Western Ghats 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841:Highest point 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Srirangapatna 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6509:Pulakeshin II 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6394:Alupa dynasty 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6277:Carnatic carp 6274: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6244:Indian roller 6241: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6203:State symbols 6200: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5780:Vishnukundina 5778: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740:Vishnukundina 5738: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Kushan Empire 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5624:Kushan Empire 5620: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5562:Sangam period 5558: 5553: 5549: 5548:Shunga Empire 5544: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5521:Brahma Sutras 5518: 5517:Bhagavad Gita 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5462:Sangam period 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5451:Maurya Empire 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5145: 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4542: 4540:81-208-0026-5 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521:81-208-0436-8 4517: 4513: 4512:Ancient India 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4432:81-7017-312-4 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4404:81-7201-798-7 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4347:81-219-0153-7 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4328:81-208-0325-6 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4309:81-250-2912-5 4305: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4251:. 21 May 2012 4250: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4218: 4213:|author= 4206: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4153: 4152:Deccan Herald 4149: 4143: 4140: 4126: 4122: 4121:Deccan Herald 4118: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 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New Delhi: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2775:Ancient India 2769: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534:with an open 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364:, Karnataka, 2363: 2358: 2354: 2353:mrigiyavilasa 2350: 2349:mrigiyavinoda 2339: 2338: 2333: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1811:Pampa Bharata 1808:(c. 900) and 1807: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1574: 350 CE 1566: 1558: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1509: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1415: 1404: 1395: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228:), land tax ( 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:puravaresvara 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Vidyavriddhas 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1024: 994: 992: 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 954: 953:Narmada river 944:record dated 943: 939: 935: 916: 914: 910: 884: 883: 878: 874: 863: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 831: 829: 811: 807: 796: 792: 777: 775: 773: 768: 764: 759: 755: 751: 744: 738: 732: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 646:studies at a 645: 634: 631:proceeded to 630: 626: 611: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 586:Manavya Gotra 583: 579: 575: 574:Chera kingdom 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 544: 540: 536: 532: 508: 501: 496: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 444:Kakusthavarma 441: 437: 433: 429: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 390: 386: 381: 366: 355: 350: 348: 343: 341: 336: 335: 333: 332: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 311:Kakusthavarma 309: 307: 304: 303: 302: 301: 298: 294: 287: 284: 282:Today part of 280: 264: 262: 259: 258: 255: 249: 246: 239: 238: 235: 234:Chutu dynasty 232: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 204: 200: 196: 186: 176: 162: 158: 154: 150: 141: 138: 124: 122: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 60: 55: 52:345 CE–540 CE 50: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7348:Jain temples 7243:D. R. Bendre 7178:Kumara Vyasa 7037:Vijayanagara 6846:Bayalu Seeme 6731:Vijayanagara 6544:Vijayanagara 6499:Mayurasharma 6468: 6434:Deva Raya II 6399:Amoghavarsha 6301:Architecture 6192: 6115: 6106: 6096: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6028: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5993: 5992: 5956:Pala dynasty 5942:10th century 5941: 5904: 5872: 5822: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5751: 5724: 5696:Gupta Empire 5694: 5684: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5630: 5618: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5569:Early Cholas 5560: 5537: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5469:Early Cholas 5460: 5449: 5444: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5412: 5403:Nanda empire 5401: 5389: 5356: 5347: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5266: 5257: 5242:Vedic Period 5239: 5224:Vedic Period 5221: 5216:Vedic Period 5213: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5160:Sapta Sindhu 5147:Timeline and 5030:Architecture 4936: 4866:. Retrieved 4862:the original 4857: 4842:. Retrieved 4838:the original 4831: 4816:. Retrieved 4812:the original 4807: 4792:. Retrieved 4788: 4773:. 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C. Sircar 917: 909:pralayaanala 908: 880: 861: 852: 840:South Canara 832: 805: 781: 746: 736: 734: 724:Chandravalli 703: 699: 695: 691: 680:Mayurasharma 664:Brihad-Banas 655: 652:Ashvasanstha 651: 647: 629:Mayurasharma 615: 593: 590:Haritiputrās 589: 585: 559: 527: 448: 396: 394: 306:Mayurasharma 296: 216:Succeeded by 215: 210: 140:Mayurasharma 36: 7376:Pampa Award 7213:Gopala Dasa 7208:Vijaya Dasa 7203:Kanaka Dasa 7168:Rudrabhatta 7113:Gunavarma I 7100:Noted poets 7009:Rashtrakuta 6759:Chikmagalur 6635:Ramanagara 6610:Chitradurga 6529:Tipu Sultan 6100:, Routledge 5981:Rashtrakuta 5885:Pala Empire 5878:Kabul Shahi 5761:Kabul Shahi 5735:Alchon Huns 5513:Mahabharata 5436:Pre-history 5349:Pre-history 5259:Pre-history 4868:13 November 4844:28 November 4818:28 November 4794:28 November 4775:28 November 4195:28 November 4158:13 February 4131:28 November 4082:28 November 4025:28 November 3678:28 November 3373:28 November 3065:28 November 2800:28 November 2652:Srimanaragi 2532: 1180 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2277:ahavamalla 2259:Agnipurana 2250: – c. 2239: – c. 2207: 700 2192: 625 2178: 510 2143:Vatsyayana 2135: 400 2120: 300 2118: – c. 2116: 100 2103: 100 2060:hero stone 2003:Śvetāmbara 1912:ashvamedha 1833:Satavahana 1792:mahanagara 1773:Brahmadeya 1740:), wheat ( 1702:akki gadde 1364:TOCHARIANS 1290:South Asia 1270:hero stone 1203: 692 1192:Satavahana 1184:mandapikas 1164:Dashagrama 1160:Mahagramas 1091:Deshamatya 1079:Tantrapala 1018: 540 1011: 530 1004: 519 960: 519 949: 519 942:Davanagere 930: 519 923: 485 904: 475 897: 460 890: 485 882:ashvamedha 869: 455 862:pattatraya 858: 455 824: 435 817: 435 802: 390 787: 365 750:Malaprabha 716:Malaprabha 690:(known as 640: 345 621: 450 602:Satavahana 582:Subramanya 541:, and the 424: 345 373: 450 326:Bhageerath 316:Kangavarma 112:Government 7434:Magazines 7223:Lakshmisa 7183:Chamarasa 7123:Sri Ponna 7090:Karnataka 6954:Veeragase 6889:Bidriware 6884:Buta Kola 6816:Districts 6803:Geography 6583:divisions 6579:Districts 6439:Durvinita 6414:Balligavi 6341:Geography 6336:Folk arts 6331:Education 6293:Overviews 6194:Bengaluru 6180:Karnataka 5898:Kalachuri 5690:Kidarites 5047:Societies 5042:Economies 4833:The Hindu 4205:cite news 4184:The Hindu 4071:The Hindu 3248:0045-9801 2679:Raj Kumar 2677:starring 2466:Sukhanasa 2362:Jalandhar 2320:Adipurana 2155:Urubhanga 2105:)and the 2069:ripu-mari 2053:Parthians 2011:Adipurana 1999:Digambara 1950:Pujyapada 1936:Balligavi 1908:Kshatriya 1888:Brahmanya 1769:Mahajanas 1759:Village ( 1738:joladakey 1698:nir mannu 1674:khandugas 1651:kuripatti 1642:gosahasra 1518:SASANIANS 1496:VAKATAKAS 1478:KIDARITES 1460:SAMATATAS 1402:LICCHAVIS 1344:KALABHRAS 1299:YAUDHEYAS 1258:mandapika 1242:anthakara 1131:Senapathi 980:Karnataka 934:Vakatakas 778:Expansion 772:Kshatriya 660:Srisailam 606:Chalukyas 588:and were 570:Talagunda 428:Vakatakas 401:Karnataka 98:Religion 7505:Kadambas 7228:Sarvajna 7158:Harihara 7051:Haridasa 7002:Medieval 6851:Malenadu 6836:Villages 6663:Belagavi 6658:Bagalkot 6630:Tumakuru 6519:Sringeri 6444:Halebidu 6409:Banavasi 6371:Wildlife 6281:Insect: 6094:(2002), 5768:Maitraka 5653:kingdom 5651:Kamarupa 5509:Ramayana 5335:Buddhism 5281:Panchala 5272:Gandhara 5232:culture) 5199:IRON AGE 4937:Kadambas 4931:Polities 4883:a series 4881:Part of 4503:13869730 4035:cite web 3256:42936410 3215:14 April 2708:See also 2599:Language 2486:laterite 2478:Hoysalas 2457:Agrahara 2432:Shikhara 2370:Vidarbha 2167:Shudraka 2159:Kalidasa 2086:Rig Veda 2051:and the 2015:Ravisena 2007:Jinasena 2001:and the 1977:Hinayana 1973:Mahayana 1965:Xuanzang 1941:Agrahara 1876:Pallavas 1872:Hinduism 1837:Hinduism 1827:Religion 1655:turpatti 1627:(female 1588:Kalburgi 1554:SASANIAN 1527:SAKASTAN 1516:KUSHANO- 1442:KAMARUPA 1422:SASANIAN 1382:PALLAVAS 1373:KADAMBAS 1317:MADRAKAS 1230:Kirukula 1218:Perjunka 1151:Vishayas 1142:Mandalas 1138:Yuvaraja 1123:Jagadala 1119:Lekhakas 1115:Rajjukas 1071:Pradhana 989:Ucchangi 877:Halebidu 844:Kalidasa 810:Pallavas 791:Vakataka 684:Pallavas 469:and the 457:and the 455:Chalukya 409:Banavasi 397:Kadambas 121:Maharaja 115:Monarchy 102:Hinduism 88:Sanskrit 78:Banavasi 7323:Beaches 7315:Tourism 7292:society 7268:Kuvempu 7044:Vachana 7030:Hoysala 6982:Kannada 6919:Kannada 6914:Kamsale 6871:Culture 6726:Raichur 6706:Ballari 6673:Dharwad 6668:Bijapur 6625:Shimoga 6454:Halmidi 6381:History 6346:History 6326:Economy 6316:Cuisine 6311:Climate 6189:Capital 6075:Sources 5866:Pallava 5797:Culture 5676:Puranas 5665:Culture 5505:Puranas 5486:Culture 5423:Culture 5339:Ājīvika 5331:Jainism 5306:Culture 5286:Magadha 5208:Culture 4467:7173416 4450:7796041 2555:mantapa 2547:mantapa 2540:mantapa 2536:mantapa 2521:ekakuta 2517:mantapa 2443:Stupika 2438:Kalasha 2426:mantapa 2108:Smritis 2041:Kushans 1992:Society 1981:Mauryas 1954:Chaitya 1946:Ghatika 1865:Krishna 1841:Jainism 1822:Culture 1785:gavundi 1750:pundota 1742:godhuma 1734:kramuka 1679:Durrett 1670:kolagas 1616:Dharwad 1612:Belgaum 1608:Bijapur 1604:Shimoga 1584:Krishna 1487:ABHIRAS 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