223:(a band of hunters) who kill an enormous number of animals and cause great destruction. Vaishampayana's father is dragged from his hollow and murdered. After the commotion has died out, Vaishampayana wanders off, and eventually finds refuge in a hermitage where he meets the divine sage Jabali. The latter stares at the parrot for a while and remarks that "He is experiencing the fruit of his own misbehaviour." The other hermits become curious at this remark, and Jabali begins to narrate the tale which fills a large part of the 'Kadambari'.
36:
289:
funeral pyre. At this moment, a divine being descends from the skies and carries aloft
Pundarika's body. He admonishes Mahashveta not to give up her life, and reassures her that "You two will be reunited." Kapinjala is agitated, and flies away himself in pursuit of this being. Mahashveta believes herself to be responsible for Pundarika's death. She has given up all worldly pleasures, and is now an ascetic. This ends Mahashveta's narrative, begun in Paragraph 7.
141:
appearance until past the midpoint. Many of the characters appear in multiple incarnations, some as humans and some as demigods or animals. The narration proceeds in a succession of nested frames; a large part of it is a retelling by a parrot of a story which was told to it by a sage. The latter story also contains several instances of one character relating a sub-story to another character.
273:(a demigod). One day, she had come to Lake Acchoda for a bath, when she spotted a handsome young ascetic and was instantly smitten. An enticing smell seemed to emanate from his body. The ascetic, too, appeared to be overwhelmed by passion. She approaches a second young sage (named Kapinjala), who tells her that her object of infatuation is named Pundarika. He is the son of
277:(Goddess of Wealth) who had conceived him while sitting on a lotus, by merely looking at the great sage Shvetaketu. One day, as Kapinjala and Pundarika were wandering in the Nandana forest, the goddess of the forest presented a fresh mango sprout to Pundarika as an ornament for his ear. It is this sprout which is the source of this smell.
355:
I should not be separated from my friend
Pundarika. Thereupon, the sage told me that the Moon God would be born upon the earth as Tarapeeda's son, who would be my rider. Pundarika would be reborn as the chief minister's son and a companion to my rider. After hearing this, I fell into the ocean below, and reemerged as a horse.
391:(forest-dweller). I was taken to a Chandala girl who said to me, "Ah my son! You cannot leave me now." Then she brought me here in a golden cage, and made a present of myself to you (King Shudraka). I do not know who this girl is, and why she calls me her son.' This ends the narration of the parrot (begun in Paragraph 1).
216:(an untouchable) maiden comes to his court and makes a present of a parrot (named Vaishampayana) to the king. After having eaten some tasty morsels and rested in the royal chambers, the parrot begins to narrate his tale with the preamble, "Your Majesty, this is a very long story; but if you are curious, it will be told."
208:(The paragraphs have been numbered for ease of reference. The original text is continuous, and has no chapter divisions. The Purvabhaga (first part) ends abruptly inside Paragraph 16, at a point when Kadambari is speaking about her love-sickness to Patralekha, as narrated by the latter to Chandrapeeda.)
296:
king
Chitraratha and his queen Madira have a daughter named Kadambari, who has been a childhood companion to me. She is filled with despair due to my plight, and has vowed not to marry as long as I am in grief. Kadambari's parents are vexed by this decision of hers, and have asked me to persuade her.
401:
At
Mahashveta's hermitage, the season of spring arrives gloriously. Chandrapeeda is brought back to life by the touch of Kadambari's hand. He says that since the curse is over, he has abandoned the earthly body of Shudraka. Pundarika appears from heaven in the form in which Mahashveta had fallen in
374:
The parrot
Vaishampayana continues his narration. He says: 'After Jabali had finished, all of my past life came back to me. I requested him to tell me something of my friend Chandrapeeda's present birth, but he was dismissive. Jabali told me that although as Pundarika I was an ascetic; I came under
370:
A messenger sent by
Kadambari informs Chandrapeeda's parents of their son's plight. Tarapeeda, Vilasavati, Shukanasa and Manorama arrive at the scene, and are very sorrowful. Tarapeeda gives up all worldly pleasures, and begins to spend his days in the forest near his son's body. Jabali reveals that
354:
Kapinjala continues: 'As I hurled myself towards
Shvetaketu, I inadvertently ran over an irascible sage who cursed me that I would become a horse. I implored his pardon. The sage relented and said that the curse would only last until my rider was alive. I further requested him that even as a horse,
350:
The latter said to
Kapinjala: ' I was once cursed by your friend (Pundarika) for no sound reason, that I would suffer from unrequited love more than once. I cursed him back saying that he would share my agonies. However, once I discovered that he is the lover of Mahashveta (who has a kinship with my
346:
The very next moment, Kapinjala emerges from the lake. Mahashveta is delighted to see her lover
Pundarika's friend, and is curious to know his tale. Kapinjala narrates as follows: I chased the heavenly being who had carried aloft Pundarika's body (Paragraph 11) to the moon world. This being declared
140:
This novel has an extremely intricate plot which is difficult to summarize concisely. Its central thread is that of a romantic attachment (and eventual union) between the hero
Chandrapeeda and the heroine Kadambari. However, there are several competing subplots; indeed, the heroine does not make her
325:
Keyuraka arrives shortly thereafter, confirming this description of Kadambari. Chandrapeeda's own state of mind is quite the same. He decides to solicit the help of his friend Vaishampayana. He goes forth and meets his returning army, but hears the following strange account from his generals: while
304:
named Keyuraka. The latter says that Kadambari was very upset by the message and is firmly decided against marrying while Mahashveta's bereavement continues. Mahashveta decides to visit Kadambari herself, accompanied by Chandrapeeda. They visit Mount Hemaketu (the Gandharvas' dwelling). Immediately
288:
After Kapinjala has departed, Mahashveta is tormented and falls into a swoon. As the moon rises, she leaves her palace to meet Pundarika. However, she hears Kapinjala's wailing from a distance, who tells her that Pundarika is dead. Mahashveta is heart-broken, and prepares to immolate herself on the
280:
Pundarika removes the sprout from Pundarika's ear, and places it onto Mahashveta's ear. His rosary falls down, as he is trembling from the pleasure of touching her cheek. Mahashveta wears it around her neck. Kapinjala gives a scolding to Pundarika for succumbing to such a base passion, contrary to
405:
One day, Kadambari asks Chandrapeeda about Patralekha's whereabouts. Chandrapeeda tells her that Patralekha is in fact Rohini (a demigoddess and a spouse of the Moon) who had come to the mortal world to take care of Chandrapeeda during his curse. Kadambari and Chandrapeeda enjoy their first sexual
316:
He receives a letter from his father Tarapeeda complaining of his prolonged absence and requesting his immediate return to the kingdom. Chandrapeeda sends a messenger to Kadambari, leaves Vaishampayana in charge of the slowly returning army and marches rapidly onwards towards the capital. In a few
238:
Within a few days, both wives are found to be pregnant, and each of them gives birth to a boy. Tarapeeda's son is named Chandrapeeda, and Shukanasa's son is named Vaishampayana. The two boys, who become bosom friends, are raised together in a heavily fortified university built especially for them.
338:
Chandrapeeda is rendered unconscious by this news. At this moment, Kadambari (who has told her parents that she is leaving to see Mahashveta), arrives at the scene, accompanied by Patralekha. They both fall into a swoon after seeing Chandrapeeda lying on the ground. When Kadambari recovers, still
312:
Chandrapeeda, immediately mounts his horse Indrayudha, and accompanied by Patralekha, speeds away towards Kadambari. Kadambari is growing pale from desire. Chandrapeeda coyly offers to cure her by suggesting that his body is at her service, but Kadambari demurs. As Chandrapeeda is about to leave,
308:
Mahashveta importunes Kadambari that she should let Chandrapeeda return to his place, since his companions must be anxious about him. Chandrapeeda returns, and is reunited with Vaishampayana, Patralekha and his army. The next day, he is trailed by Keyuraka who brings the message that Kadambari is
284:
They part company, and that night Mahashveta is driven senseless by her love-sickness. Her beetle-box bearer Taralika mentions to her that she was approached by Pundarika, who enquired about her mistress. He has given a love-letter for Mahashveta written on the bark of a tree using the juice of a
265:
The damsel, named Mahashveta, offers hospitality to Chandrapeeda. He insists that she should narrate her story. Mahashveta begins the narration in a gush of tears with the words, " O Prince, what is to be gained by hearing my story of my renunciation of the world? But if you are eager to know, I
242:
Having completed their education, the two friends reenter the capital city. There are boisterous celebrations at their return, and Chandrapeeda is ogled at by throngs of besotted young women. Queen Vilasavati makes a present of a beautiful prepubescent girl named Patralekha to her son. Tarapeeda
342:
At this moment, a disembodied voice calls out from the sky: 'My child Mahashveta, the body of Pundarika is in my world. He remains imperishable until he unites with you. On the other hand, although Chandrapeeda's soul has fled because of a curse; his body is made of light, and thus forever
398:, Pundarika's mother (Paragraph 8). Moreover, the king is no other than Chandrapeeda (the Moon God). The mutual curses between the Moon and Pundarika are now at an end. At these words, the king remembers everything in his former life, and slumps in a state of love-sickness for Kadambari.
343:
imperishable. Kadambari must see to it that his body is carefully guarded.' Everyone is astonished. Patralekha exclaims that it is not proper for Indrayudha to remain on earth while his master is no more. She mounts him, and throws herself along with the horse into the Acchoda lake.
382:
to that of an animal. At the very moment, the sage Kapinjala arrived at the hermitage. He embraced me and wept with joy. Kapinjala told me (the parrot): 'I have met your father Shvetaketu, who directed me here. Your woes are about to end.' Afterwards, Kapinjala left the
254:(a race of demigods), and gives chase. They elude him however, and the prince gets lost. He finds himself at the bank of the beautiful lake Acchoda. Having quenched his thirst, he hears a sweet melody and begins to look for its source. It is found to originate from the
321:
ascetic. (This part seems to have been composed merely for amusement, and has no connection with the later narrative.) Chandrapeeda's parents and the citizens are delighted to see him. In a few days, Patralekha brings news that Kadambari is suffering exceedingly from
366:
Kadambari enquires after Patralekha who had entered the lake with the horse. However, Kapinjala knows nothing about this, and he leaps into the sky to meet Shvetaketu. Kadambari whiles away her time watching over Chandrapeeda's lifeless body, which shows no signs of
334:
wandering about, who made passionate advances of love towards her. She was inflamed by anger, and cursed him that he would turn into a parrot. That very moment he fell lifeless on the ground. It was only later that she learnt that the youth was Chandrapeeda's friend
712:. Herausgegeben von Vitus Angermeier, Christian Ferstl, Dominik A. Haas, und Channa Li, 123-52. Puṣpikā – Tracing Ancient India through Texts and Traditions: Contributions to Current Research in Indology 6. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing.
362:
couple. Vaishampayana, the youth cursed by you (Mahashveta), was in fact Pundarika himself in his earlier birth.' This closes the narration of Kapinjala begun in Paragraph 21. Mahashveta is heartbroken at the fact that she has lost her lover for a second
329:
Chandrapeeda becomes anxious for his friend and sets out in search of him, having taken leave of his parents. However, he finds no trace of Vaishampayana at Lake Acchoda. He meets Mahashveta however, who narrates the following story. She saw a young
285:
leaf as ink. Mahashveta loses her mind after reading it, when the arrival of Kapinjala is announced. The latter reports that Pundarika is driven to the brink of his existence by his passion for Mahashveta, and henceforth his life is in her hands.
281:
his calling as an ascetic. Pundarika feels abashed, and asks for his rosary back in mock-anger. Since Pundarika is visibly befuddled due to his passion, Mahashveta deceives him by giving him her strand of pearls instead of the rosary.
226:
Jabali says that in the country of Avanti, there was a city called Ujjayini which was ruled by King Tarapeeda. He had wealth, vitality, spiritual knowledge, and a large harem, but no son. One night, the king dreams that
386:
Eventually, my wings grew stronger, and I could fly. I set off in the northern direction to meet Mahashveta. On my way I fell asleep due to fatigue, and when I woke up, found myself caught in a snare laid by a
243:
decides to install his son as the heir-apparent. Shukanasha gives him some worldly advice, after which, Chandrapeeda and Vaishampayana, accompanied by a vast army, set forth to conquer the world.
406:
union. Chandrapeeda returns to Ujjayini, and installs Pundarika as the King. He divides his days between Ujjayini and Mount Hemaketu. The two couples live in eternal happiness.
125:
The standard editions of the original Sanskrit text are by Peterson and Kane. There are translations into English by Kale, Layne and Ridding; and an abridgement into
326:
the army was camped at Lake Acchoda, Vaishampayana went into a state of trance and seemed to be searching for something. He now refuses to be separated from the lake.
371:
Vaishampayana (who was cursed by Mahashveta) is the very parrot who is present in the hermitage with them. This ends the narrative of Jabali, begun in Paragraph 2.
351:
race), I brought his body here to preserve it. You (Kapinjala) should go and consult the sage Shvetaketu (Paragraph 8) about seeking his son's deliverance.'
378:
After the assembly in Jabali's hermitage has broken up for the night, I (the parrot) became sorrowful at my own degradation from the state of an ascetic
804:
794:
231:(the Moon God) had entered the mouth of his queen Vilasavati. He relates this dream to his chief minister Shukanasa, who in turn confides that in
118:'s son Bhushanabhatta, according to the plan laid out by his late father. It is conventionally divided into Purvabhaga (earlier part) written by
358:
Since I had retained memories of my past life even after having turned into a horse, I purposefully brought Chandrapeeda here in pursuit of the
421:
Translated, with Occasional Omissions, And Accompanied by a Full Abstract of the Continuation of the Romance by the Author’s Son Bhūshaṇabhaṭṭa
507:
292:
Chandrapeeda consoles Mahashveta and advises her not to blame herself. He enquires after her companion Taralika. Mahashveta explains: The
57:
375:
the pall of sensual desire, because I was born only of a woman's seed (Paragraph 8) and hence lacked the requisite element of manliness.
799:
701:
Shulman, D. (2014). 'Persons Compounded and Confounded: A Reading of Bāṇa’s Kādambarī". In: Y. Bronner, D. Shulman and G. Tubb (eds).
654:
491:
79:
212:
There is a valiant king named Shudraka, who rules over a vast and prosperous kingdom with the capital city of Vidisha. One day, a
441:
317:
days he reaches Ujjayini. Along the way he comes across a Chandika temple and witnesses the antics of a very eccentric shrivelled
402:
love with him. Both the couples are united. The parents of all the lovers gather around them, and everyone is overcome with joy.
313:
Kadambari requests that Patralekha be left behind as her companion. This is agreed to, and Chandrapeeda returns to his camp.
175:
in the world; making due allowance for the ambiguities of such a classification. In fact, two modern Indian languages (
789:
470:
114:
in the first half of the 7th century CE, who did not survive to see it through completion. The novel was completed by
111:
50:
44:
246:
Chandrapeeda subdues all the princes in the world, and decides to settle for a temporary rest at Suvarnapura in the
219:
The parrot says that he used to live in the Vindhya forest with his aging father. One day, the forest is overrun by
122:, and Uttarabhaga (latter part) by Bhushanabhatta. (An alternate tradition gives the son's name as Pulindabhatta.)
95:
61:
708:
Dutta, Mercy (2023). "In Pursuit of Love: A Historical Analysis of ‘Feeling’ in Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s Kādambarῑ". In
239:
Chandrapeeda acquires a powerful and swift horse called Indrayudha, which becomes his inseparable companion.
809:
483:
200:. It is this circumstance which allows one to date the author with a reasonable degree of certainty.
297:
Thus, immediately before your arrival here, I have sent Taralika to deliver my message to Kadambari.
769:
710:
Puṣpikā: Proceedings of the 12th International Indology Graduate Research Symposium (Vienna, 2021)
429:
690:
520:
394:
King Shudraka becomes curious and summons the Chandala girl. The girl tells the king that she is
738:
650:
503:
487:
318:
126:
773:
763:
713:
449:
433:
258:(lute) of a heavenly and lustrous damsel dressed as an ascetic, sitting in a temple of Lord
180:
164:
235:
dream, a figure clad in white placed a Pundarika (lotus) into the lap of his wife Manorama.
339:
thinking that Chandrapeeda is dead, she prepares to immolate herself on his funeral pyre.
134:
562:
Kadambari: A Classic Sanskrit story of Magical Transformations (Translation into English)
759:
445:
749:
643:
528:
457:
197:
783:
743:
192:
305:
after Chandrapeeda and Kadambari have seen each other, the two are utterly in love.
150:
717:
119:
115:
301:
293:
270:
247:
155:
418:
388:
213:
159:
145:
107:
17:
694:
466:
395:
379:
359:
331:
274:
251:
228:
220:
176:
144:
The plot has probably been adapted from the story of King Sumanas from
733:
130:
471:
Kādambarī : a classic Sanskrit story of magical transformations
681:
Sohoni, S. V. (1985). "A HISTORICAL APPROACH TO BĀṆA'S KĀDAMBARĪ".
532:
259:
255:
172:
612:
Bana's Kadambari: Purvabhaga Complete (Translation into English)
168:(which is believed to be a Sanskrit precis of Gunadhya's work).
183:) use 'kadambari' as a generic term for a romance or a novel.
94:
This article is about the Sanskrit novel. For other uses, see
29:
171:
This work can be plausibly claimed to be one of the first
300:
The very next day, Taralika returns along with a young
250:. One day, while riding his horse, he sees a couple of
683:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
154:(a conjectural collection of stories in the extinct
27:
7th century Sanskrit literature. novel by Banabhatta
642:
269:Mahashveta relates that she is the daughter of a
628:The Kadambari of Bana (Translation into English)
500:Kadambari: Bana. Translated with an introduction
705:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 277–307.
641:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999).
8:
770:Kādambarī (Uttarabhāga) edited by P. V. Kane
430:Kādambarī (Uttarabhāga) edited by P. V. Kane
756:Tr. M. R. Kale, Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass
565:. New York and London: Garland Publishing.
615:. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers.
595:. Bombay: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
580:. Bombay: Government Central Book Depot.
43:This article includes a list of general
766:(edition by Kasinatha Panduranga Parab)
593:The Kadambari of Banabhatta: Purvabhaga
554:
552:
548:
158:language). This story also appears in
604:
602:
7:
703:Toward a History of Kāvya Literature
309:suffering from pangs of separation.
190:, Banabhatta is also the author of
110:. It was substantially composed by
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
196:, a biography of his patron king
805:Indian novels adapted into films
630:. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
456:(1928: 3rd edition) M. R. Kale,
34:
795:7th-century Sanskrit literature
539:(1944), by Nandlal Jaswantlal.
473:, Garland Publishing, New York.
645:Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema
1:
458:Sanskrit text and translation
519:It has been adapted into an
576:Peterson, Peter G. (1884).
347:himself to be the Moon God.
826:
649:. British Film Institute.
96:Kadambari (disambiguation)
93:
800:Ancient Indian literature
718:10.11588/hasp.1133.c15531
559:Layne, Gwendolyn (1991).
411:Editions and translations
498:(2010) Padmini Rajappa,
760:Kadambari - Purva Bagha
446:Kadambari - Purva Bagha
106:is a romantic novel in
64:more precise citations.
626:Ridding, C.M. (1896).
419:The Kādambarī of Bāṇa.
416:(1896) C. M. Ridding,
742:(1896 translation by
734:The Kādambarī of Bāṇa
484:Clay Sanskrit Library
591:Kane, P. V. (1921).
525:Mahashweta Kadambari
478:(2009) David Smith,
609:Kale, M.R. (1968).
529:Shree Nath Patankar
790:7th-century novels
521:Indian silent film
480:Princess Kadambari
739:Project Gutenberg
508:978-0-143-06466-4
502:, Penguin Books.
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
817:
774:Internet Archive
764:Internet Archive
754:(3rd ed) (1928).
741:
698:
689:(1/4): 203–217.
668:
667:
665:
663:
648:
638:
632:
631:
623:
617:
616:
606:
597:
596:
588:
582:
581:
573:
567:
566:
556:
535:-language film,
450:Internet Archive
434:Internet Archive
165:Kathasaritsagara
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
825:
824:
820:
819:
818:
816:
815:
814:
780:
779:
731:
726:
680:
677:
675:Further reading
672:
671:
661:
659:
657:
640:
639:
635:
625:
624:
620:
608:
607:
600:
590:
589:
585:
575:
574:
570:
558:
557:
550:
545:
517:
467:Gwendolyn Layne
413:
266:shall tell it."
206:
186:Apart from the
135:Keshavlal Dhruv
99:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
823:
821:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
782:
781:
778:
777:
767:
757:
747:
729:
725:
724:External links
722:
721:
720:
706:
699:
676:
673:
670:
669:
655:
633:
618:
598:
583:
568:
547:
546:
544:
541:
531:and an Indian
516:
513:
512:
511:
495:
494:
475:
474:
462:
461:
453:
452:
437:
436:
425:
424:
412:
409:
408:
407:
403:
399:
392:
384:
376:
372:
368:
364:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Vaishampayana.
327:
323:
322:love-sickness.
314:
310:
306:
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
267:
263:
244:
240:
236:
224:
217:
205:
202:
198:Harshavardhana
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
822:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
775:
772: at the
771:
768:
765:
762: at the
761:
758:
755:
753:
748:
745:
744:C. M. Ridding
740:
736:
735:
730:
728:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
678:
674:
658:
656:9780851706696
652:
647:
646:
637:
634:
629:
622:
619:
614:
613:
605:
603:
599:
594:
587:
584:
579:
572:
569:
564:
561:
555:
553:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
493:
492:0-8147-4080-4
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
459:
455:
454:
451:
448: at the
447:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432: at the
431:
427:
426:
422:
420:
415:
414:
410:
404:
400:
397:
393:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
210:
209:
204:Plot synopsis
203:
201:
199:
195:
194:
193:Harshacharita
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
166:
161:
157:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
97:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
810:Panchatantra
751:
732:
709:
702:
686:
682:
660:. Retrieved
644:
636:
627:
621:
611:
610:
592:
586:
577:
571:
563:
560:
536:
524:
518:
499:
479:
417:
232:
207:
191:
187:
185:
170:
163:
149:
143:
139:
124:
102:
101:
100:
91:
76:
70:January 2024
67:
48:
527:(1922), by
515:Adaptations
442:5th edition
151:Brihatkatha
133:(edited by
62:introducing
784:Categories
543:References
383:hermitage.
120:Banabhatta
116:Banabhatta
112:Bāṇabhaṭṭa
45:references
752:Kadambari
662:12 August
578:Kadambari
537:Kadambari
302:Gandharva
294:Gandharva
271:Gandharva
248:Himalayas
188:Kadambari
156:Paishachi
103:Kādambarī
18:Kadambari
695:41693606
389:Chandala
252:Kinnaras
221:Shabaras
214:Chandala
160:Somadeva
146:Gunadhya
127:Gujarati
108:Sanskrit
750:Bana's
465:(1991)
440:(1916:
428:(1913)
396:Lakshmi
380:Brahmin
360:Kinnara
332:Brahmin
319:Dravida
275:Lakshmi
229:Chandra
181:Marathi
177:Kannada
58:improve
776:(1913)
693:
653:
506:
490:
367:decay.
173:novels
131:Bhalan
47:, but
691:JSTOR
533:Hindi
363:time.
260:Shiva
256:Veena
664:2012
651:ISBN
504:ISBN
488:ISBN
179:and
737:at
714:doi
233:his
162:'s
148:'s
137:).
129:by
786::
687:66
685:.
601:^
551:^
523:,
486:,
482:,
469:,
444:)
746:)
716::
697:.
666:.
510:.
460:.
423:.
262:.
98:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.