474:, Rudolph Cohen of the IDAM directed the first large-scale excavations, which took place in 1976-1982 and were fully published after Cohen's death. Among the earliest finds were local pottery sherds dated, as of 2015, to the end of the Late Bronze Age (early 12th century BCE) and the Early Iron I period (end of the 12th and the 11th century BCE), as well as four Egyptian-style items - two seals and two seal impressions - from later strata, probably also older than the 10th-century BCE fortress.
226:"And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king of Edom: 'Thus saith thy brother Israel: Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us; how our fathers went down into Egypt, and we dwelt in Egypt a long time; and the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and our fathers; and when we cried unto the LORD, He heard our voice, and sent a messenger, and brought us forth out of Egypt; and, behold, we are in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border."
485:, IBA), which were also found at numerous other sites in the Negev. On the other hand, Late Bronze Age, the conventional time of the Exodus, was unattested in the Negev and at the Ain el-Qudeirat site, although more recent reevaluations of Cohen's findings at Ain el-Qudeirat indicate that the site was probably occupied from at least the 12th century BCE.
262:"But when they came up from Egypt, and Israel walked through the wilderness unto the Red Sea, and came to Kadesh; then Israel sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying: Let me, I pray thee, pass through thy land; but the king of Edom hearkened not. And in like manner he sent unto the king of Moab; but he would not; and Israel abode in Kadesh."
177:
238:"And when thou hast seen it, thou also shalt be gathered unto thy people, as Aaron thy brother was gathered; because ye rebelled against My commandment in the wilderness of Zin, in the strife of the congregation, to sanctify Me at the waters before their eyes.'--These are the waters of Meribath-kadesh in the wilderness of Zin."
631:
kings who formerly governed the region, but by the 1st century CE the place had already come under the possession of the Arabs: "Of these there were five: Ochus and Sures, Robees and Ures, and, the fifth, Rekem; the city which bears his name ranks highest in the land of the Arabs and to this day is
488:
In 1983, Cohen suggested that the MBI people should be identified as "proto-Israelites" based on migratory patterns and cultural discontinuity although there is evidence that they retained the earlier cultural customs of the southern Levant. Others archaeologists suggest they were
214:"And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and showed them the fruit of the land."
451:. At the top of the Ain el-Qudeirat site they identified a fortress - built, as we now know, in the last decades of the 8th century BCE and destroyed around 600 BCE -, and they cut a sounding into one of its rooms. During Israel's short
714:
Instruction and
Interpretation: Studies in Hebrew Language, Palestinian Archaeology and Biblical Exegesis: Papers Read at the Joint British-Dutch Old Testament Conference Held at Louvain, 1976, from 30 August to 2
256:"Because ye trespassed against Me in the midst of the children of Israel at the waters of Meribath-kadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified Me not in the midst of the children of Israel."
319:
By the late nineteenth century, as many as eighteen sites had been proposed for biblical Kadesh. One source of confusion has been the fact that Kadesh is sometimes mentioned in connection with the
358:
A minority of recent scholars have maintained a two-site theory, with a western Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin and an eastern one in the wilderness of Paran, the latter often associated with
244:"And they journeyed from Ezion-geber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin--the same is Kadesh. And they journeyed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom."
220:"And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, came into the wilderness of Zin in the first month; and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there."
71:, while some academics and rabbinical authorities hold that there were two locations named Kadesh. A related term, either synonymous with Kadesh or referring to one of the two sites, is
1159:
1263:
872:
196:"And they turned back, and came to En-mishpat--the same is Kadesh--and smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dwelt in Hazazon-tamar."
280:"And by the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar unto the waters of Meribath-kadesh, to the Brook, unto the Great Sea."
274:"And the south side southward shall be from Tamar as far as the waters of Meriboth-kadesh, to the Brook, unto the Great Sea. This is the south side southward."
460:
794:
691:
1119:
652:
was not considered the Land of Israel, while Reḳam of Ǧayāh is listed as a frontier city of the Land of Israel. (See also Y. Aharoni, "Kadesh-barnea,"
408:, and was abandoned for some time after its first destruction. A second fort, constructed during the eighth century BCE (probably during the reign of
611:
in Arabia, the southernmost extent of the boundary of Israel in the 4th century BCE (See: Jacob
Sussmann, "The Boundaries of Eretz-Israel",
953:
930:
90:
The Bible mentions Kadesh and/or Kadesh Barnea in a number of episodes, making it an important site (or sites) in narratives concerning
1009:
Davies, Graham I., et al., "Ancient Hebrew
Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance, Volume 2", Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp82-85
924:
890:
760:
722:
1084:
173:
etc.) and thus its identification is key to understanding both the ideal and geopolitically realised borders of ancient Israel.
1145:
467:
208:"And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the land of the South, and dwelt between Kadesh and Shur; and he sojourned in Gerar."
501:
1152:
521:
1317:
1104:
729:
Anyone who is familiar with the Exodus-literature will know that Kadesh Barnea is practically always identified with
420:
engraved in Hebrew, dated to the 8th or 7th century BCE, have been recovered there, suggesting
Israelite occupation.
151:
750:
571:
448:
1025:
784:"A very few modern scholars have claimed that there were, indeed, two sites by the name of Kadesh." Yigal Levin,
632:
called by the whole
Arabian nation, after the name of its royal founder, Rekeme: it is the Petra of the Greeks" (
599:), whence the spies were sent to search out the Land of Canaan, near Canaan's southern border, is identified by
500:
Cohen wrapped up his excavation campaign in 1982, soon before Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai as part of the
1332:
1312:
1307:
232:"And they journeyed from Kadesh; and the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, came unto mount Hor."
42:
1127:
648:, now belonging to Egypt (Ben-David Ben-Gad Hacohen, 1998, pp. 28–29), arguing that Reḳam (Petra) in Mishnah
1322:
623:
429:
397:
24:
1168:
898:
633:
293:, with most contemporary scholars seeing the biblical references to Kadesh as referring to a single site.
1302:
289:
The most common identification of Kadesh or Kadesh Barnea in modern scholarship is with the present-day
139:
115:
785:
67:
in the kingdom of Israel. Many modern academics hold that it was a single site, located at the modern
600:
444:
324:
170:
157:
Kadesh Barnea is a key feature in the common biblical formula delineating the southern border of the
147:
123:
122:
struck a rock (rather than speaking to it as the Lord commanded) that brought forth water at Kadesh (
332:
162:
131:
737:, notwithstanding the fact that the ancient border inscriptions always mention Kadesh Barnea first.
561:
344:
166:
99:
87:
have been proposed, including 'desert of wanderings,' but none have produced widespread agreement.
882:
456:
94:
origins. Kadesh was the chief site of encampment for the
Israelites during their wandering in the
1045:
505:
393:
617:(Academic Journal), pub. by: Mandel Institute for Jewish Studies, Jerusalem 1976, p. 239). Cf.
1214:
1204:
1199:
973:
920:
886:
756:
718:
494:
413:
379:
914:
709:
404:
fortresses have been excavated there. The oldest, a small elliptical structure, dates to the
1239:
1037:
965:
878:
613:
405:
348:
290:
103:
68:
64:
19:
This article is about the Kadesh mentioned in the Bible. For the ancient city in Syria, see
551:. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 871–874; Koeler-Baumgartner 3:1072–1078; TDOT 12:521–545.
1327:
1076:
436:
432:
320:
268:"The voice of the LORD shaketh the wilderness; the LORD shaketh the wilderness of Kadesh."
111:
565:
547:
809:
669:
Zecharia Kallai, "The
Southern Border of the Land of Israel — Pattern and Application",
202:"Wherefore the well was called 'Beer-lahai-roi; behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered."
142:) both died and were buried near a place named Kadesh. Moses sent envoys to the King of
1249:
1179:
1080:
822:
Hacohen, D. (2002) "Kadesh and Rekem, Kadesh-Barnea and Rekem-Geah." In Y. Eshel, Ed.,
517:
305:
158:
20:
1296:
1189:
1049:
1041:
440:
1194:
877:. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray; Ralph Marcus. London: Loeb Classical Library.
56:
789:
686:
374:'s burial site (which the Bible identifies as Kadesh) with Petra, which he called
1224:
1184:
471:
452:
336:
313:
392:
After a period in which researchers identified Kadesh with the similarly named
250:"So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there."
482:
478:
477:
According to a 2010 article, the excavations uncovered copious remains of the
352:
328:
309:
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259:
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223:
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95:
91:
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was first archaeologically investigated in 1914, by two
British researchers,
265:
217:
205:
193:
59:, describing a site or sites located south of, or at the southern border of,
1234:
508:(mound) ceased at that point and as of 2015, it hasn't been renewed since.
400:
of Egypt has been widely accepted as the location of Kadesh Barnea. Several
114:
13:1–26). The first failed attempt to capture Canaan was made from Kadesh (
1209:
1137:
969:
618:
490:
401:
367:
363:
51:
417:
1244:
1219:
628:
409:
371:
301:
127:
107:
60:
412:) was destroyed during the seventh century BCE, most likely during
335:). This discrepancy has been noted by commentators as early as the
176:
645:
636:). Others have identified Kadesh Barnea, not with Petra, but with
608:
545:
Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and
Charles A. Briggs, eds. (1907).
525:
359:
297:
180:
175:
135:
119:
362:
in Jordan. The two-site theory also appears to have been held by
55: "holy") is a place-name that occurs several times in the
143:
1141:
1026:"Kadesh Barnea: A Reevaluation of Its Archaeology and History"
154:
passing through his territory, which the
Edomite king denied.
790:
The boundaries of the land of Canaan, and the empire of Necho
687:
The boundaries of the land of Canaan, and the empire of Necho
710:"Kadesh Barnea: Some Geographical and Historical Remarks"
954:"Studia Onomastica Coranica: AL-Raqīm, Caput Nabataeae*"
752:
Historical Commentary on the Old Testament: Exodus. ...
150:), asking for permission to let the Israelites use the
102:
1:46), as well as the place from which the Israelite
826:
11 (Ariel). p. 25-40. Hebrew with English Abstract.
916:Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra
859:Eusebius - das Omnosticon der biblischen Ortsnamen
463:(IDAM), dug additional soundings in the fortress.
443:("Lawrence of Arabia") as part of their regional
296:The Bible locates Kadesh, or Kadesh Barnea, as an
548:A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
848:Jewish Antiquities IV 82 cf. Numbers 20:1, 22-29
567:Kadesh-Barnea: Its Importance and Probable Site
347:) sought a reconciliatory model, while others (
1085:"Kadesh-Barnea—In the Bible and on the Ground"
703:
701:
1153:
883:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930
658:New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation
481:period (MBA I or MBI, sometimes known as the
8:
913:Stephan G. Schmid and Michel Mouton (2013).
461:Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums
428:The Ain el-Qudeirat oasis in Wadi el-Ain of
355:) proposed two separate sites named Kadesh.
795:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
692:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
644:near Quseimah in the region of the central
183:, sometimes identified as an eastern Kadesh
1160:
1146:
1138:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
681:
679:
497:, who arrived from the north and east.
1019:
1017:
1015:
538:
656:, 7:39–42; R. Cohen, "Kadesh-Barnea,"
712:. In Hendrik Antonie Brongers (ed.).
396:, since 1905, Ain el-Qudeirat in the
7:
810:The True Boundaries of the Holy Land
749:Houtman, Cornelis (August 3, 1995).
504:. All field research at the ancient
46:
874:Antiquities of the Jews (iv.vii.§1)
933:from the original on 18 March 2020
824:Judea and Samaria Research Studies
14:
1089:Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR)
607:) and by Jacob Sussmann as being
520:, also known as Kadesh Barnea, a
308:. It is 11 days' march by way of
1042:10.1179/033443510x12632070179504
861:(in German), Hildesheim, p. 113.
1000:, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005
996:"Kadesh Barnea" pg. 214 in the
807:Isaacs, Samuel Hillel. (1917).
685:Yigal Levin, Numbers 34:2-12, "
468:Israeli occupation of the Sinai
453:occupation of the Sinai in 1956
998:NIV Archaeological Study Bible
899:digital Loeb Classical Library
327:) and at other times with the
1:
952:Shaddel, Mehdy (2017-10-01).
717:. Brill Archive. p. 58.
300:south of Canaan, west of the
16:Placename in the Hebrew Bible
1124:Biblical Archaeology Society
1024:Finkelstein, Israel (2010).
919:. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH.
1120:"The Mysterious MBI People"
627:(iv.vii.§1) who names five
528:desert of modern-day Israel
1349:
958:Journal of Semitic Studies
871:Flavius, Josephus (1930).
835:Wenham, Gordon J. (2008).
502:peace agreement with Egypt
449:Palestine Exploration Fund
424:Archaeological exploration
83:. Various etymologies for
18:
1175:
765:– via Google Books.
708:C. H. J. de Geus (1977).
640:, or what is also called
382:
50:
775:Trumbull (1884), p. 303.
1118:Cohen, Rudolph (1983).
902:(subscription required)
857:E. Klostermann (1966),
673:XXXVII 4 1987, 438–445.
624:Antiquities of the Jews
572:Charles Scribner's Sons
483:Intermediate Bronze Age
398:North Sinai Governorate
1169:Stations of the Exodus
1079:; Singer-Avitz, Lily;
897: – via
634:Loeb Classical Library
370:. Josephus identifies
184:
23:. For other uses, see
1279:30.64250°N 34.41361°E
654:Encyclopaedia Biblica
179:
562:Trumbull, Henry Clay
522:community settlement
368:Eusebius of Caesarea
1318:Book of Deuteronomy
1275: /
479:Middle Bronze Age I
470:following the 1967
345:Hezekiah ben Manoah
316:(Deuteronomy 1:2).
188:Biblical references
1284:30.64250; 34.41361
1130:on March 14, 2024.
1095:(5 (Sep/Oct 2015))
970:10.1093/jss/fgx022
185:
1258:
1257:
1215:Kibroth Hattaavah
1205:Wilderness of Zin
1200:Wilderness of Sin
671:Vetus Testamentum
447:on behalf of the
414:Manasseh of Judah
380:Nabataean Aramaic
254:Deuteronomy 32:51
1340:
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1272:
1271:
1268:
1240:Almon Diblathaim
1162:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1126:. Archived from
1115:
1109:
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1102:
1100:
1077:Ussishkin, David
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731:ʿAin el Qudeirat
705:
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683:
674:
667:
661:
590:
584:
583:
581:
579:
574:. pp. 24–25
558:
552:
543:
406:10th century BCE
384:
349:Abraham ibn Ezra
304:and east of the
291:Tell el-Qudeirat
248:Deuteronomy 1:46
242:Numbers 33:36–37
236:Numbers 27:13–14
224:Numbers 20:14–16
140:Numbers 20:22–29
116:Numbers 14:40–45
65:Kingdom of Judah
54:
49:, from the root
48:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1333:Book of Ezekiel
1313:Book of Numbers
1308:Book of Genesis
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1277:
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1166:
1136:
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1112:
1107:online library.
1098:
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1081:Shanks, Hershel
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786:Numbers 34:2–12
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763:
748:
747:
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638:Ein el Qudeirāt
591:
587:
577:
575:
560:
559:
555:
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535:
514:
437:Leonard Woolley
426:
321:Desert of Paran
287:
260:Judges 11:16–17
190:
69:Tel el-Qudeirat
43:Biblical Hebrew
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Book of Judges
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1256:
1255:
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1250:Plains of Moab
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1036:(1): 111–125.
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989:
964:(2): 303–318.
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537:
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518:Nitzanei Sinai
513:
510:
425:
422:
416:'s reign. Two
306:Brook of Egypt
286:
283:
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227:
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159:Land of Israel
152:King's Highway
21:Kadesh (Syria)
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892:9780674995390
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769:
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762:9789024262137
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733:and not with
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642:Tell Qudeirāt
639:
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593:Kadesh Barnea
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278:Ezekiel 48:28
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155:
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