618:
bas-reliefs of Viášášhal are sculpted on pillars of the Viášášhal temple and KášášŁáša temple. In LepÄkᚣč, there are sculptures of
Dhangars standing with a blanket draped over his head, his arm resting on his staff, and his chin resting on his arm. He must be there as a reminder of the family that built the temples. There is no other reason for a human being to be carved here, when almost every other carving on the numerous pillars of these temples depicts a god or a mythological event. These two popular motifs, Dhangars and Viášášhal, present a clear image of the family background of the founders of Vijayanagar and the roots of their faith.
302:, but that had mostly disappeared by the 20th century. With the disappearance of pastureland, they have been settling down to agriculture, some as landlords and other as tenants. Today, the majority of Hattikankan Kurubas practice farming and cattle-breeding, and many Unnikankan Kurubas are also farmers. But some also sell sheep and goats, as well as cow dung, in a symbiotic relationship with local farmers.
290:
The Kuruba community mainly inhabits the eastern parts of
Karnataka. The region is mainly plateau broken up by hills, rivers and tanks. The soil in this region is mainly red soils, and red sandy loams, unsuitable for agriculture. The low hills and plains have scrub and rocky country, ideal for
122:
hunter-gatherers. Rituals associated with hunting presumably came from the integration of these hunter-gatherers into the
Neolithic pastoralists. These pastoralists later became almost totally separated from their villager antecedents and interacted with them only based on initial conflict and
170:
The history of South India shows clearly that all the southern royal dynasties who arose from pastoralist, cowherd groups gained
Kshatriya status by claiming to be Moon lineage Kshatriyas, by taking Yadu as their ancestor, and by continually keeping alive their pride in being 'Yadavas'. Many
617:
Vijayanagar's kings were YÄdavas; therefore they were
Kurubas; and therefore Viášášhal-BÄŤrappÄ must have been their original god. The temple of AnantaĹayana depicts a clothed form of Viášášhal. At MallikÄrjun temple near Mallappanaguá¸ÄŤ, there is a broken image of Viášášhal in a shrine. In HampÄŤ,
238:
can easily be called
Kurubas. They are divided into Unnikankan and Hattikankan Dhangars, which are subdivisions of Kurubas. Dhangars' priestly class is called Vadad, derived from Oderu, which is the priestly class of Kurubas. They differ from Kurubas only in name and language.
338:
are some of the important gods of
Kurubas. They consider Vitthal and Beerappa as brothers, however, Beerappa has traditionally been their exclusive deity. Other deities they worship include Batyappa, Irachikappa, Kallu Kambhadappa, Budalappa, Settipalleppa, Karakuappa and
271:. Since the community is more dispersed, the Kurubas have been called a non-dominant minority community. The Kuruba community's population in Karnataka is around fifty lakh (five million), which is 8-9% of the total 6.5 crore (65 million) population of the state.
117:
farming villages in South India which also kept cattle. Oral traditions indicate some of these original cattle-keeping agriculturalists branched off into new habitats and quickly came to rely on sheep pastoralism, absorbing
685:
192:(cotton bracelet). These bracelets are tied during the marriage ceremony. Hande Kurubas claims a higher position than the other two and prefers to be called Nayakas. They were an important part of the armies of
747:
728:
69:. The natives of the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are Hindu castes. It is the third largest caste group in Karnataka. Traditionally, these are
374:. The worship is conducted by a Kuruba pujari and the Goravas sing songs dedicated to the deity. However, these celebrations were largely gone by the 1920s. The Kurubas also worship
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751:
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73:(shepherds) who used to do the work of sheep/goat and animal husbandry, in which they especially raised mixed herds of sheep and goats and cattle.
498:
123:
acculturation. For pastoralists such as the
Kurubas, the horse became an important pack animal after the Iron Age and an animal for fighting.
644:
610:
913:
908:
883:
544:"Prehistoric Background to Pastoralism in the Southern Deccan in the Light of Oral Traditions and Cults of Some Pastoral Communities"
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65:. They are the third-largest caste group in Karnataka. The Kuruba community is also known by the names Kuruba, Kuruma, Kurumba,
323:
298:: moving with large flocks of sheep from one pasture to the other. A secondary source of livelihood was once weaving
630:
596:
159:
184:
They have three divisions, namely
Unnikankan, Hattikankan and Hande. Those who subsist on the wool economy wear a
30:
This article is about the pastoral community in
Karnataka. For the similarly-named tribe of the Nilgiris, see
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to the Yadavarayas, were originally members of pastoralist, cowherd groups and belonged to Kuruba lineages.
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201:
46:
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where the group of Kurubas throughout a region celebrated the festival of their gods. During this time
264:
260:
378:, men who die unmarried, by building temples and setting up stones for them. They bury their dead.
155:
135:
powers in the Medieval era. It is believed that Kurubas are ethnically related to the Kuruvars of
563:
423:
406:
Murthy, M.L.K. (1 February 1993). "Ethnohistory of pastoralism: A study of Kurubas and Gollas".
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101:. Shepherding was traditionally their primary occupation and still is for many, who lead a
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The priestly class of Kurubas is called Oderu Kuruba. They don't eat meat and wear the
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community. Kurubas and Dhangars have the same religious ideas and practices. The
131:. Groups of soldiers from the Kuruba community became important in the armies of
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223:
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358:, an order of saints dedicated to Mailari Devaru, are initiated. During the
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605:. Feldhaus, Anne (trans.). Oxford University Press. p. 237,238,243.
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147:/Mallanna, who represents Murukan, and his Kuruba wife, Kurubattyavva.
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748:"Karnataka: Kuruba campaign seen as bid to erode Siddaramaiah's clout"
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Oral traditions of the Kurubas or Kuruma indicate their descent from
794:
267:. However, the community has been seeking to be reclassified as a
150:
Traditional sources claim that the Kurumas or Kurubas founded the
102:
43:
639:. Feldhaus, Anne (trans.). Oxford University Press. p. 245.
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By the 1920s, some of the Kurubas had begun to call themselves
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Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur, South Asia Research
602:
Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur, South Asia Research
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Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur, South Asia Research
139:. This is also supported by the fact that Kuruvars worshiped
684:
Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020).
579:
577:
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takes place is washed in a river, and decorated with
830:. Archaeological Survey of India, 2014. p. 274.
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and his Kuruvar wife, Valli whereas Kurubas worship
188:(wool bracelet), while those in agriculture wear a
200:. Nayakas were military leaders who often became
542:Murty, M. L. K.; Sontheimer, GĂźnther D. (1980).
334:, and Arivamma who all are forms of Shiva, and
127:claimed the Kurubas were the descendants of the
774:"List of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes"
168:
499:"Bandaru assures ST category for Golla-Kuruma"
477:. Oxford University Press. pp. 240â241.
8:
443:"Kuruba community sets a new trend at math"
162:, a scholar of the religious traditions of
467:Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere, Translated by
848:(1989). Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz (ed.).
727:Central Commission for Backward Classes.
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310:Although the Kurubas are traditionally
211:, and to that extent they resemble the
314:, they worship a variety of deities.
7:
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294:The Kurubas traditionally practiced
827:Socio-economic Archaeology of India
362:, the idol of the temple where the
350:Previously, the Kurubas celebrated
171:dynasties in South India, from the
441:Ranganna, T. S. (12 August 2006).
25:
851:Pastoral Deities in Western India
330:(in his original Shiva form) and
686:Central List of OBCs Maharashtra
259:, the Kurubas are classified as
904:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
347:and sacrifice sheep and goats.
729:Central List of OBCs Karnataka
234:speaking Dhangars of southern
154:, the founding dynasty of the
49:native to the Indian state of
1:
824:Dhavalikar, Madhukar (2014).
278:district are classified as a
265:Indian system of reservation
914:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
854:. Oxford University Press.
750:. Bengaluru. Archived from
631:Dhere, Ramchandra Chintaman
597:Dhere, Ramchandra Chintaman
930:
909:Social groups of Telangana
884:Social groups of Karnataka
420:10.1177/025764309300900102
385:
226:, they are a sub-caste of
160:Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere
29:
731:(Report). Archived from
688:(Report). Archived from
296:transhumance pastoralism
795:"Scheduled Tribe List"
781:censuskarnataka.gov.in
177:
291:pastoral lifestyles.
735:on 22 December 2018.
692:on 10 November 2020.
261:Other Backward Class
255:('chief Sudra'). In
754:on 23 December 2020
343:. They worship all
251:('first Sudra') or
156:Vijayanagara Empire
783:. 2010. p. 3.
717:, p. 113,122.
705:, p. 106-107.
505:. 25 August 2015.
408:Studies in History
89:, is derived from
646:978-0-19977-764-8
612:978-0-19977-764-8
286:Current situation
137:Sangam literature
16:(Redirected from
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388:List of Kurubas
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280:Scheduled Tribe
274:The Kurubas of
269:Scheduled Tribe
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196:and Ankusagari
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158:. According to
152:Sangama dynasty
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32:Kurumba (tribe)
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386:Main article:
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756:. Retrieved
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414:(1): 33â41.
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345:gramadevatas
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341:Lakshmi Devi
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243:Varna status
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758:17 December
253:Indra Sudra
236:Maharashtra
224:Maharashtra
190:Hattikankan
164:Maharashtra
125:Nanjundaiah
105:lifestyle.
27:Hindu caste
18:Kadu Kuruba
873:Categories
393:References
186:Unnikankan
120:Mesolithic
93:, meaning
85:, meaning
55:Tamil Nadu
560:0257-9774
548:Anthropos
511:0971-751X
503:The Hindu
447:The Hindu
428:161569571
257:Karnataka
213:Lingayats
194:Hyder Ali
115:Neolithic
81:The term
77:Etymology
63:Telangana
51:Karnataka
633:(2011).
599:(2011).
568:40460587
471:(2011).
336:Yellamma
332:Beerappa
320:Mallanna
312:Saivites
217:Jangamas
202:Inamdars
198:Poligars
173:Pallavas
129:Pallavas
87:shepherd
71:Gadariya
67:Gadariya
801:. 2021.
452:30 June
376:Iragaru
372:vibhuti
364:parashe
360:parashe
356:Goravas
352:parashe
328:Vitthal
316:Mailara
306:Culture
300:kamblis
263:in the
232:Kannada
228:Dhangar
145:Mailara
141:Murukan
109:History
103:nomadic
99:Kannada
879:Kuruba
858:
643:
609:
566:
558:
516:27 May
509:
481:
426:
276:Kodagu
209:lingam
133:Deccan
83:kuruba
40:Kuruba
777:(PDF)
564:JSTOR
424:S2CID
368:hoovu
95:sheep
47:caste
44:Hindu
42:is a
856:ISBN
760:2020
641:ISBN
607:ISBN
556:ISSN
518:2020
507:ISSN
479:ISBN
454:2020
91:kuri
61:and
416:doi
222:In
97:in
875::
797:.
779:.
615:.
576:^
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552:75
550:.
546:.
526:^
501:.
445:.
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410:.
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215:'
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412:9
370:-
34:.
20:)
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