371:(a possibly locally extinct sand iris). The 2009 culling of the population removed 230 horses from the herd, the largest culling since the beginning of the program, with homes found for 85% of the horses removed. Conservation of these horses is an important matter to the public, and between 1990 and 2003 the New Zealand Minister for Conservation received more public comments on the Kaimanawa horse than on any other subject. In this period, more than 1,400 requests for information and letters were received, with public interest peaking in 1996 and 1997. This was due to a program of population reduction by shooting scheduled to begin implementation in 1996; due to public opposition the shooting was cancelled and a large scale muster and adoption program began in 1997. In 1997, around 1,069 horses were removed from the range and adopted, reducing the main herd to around 500, and reducing their range to around 25,000
316:(50 and 60 inches, 127 and 152 cm) high. Any coat colour or pattern is acceptable. Their feral way of life has given them the ability to adapt quickly and live on very little, and they are usually sure-footed and tough. They have a medium-sized head in good proportion to their body, with wide variation in shape due to the different conformation of their ancestors. Kaimanawa horses have a short deep neck with a thick throat area, straight shoulders, a deep girth, and a short to medium back. The hindquarters vary from sloping to well-rounded. The legs are long and well-muscled, with strong hooves, and hind hooves that are generally smaller than the front hooves. All horses in the
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declined as large-scale farms and forestry operations were built on the ranges, and there was only around 174 horses by 1979. The New
Zealand government started protecting the Kaimanawa horses in 1981, and there were 1,576 horses by 1994. Roundups have been carried out annually since 1993 to manage the size of the herd, removing around 2,800 horses altogether. All suitable horses are available for rehoming after the roundups. The Kaimanawa horse population is listed as a herd of special genetic value by the United Nations'
29:
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impacts of the herds on other conservation priorities. Goals included ensuring the welfare of the horses, protecting natural ecosystems and features that the
Kaimanawa herd may impact and keeping the herd at a sustainable level. Ecological objectives included ensuring that Kaimanawa horse does not adversely affect endangered, rare and biogeographically significant plants; ensuring that the herd does not further degrade the ecosystems in which it lives; and preventing the herd from spreading into the
341:. Herd objectives included ensuring that the public was safe from roaming horses, while still allowing and improving public access to the herd and ensuring humane treatment of the horses; reducing conflict between the herd and other ecological values and land uses; and ensuring that the herd is contained to a population that is tolerated by the ecosystems in which they live while still maintaining a minimum effective population that is in general free ranging.
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herd reduction through shooting from helicopters, and instead favoured the horses remaining alive after being removed from the herd. However, core animal welfare groups felt that shooting was the most humane option. Trial musters were conducted in 1993, 1994 and 1995, and were successful, although costly and with a limited demand for the captured horses.
193:, and a breed known as the Comet Horse resulted. In the 1870s, McLean released a Comet stallion and several mares onto the Kaingaroa Plains and the bloodline mixed into the wild Kaimanawa Horse population. Other breeds were added to the Kaimanawa herds when riding horses escaped or were released from local sheep stations, and the cavalry units at
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Owing to the increase in population after protective legislation was put into place, the
Department of Conservation developed a management plan for the Kaimanawa herd in 1989 and 1990. A draft plan was made available to the public for comment in 1991, and the public made it clear that it objected to
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that was inspired by 13-year-old
Rochelle Purcell and her pony Kaimanawa Princess who campaigned to save the wild Kaimanawa horses in 1996. In the book, a girl rehomes a wild Kaimanawa horse and her foal and tames them while fighting to stop the government culling the wild Kaimanawa horses. In 2018,
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in 1876, although the first horses had been brought to New
Zealand in 1814. The herds grew as horses escaped or were released from sheep stations and cavalry bases. Some of the horses were recaptured by the locals to be riding horses, as well as for their meat, hair, and hides. The number of horses
332:
In 1994, a working party was established to look at the management of the
Kaimanawa herd. They aimed to decide which organization was in charge of long term management, to ensure that the treatment of horses is humane, to preserve and control the best attributes of the herds, and to eliminate the
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of
Kaimanawas to keep the herd population around a target level of 500 horses. The target was reduced to 300 horses starting in 2009. These horses are either taken directly to slaughter or are placed at holding farms for later slaughter or adoption by private homes. A main reason for the strict
220:
Land development and an increasing human population reduced the number of the
Kaimanawa horses and the space they had to roam, and in 1979 only around 174 horses remained. In 1981, the Kaimanawa horse population, the size of the ranges, and the herd movements began to be officially measured. A
311:
Many characteristics of the Comet Horses are shown in the
Kaimanawa horses today, although the varied gene input has produced a wide range of sizes, colours, and body types among the wild horses. The Kaimanawa breed varies widely in general appearance, with heights ranging between 12.2 and
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population control is to protect the habitat in which they live. This habitat includes 16 plant species listed as endangered, which the
Kaimanawa may endanger further through trampling and overgrazing. These plants include herbs, grasses, sedges, flowers and mistletoes; among these are
208:
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, horses were captured from the Kaimanawa herds and used as riding and stock horses, as well as being used for their meat, hair, and hides. Originally there were many herds that roamed the land owned by the British Crown and the native
402:
in Kaimanawa horse herds, only the two stallions highest in the herd hierarchy mate with the herd females. This differs from other feral horse herds, some of which have only one stallion that mates with mares, while others have several stallions that sire foals.
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made the Kaimanawa horses a household name in New Zealand so that after the 2016 muster there were enough homes for all the suitable horses to be rehomed. Kelly Wilson has published seven bestselling books about the Kaimanawa Horses.
213:, but many disappeared when large scale farms and forestry operations were built on the ranges, and also farm machinery decreased the need for stock horses. The Kaimanawa horses today have the most genetic similarity with
109:
that are descended from domestic horses released in the 19th and 20th centuries. They are known for their hardiness and quiet temperament. The New Zealand government strictly controls the population to protect the
176:
in 1876. The Kaimanawa breed descended from domestic horses that were released into the ranges in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Between 1858 and 1875, Major George Gwavas Carlyon imported
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390:, and with free-living zebras. Kaimanawas are of special value because of their low rate of interaction with humans. This lack of interaction may result in a herd with more wild and fewer
378:
The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization lists the Kaimanawa horses as a herd of special genetic value that can be compared with other groups of feral horses such as
375:
from around 70,000. Since 1993, a total of around 2,800 horses have been removed from the range. Only one injury resulting in the death of a horse is known to have occurred.
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studied a population of around 400 Kaimanawa horses to learn their habits and herd dynamics. A 2000 study found that although sometimes there are more than two
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and other native species. There was a rapid increase in the herd size following the protection of the breed, and 1,576 horses were living in the area by 1994.
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185:(not likely purebred Exmoors). They were later crossed with local horses to produce the Carlyon Pony. The Carlyon Ponies were later crossed with two
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species of plants. The varying heritage gives the breed a wide range of heights, body patterns and colours. They are usually well-muscled,
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696:
Nimmo, D. G., & Miller, K. K. (2007). "Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review".
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320:, including Kaimanawa horses, are considered to age a year on the first of August, regardless of their actual foaling date.
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Several other books have been published about the wild Kaimanawa horses. In 2008, Dianne Haworth published a novel called
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is about the year they tamed wild two Kaimanawa stallions each to compete in the Stallion Challenge competition,
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about the life of a wild horse and a girl who dreams of having her own horse and how they come together.
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The majority of Kaimanawa horses are small but tough and sure-footed, and they are widely popular as
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for the Kaimanawa herds to live. Legislative protection of the Kaimanawa horses was similar to the
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Fleury, Bill (author) and Dawson, M.J., Lane, C. and Saunders, G. (editors) (August 2006).
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series is a junior fiction series about the sisters' favorite ponies from their childhood.
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stallion into the Argo Valley region and the Arabian breed mixed into the Kaimanawa herds.
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at the northern tip of the North Island. These horses live on the land owned by local
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539:. Canberra, Australia: Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. pp. 49–54.
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is told by a Kaimanawa stallion called Ranger who was tamed by the sisters, and the
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822:. Canberra, Australia: Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. p. 7.
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The first horses were introduced to New Zealand by Anglican missionary Reverend
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epidemic. It is also thought that in the 1960s, Nicholas Koreneff released an
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The domestic horse: the origins, development, and management of its behaviour
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There is also a small unmanaged population of feral horses on the
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Dawson, M.J., Lane, C. and Saunders, G. (editors) (August 2006).
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There is also a small population of feral horses living on the
740:. New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2006. Archived from
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in December 1814, and wild horses were first reported in the
820:
Proceedings of the National Feral Horse Management Workshop
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Proceedings of the National Feral Horse Management Workshop
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stallions, Kinarth Caesar and Comet, who were imported by
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is about their childhood and becoming New Zealand's best
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and are mostly unmanaged by the New Zealand government.
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riders and the first time they tamed wild Kaimanawas,
766:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 March 2009
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53:
48:
38:
642:
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592:
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530:"Kaimanawa Wild Horses: Management versus passion"
57:Feral horses, wide range of body types and colours
197:released horses when they were threatened with a
764:"Annual Kaimanawa culling takes different turn"
271:in America to compete in the Mustang Makeover,
8:
786:"Record number of Kaimanawa horses mustered"
722:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
348:has since 1993 carried out annual culls and
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114:in which they live, which includes several
905:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
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880:. Kaimanawa Wild Horse Welfare Trust, Inc
862:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
738:"Kaimanawa Wild Horses Plan - Appendix 2"
650:. Kaimanawa Wild Horse Welfare Trust, Inc
579:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
500:. Kaimanawa Wild Horse Welfare Trust, Inc
141:at the northern tip of the North Island.
600:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
981:Horse breeds originating in New Zealand
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976:Invasive animal species in New Zealand
899:Mills, D.S.; Sue M. McDonnell (2005).
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671:"Fewer seek to adopt Kaimanawa horses"
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217:horses and Thoroughbred cross breeds.
792:. Television New Zealand. 3 June 2009
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299:Marion Day published a novel called
125:Horses were first reported in the
71:Kaimanawa Wild Horse Welfare Trust
14:
944:Video footage of an annual muster
275:is about the sisters taming wild
267:is about the sisters taming wild
221:protected area was formed in the
132:Food and Agriculture Organization
621:Kaimanawa Princess (paperback)
423:Vicki, Kelly and Amanda Wilson
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365:(a vulnerable mistletoe) and
359:(a very rare tussock grass),
285:Ranger the Kaimanawa Stallion
324:Population control and study
152:. They are also popular as
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934:Department of Conservation
648:"Kaimanawa Breed Standard"
346:Department of Conservation
33:Wild horses at Spirits Bay
939:Kaimanawa Heritage Horses
273:Saving the Snowy Brumbies
79:
66:
26:
619:Haworth, Dianne (2008).
392:domestic characteristics
498:"History & Origins"
339:Tongariro National Park
54:Distinguishing features
878:"Research Information"
466:EXMOOR PONY CHRONICLES
356:Deschampsia caespitosa
253:For the Love of Horses
248:Whangārei, New Zealand
362:Peraxilla tetrapetala
335:Kaimanawa Forest Park
307:Breed characteristics
158:high country stations
669:NZPA (11 May 2010).
464:BAKER, SUE. (2017).
368:Libertia peregrinans
101:are a population of
86:Equus ferus caballus
318:Southern Hemisphere
261:Stallion Challenges
23:
855:has generic name (
598:"Kaimanawa horses"
572:has generic name (
296:Kaimanawa Princess
289:Showtym Adventures
244:The Wilson Sisters
698:Wildlife Research
623:. HarperCollins.
445:. 25 January 2011
396:Massey University
384:Assateague ponies
380:New Forest ponies
234:Aupōuri Peninsula
223:Waiouru Army Camp
191:Sir Donald McLean
139:Aupōuri Peninsula
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39:Country of origin
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930:Kaimanawa horses
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443:"Horse History"
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174:Kaimanawa Range
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127:Kaimanawa Range
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677:. Fairfax NZ
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835:27 December
796:10 February
675:stuff.co.nz
552:27 December
257:showjumping
150:showjumpers
148:mounts and
122:and tough.
120:sure-footed
107:New Zealand
43:New Zealand
960:Categories
884:14 January
770:29 October
748:8 February
654:14 January
504:14 January
429:References
301:Blue Cloud
187:Welsh Pony
183:Hawkes Bay
116:endangered
813:"Summary"
484:994905685
400:stallions
281:Australia
227:kiwi bird
199:strangles
146:Pony Club
950:Landline
790:ONE News
449:25 April
407:See also
388:Mustangs
337:and the
312:15
269:Mustangs
932:at the
604:8 March
418:Mustang
386:, wild
203:Arabian
195:Waiouru
164:History
112:habitat
909:
826:
681:11 May
627:
543:
482:
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413:Brumby
350:muster
49:Traits
816:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
314:hands
279:from
246:from
238:Māori
211:Māori
907:ISBN
886:2008
864:link
857:help
837:2009
824:ISBN
798:2010
772:2009
750:2010
724:link
683:2010
656:2008
625:ISBN
606:2018
581:link
574:help
554:2009
541:ISBN
506:2009
480:OCLC
470:ISBN
451:2019
344:The
156:for
948:ABC
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181:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
