1067:
1131:
965:
1726:
1687:
111:. Partly in reaction to the presumed laxity and excess of the late Ming, they turned to Kaozheng, or evidential learning, which emphasized careful textual study and critical thinking.
1060:
1731:
1567:
1406:
1146:
762:
1551:
1522:
1141:
597:
1223:
1211:
1196:
898:
1934:
1273:
1996:
1965:
1206:
565:
546:
466:
446:
423:
402:
823:
2001:
1435:
1186:
1099:
838:
1104:
1008:
2006:
1651:
1020:
893:
717:
1940:
1781:
1656:
1013:
590:
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1751:
1868:
1111:
798:
684:
833:
772:
732:
1452:
1318:
1086:
742:
25:
933:
873:
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1201:
1191:
1176:
1171:
1003:
953:
707:
1645:
1423:
1290:
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583:
126:, it has been proposed to view it as a general trend in development of Chinese scholarship in light of contribution of
1562:
1545:
1055:
1030:
993:
903:
863:
615:
536:
266:
1945:
1391:
853:
640:
1955:
1674:
1603:
1396:
928:
722:
1876:
1696:
1430:
1401:
1151:
1472:
938:
923:
757:
655:
1853:
1741:
1622:
1447:
665:
1746:
808:
712:
1927:
1786:
1413:
1375:
1263:
1243:
1161:
960:
943:
777:
392:
1858:
1825:
1791:
1736:
1616:
1598:
1308:
1238:
1045:
828:
127:
1911:
1761:
1701:
1633:
1313:
1166:
1121:
868:
747:
727:
635:
2011:
1796:
1507:
1502:
1328:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1072:
918:
737:
532:
520:
184:
constituted "an empirical revolution" that broke with the stance of neo-Confucian combination of
84:
232:
108:
1806:
1801:
1776:
1721:
1716:
1639:
1587:
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1323:
1228:
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988:
913:
843:
813:
767:
561:
542:
486:
476:
462:
442:
419:
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379:
149:
a step towards development of empirical mode of scholarship and science in China. Conversely,
80:
456:
434:
1960:
1843:
1766:
1706:
1512:
1233:
1094:
1040:
883:
848:
752:
677:
645:
512:
173:
64:
1975:
1921:
1771:
1756:
1580:
1035:
998:
948:
908:
858:
803:
672:
68:
1838:
1711:
1477:
1440:
888:
878:
818:
177:
1990:
1950:
1916:
1881:
1497:
1487:
1303:
694:
1970:
1667:
1609:
1298:
1280:
1136:
606:
271:
244:
to argue that modern science was indigenous to Japan; they also contributed to the
185:
165:
150:
134:
104:
96:
53:
461:. Translated by Fogel, Joshua A. Stanford University Press. 1990. pp. 58–60.
220:
in an effort to find the ancient, original meanings of texts. The earliest use of
480:
413:
1906:
1627:
1348:
1343:
133:
Towards the end of the Qing and in the early 20th century, reform scholars such
48:; 'evidential scholarship') was a Chinese school of thought emphasizing
1574:
1418:
1368:
1338:
1181:
217:
201:
142:
378:. Translated by Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1363:
1353:
154:
49:
225:
383:
1848:
1540:
1482:
1358:
1333:
499:
Quirin, Michael (1996). "Scholarship, Value, Method, and
Hermeneutics in
261:
249:
240:
119:
100:
1833:
524:
503:: Some Reflections on Cui Shu (1740–1816) and the Confucian Classics".
138:
123:
575:
516:
176:
in order to provide a non-revolutionary basis for
Chinese culture,
1557:
1116:
95:
Some of the most important first generation of Qing thinkers were
458:
Pioneer of the
Chinese Revolution: Zhang Binglin and Confucianism
1216:
579:
1727:
Convention
Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
329:
327:
71:; because of this, it is often also referred to as the
63:
to 1850. It was most prominent during the reigns of the
485:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
230:
211:
205:
161:
as intellectually sterile and politically dangerous.
38:'search for evidence'), alternatively called
412:
Josephson, Jason (2012). "The
Science of the Gods".
1899:
1867:
1824:
1817:
1732:
Convention for the
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1686:
1531:
1463:
1384:
1289:
1085:
976:
786:
693:
623:
614:
79:). Their approach corresponds to that of modern
216:. This approach combined textual criticism and
99:loyalists, at least in their hearts, including
1132:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1552:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1523:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
591:
8:
441:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 48–50.
238:. These methods were eventually used by the
168:has tried to demonstrate continuity between
558:Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960
33:
1821:
620:
598:
584:
576:
1212:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
357:
16:School of textual criticism in Qing China
1061:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
376:Intellectual trends in the Ch'ing period
1668:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
287:
345:
333:
294:
1966:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1207:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
7:
1187:Ministry of Posts and Communications
318:
164:While the late 20th-century scholar
1935:History of Qing (People's Republic)
306:
1652:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1021:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1014:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
894:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
718:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
541:. W. W. Norton. pp. 103–105.
415:The Invention of Religion in Japan
14:
1941:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
1782:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
1657:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
809:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
188:considerations with scholarship.
1752:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1068:Articles of Favourable Treatment
824:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
439:Shifu, Soul of Chinese Anarchism
394:The Encyclopedia of Confucianism
799:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
685:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
418:. University of Chicago Press.
83:, and was also associated with
1453:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
743:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
560:. Cambridge University Press.
87:as regards scientific topics.
76:
45:
29:
1:
1887:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
1662:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1518:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1202:Provincial military commander
1192:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1177:Imperial Household Department
1004:Preparative Constitutionalism
708:Sino-Russian border conflicts
118:as a local phenomenon around
57:
1997:Confucian schools of thought
1646:Researches on Manchu Origins
1051:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
661:Transition from Ming to Qing
651:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2002:Culture of the Qing dynasty
1546:Changzhou School of Thought
1056:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1031:Railway Protection Movement
1009:1909 Parliamentary election
994:British expedition to Tibet
904:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
864:Self-Strengthening Movement
839:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
538:The Search for Modern China
267:Changzhou School of Thought
231:
228:'s critical edition of the
212:
206:
52:that was active during the
2028:
1946:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
834:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
773:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
763:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
733:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
374:Liang, Ch'i-ch'ao (1959).
2007:Cultural history of China
1956:Names of the Qing dynasty
1604:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
934:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
929:Gongche Shangshu movement
874:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
723:Chinese Rites controversy
471:– via Google Books.
451:– via Google Books.
433:Krebs, Edward S. (1998).
407:– via Google Books.
224:methods in Edo Japan was
91:History and controversies
1877:Great Qing Treasure Note
1697:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1407:Administrative divisions
1224:Administrative divisions
1152:Flag of the Qing dynasty
482:Imperial China, 900–1800
1473:Chengde Mountain Resort
1274:Three Eastern Provinces
924:First Sino-Japanese War
899:Northern Chinese Famine
758:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
656:Qing invasion of Joseon
556:Tam, Gina Anne (2020).
1854:Great Qing Copper Coin
1742:Convention of Tientsin
1675:Annotated Bibliography
1623:Qing official headwear
666:Battle of Shanhai Pass
391:Yao, Xinzhong (2015).
114:Rather than regarding
1928:Draft History of Qing
1787:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1568:performance criticism
1172:Imperial Commissioner
1162:Great Qing Legal Code
961:Eight-Nation Alliance
944:Third plague pandemic
854:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
778:White Lotus Rebellion
435:"Liu's Prison Essays"
1859:Great Qing Gold Coin
1792:Treaty of Tarbagatai
1737:Convention of Peking
1617:Pentaglot Dictionary
1599:Literary inquisition
1309:Ever Victorious Army
1142:Deliberative Council
1046:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
999:1905 Batang uprising
939:Hundred Days' Reform
829:Small Swords Society
1912:Anti-Qing sentiment
1762:Treaty of the Bogue
1702:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1634:Complete Tang Poems
1314:Green Standard Army
1197:Provincial governor
1167:Imperial Clan Court
1147:Diplomatic missions
1122:Consultative Bureau
869:Tongzhi Restoration
748:Afaqi Khoja revolts
728:Ten Great Campaigns
636:Jurchen unification
533:Spence, Jonathan D.
360:, pp. 109–117.
321:, pp. 852–855.
297:, p. 36, n. 9.
200:were imported into
1797:Treaty of Tientsin
1508:Western Qing tombs
1503:Eastern Qing tombs
1329:Peking Field Force
1073:Manchu Restoration
966:Declaration of war
919:Jindandao incident
738:Lhasa riot of 1750
505:History and Theory
477:Mote, Frederick W.
192:Influence in Japan
1984:
1983:
1895:
1894:
1807:Treaty of Whampoa
1802:Treaty of Wanghia
1777:Treaty of Nanking
1747:Li–Lobanov Treaty
1722:Chefoo Convention
1717:Burlingame Treaty
1588:Kangxi Dictionary
1493:Old Summer Palace
1324:Firearm Battalion
1127:Cup of Solid Gold
1081:
1080:
1026:Manchurian plague
989:Late Qing reforms
980:(1901–1912)
914:Sikkim expedition
844:Panthay Rebellion
814:Taiping Rebellion
790:(1801–1900)
768:Sino-Nepalese War
713:Dzungar–Qing Wars
699:(1683–1799)
627:(1616–1683)
567:978-1-108-77640-0
548:978-0-393-30780-1
468:978-0-804-76664-7
448:978-0-847-69014-5
425:978-0-226-41235-1
404:978-1-317-79349-6
348:, pp. 36–37.
336:, pp. 37–38.
81:textual criticism
56:(1644–1912) from
36:
2019:
1961:New Qing History
1844:Qianlong Tongbao
1822:
1767:Treaty of Canton
1707:Unequal treaties
1513:Fuling Mausoleum
1112:Advisory Council
1041:Wuchang Uprising
981:
884:Tianjin Massacre
849:Second Opium War
791:
753:Sino-Burmese War
700:
678:Battle of Penghu
646:Seven Grievances
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621:
600:
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586:
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495:
472:
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358:Josephson (2012)
355:
349:
343:
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331:
322:
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236:
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180:has argued that
174:neo-Confucianism
78:
65:Qianlong Emperor
62:
59:
47:
37:
34:
31:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
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2016:
1987:
1986:
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1976:Willow Palisade
1922:Chuang Guandong
1891:
1863:
1813:
1772:Treaty of Kulja
1757:Treaty of Aigun
1690:
1682:
1581:History of Ming
1533:
1527:
1465:
1459:
1385:Special regions
1380:
1319:Imperial Guards
1285:
1077:
1036:1911 Revolution
982:
979:
972:
949:Boxer Rebellion
909:Sino-French War
859:Amur Annexation
804:First Opium War
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673:Great Clearance
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73:Qian–Jia school
69:Jiaqing Emperor
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1424:List of ambans
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889:Margary Affair
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879:Mudan incident
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819:Nian Rebellion
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311:
309:, p. 488.
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204:-era Japan as
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178:Benjamin Elman
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2:
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1951:Manchu people
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1488:Mukden Palace
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1464:Palaces &
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1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
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1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Eight Banners
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1300:
1297:
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1288:
1282:
1279:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Grand Council
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
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1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
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1128:
1125:
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1120:
1118:
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1106:
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1038:
1037:
1034:
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1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
977:20th century
975:
967:
964:
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962:
959:
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947:
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917:
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905:
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895:
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837:
835:
832:
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827:
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822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
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787:19th century
785:
779:
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774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
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749:
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569:
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518:
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510:
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502:
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494:
492:0-674-44515-5
488:
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478:
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436:
431:
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410:
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400:
397:. Routledge.
396:
395:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
371:
366:
359:
354:
351:
347:
346:Quirin (1996)
342:
339:
335:
334:Quirin (1996)
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
303:
300:
296:
295:Quirin (1996)
291:
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144:
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136:
131:
130:(1740–1816).
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
74:
70:
66:
55:
51:
43:
42:
27:
23:
22:
1971:Treaty ports
1933:
1926:
1900:Other topics
1673:
1666:
1644:
1632:
1615:
1610:Peiwen Yunfu
1608:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1550:
1299:Beiyang Army
1281:Zongli Yamen
1137:Da-Qing Bank
954:Red Lanterns
607:Qing dynasty
557:
537:
511:(4): 34–53.
508:
504:
500:
481:
457:
438:
414:
393:
375:
367:Bibliography
353:
341:
314:
302:
290:
272:Han learning
248:critique of
245:
239:
229:
221:
197:
195:
186:teleological
181:
169:
166:Yu Ying-shih
163:
158:
151:Carsun Chang
146:
135:Liang Qichao
132:
115:
113:
105:Huang Zongxi
94:
72:
54:Qing dynasty
40:
39:
20:
19:
18:
1907:Aisin Gioro
1869:Paper money
1628:Qing poetry
1349:Wuwei Corps
1344:Shuishiying
1105:Family tree
319:Mote (1999)
157:criticized
61: 1600
1991:Categories
1575:Four Wangs
1466:mausoleums
1419:Golden Urn
1392:Inner Asia
1369:Xiang Army
1339:Hushenying
1264:Liangguang
1244:Liangjiang
1182:Lifan Yuan
1087:Government
307:Yao (2015)
278:References
218:empiricism
143:Gu Jiegang
109:Fang Yizhi
85:empiricism
2012:Philology
1397:Manchuria
1364:Huai Army
1354:Yong Ying
1239:Shaan-Gan
695:High Qing
641:Later Jin
283:Citations
233:Man'yōshū
213:kōshōgaku
155:Xu Fuguan
50:philology
41:kaoju xue
1849:Hongqian
1818:Currency
1688:Treaties
1594:Kaozheng
1541:Booi Aha
1483:Hetu Ala
1436:Timeline
1431:Xinjiang
1402:Mongolia
1359:Chu Army
1334:New Army
1291:Military
1229:Viceroys
535:(1990).
501:Kaozheng
479:(1999),
262:Dai Zhen
256:See also
250:Buddhism
246:Kokugaku
241:Kokugaku
222:kaozheng
198:kaozheng
182:kaozheng
170:kaozheng
159:kaozheng
147:kaozheng
120:Jiangnan
116:kaozheng
101:Gu Yanwu
21:Kaozheng
1834:Zhiqian
1826:Coinage
1563:Economy
1534:culture
1269:Yun-Gui
1259:Min-Zhe
1254:Sichuan
1249:Huguang
1095:Emperor
616:History
525:2505443
145:saw in
139:Hu Shih
128:Cui Shu
124:Beijing
26:Chinese
1448:Taiwan
624:Early
609:topics
564:
545:
523:
489:
465:
445:
422:
401:
384:445782
382:
226:Keichū
107:, and
28::
1640:Queue
1558:Dibao
1414:Tibet
1234:Zhili
1117:Amban
521:JSTOR
207:kōshō
1376:Navy
1217:Ejen
1100:List
562:ISBN
543:ISBN
487:ISBN
463:ISBN
443:ISBN
420:ISBN
399:ISBN
380:OCLC
172:and
153:and
141:and
122:and
97:Ming
77:乾嘉學派
67:and
35:lit.
513:doi
210:or
202:Edo
46:考據學
1993::
519:.
509:35
507:.
437:.
326:^
252:.
137:,
103:,
58:c.
32:;
30:考證
599:e
592:t
585:v
570:.
551:.
527:.
515::
428:.
386:.
75:(
44:(
24:(
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