100:, Then the Russian forces left it to the citizens of Kalofer to capture the soldiers and turn them over to the Russians. This is yet another action of the Russian army that has been confronted with sharp criticism by Bulgarian historians, who have qualified it extremely irresponsible to make the citizens of Kalofer complicit in the war action, without pldedging any form of formal defence.
145:. A number of people, primarily children and older or infirm men and women, who could not leave, were slaughtered. The total number of victims of both Cicrcassian attacks stands at 618 people, while some 1,000 got lost or were unable to complete the climb, suffered from exposure or the elements and never reached the other side.
148:
The entire town was burned to the ground, along with 1308 houses, 250 stores, 200 ginning undertakings and watermills and 1400 stables. The only thing standing that the citizens of
Kalofer found upon their return in 1878 were the 110 Romani houses at the end of the town, 3 Bulgarian houses, one
107:
15 July] 1877 and "liberating" the region, whereby
Kalofer swelled to up to 30,000 people following the arrival of large numbers of nearby villagers, who were worried about their safety, the Russians forces, after learning of the Russian defeat at
57:
116:
on 20 July 1878. Thus, after entirely playing according to the
Russian fiddle for two weeks, Kalofer ended up entirely without any defence—something that we will see happening at a number of other places, above all, in
427:
412:
417:
422:
96:
10 July] 1877, approx. 37 Cossack soldiers and 30 Bulgarian vounteers came to
Kalofer to help capture run-away Ottoman soldiers from the Ottoman defeat at the
363:
149:
watermill and one bakery. Kalofer would never recover its former economic standing, and many of its population would go look elsewhere for a better future.
387:
251:
168:
345:Княжество България в историческо, географическо и етнографическо отношение. Продължение от част ІІ. По руско-турската война през 1877-78 г.
350:
Historical, Geographic and
Ethnographic Data on the Principality of Bulgaria. Continued from Part II. On the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
407:
397:
392:
76:. Evidently dissatisfied with the offer, the bashi-bozouk engaged in plunder and looting of the town until a messenger from
173:
134:
104:
93:
40:
305:
442:
437:
382:
402:
31:) was the massacre of a total of 618 civilian Bulgarians, accompanied by the looting and arson of the village of
432:
68:
unit led by Silimi Pasha, in the beginning of July 1877. The townsmen quickly collected a ransom of some 800
36:
343:
308:[Demographic Development of Karlovo, Sopot, Kalofer and Adzhar during the Bulgarian Revival]
357:
183:
24:
321:
247:
81:
158:
178:
163:
376:
125:
was simply unable of thinking of protection of civilians as any sort of a priority.
122:
118:
109:
69:
65:
97:
325:
56:
306:"Демографско развитие на Карлово, Сопот, Калофер и Аджар през Възраждането"
77:
73:
138:
32:
142:
141:
and the nearby villages were already climbing the mountain across to
133:
The
Circassians launched a full-scale attack on 7 August [
103:
And indeed, after arriving in greater numbers on 27 July [
55:
84:, who managed to broker the withdrawal of the Circssians.
278:
276:
274:
39:
bashi-bazouk in the course of July 1877, as part of the
137:26 July] 1877, while the population of
413:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
428:Massacres of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
8:
418:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
423:Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire
282:
265:
225:
213:
201:
35:, suffered in two waves at the hands of
194:
64:The town was initially surrounded by a
16:Ottoman massacre of Bulgarian civilians
355:
169:List of massacres in Ottoman Bulgaria
7:
72:and a hefty deal of the town's best
121:, which seems to indicate that the
14:
80:got in touch with Russian Prince
388:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
352:] (in Bulgarian). Plovdiv.
246:], Стандарт, p. 199,
244:The Bulgarian National Revival
1:
304:Muchinov, Ventsislav (2019).
174:The Terror (Karlovo massacre)
41:Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
459:
114:in the middle of the night
60:Ottoman bashi-bazouk, 1877
342:Dimitrov, Georgi (1900).
28:
408:Anti-Bulgarian sentiment
129:Second Circassian attack
398:Massacres of Christians
240:Българското Възраждане
238:Mitev, Plamen (2012),
61:
393:Massacres in Bulgaria
294:Muchinov, 2019, p. 28
92:On 23 July [
59:
204:, pp. 212–216.
184:Boyadzhik massacre
62:
29:Калоферското клане
443:Looting in Europe
438:Fires in Bulgaria
383:Massacres in 1877
253:978-954-8976-56-5
82:Aleksey Tsereteli
450:
403:1877 in Bulgaria
367:
361:
353:
330:
329:
316:(in Bulgarian).
311:
301:
295:
292:
286:
280:
269:
263:
257:
256:
235:
229:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
159:Ottoman Bulgaria
30:
21:Kalofer massacre
458:
457:
453:
452:
451:
449:
448:
447:
433:Arson in Europe
373:
372:
354:
341:
338:
333:
309:
303:
302:
298:
293:
289:
281:
272:
264:
260:
254:
237:
236:
232:
224:
220:
216:, pp. 213.
212:
208:
200:
196:
192:
155:
131:
90:
54:
52:The Circassians
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
456:
454:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
375:
374:
369:
368:
337:
334:
332:
331:
296:
287:
285:, p. 218.
270:
268:, p. 216.
258:
252:
230:
228:, p. 214.
218:
206:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
181:
179:Batak massacre
176:
171:
166:
164:Ottoman Empire
161:
154:
151:
130:
127:
89:
86:
53:
50:
48:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
455:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
378:
371:
365:
359:
351:
347:
346:
340:
339:
335:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
300:
297:
291:
288:
284:
283:Dimitrov 1900
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:Dimitrov 1900
262:
259:
255:
249:
245:
241:
234:
231:
227:
226:Dimitrov 1900
222:
219:
215:
214:Dimitrov 1900
210:
207:
203:
202:Dimitrov 1900
198:
195:
189:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
124:
120:
115:
111:
106:
101:
99:
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
58:
51:
46:
44:
42:
38:
34:
26:
22:
370:
349:
344:
317:
313:
299:
290:
261:
243:
239:
233:
221:
209:
197:
147:
132:
123:Russian army
119:Stara Zagora
113:
110:Stara Zagora
102:
91:
70:Ottoman lira
66:bashi-bazouk
63:
20:
18:
336:Works cited
112:, took off
98:Shipka pass
377:Categories
190:References
37:Circassian
358:cite book
326:1312-9295
25:Bulgarian
314:Анамнеза
153:See also
88:Russians
78:Kazanlak
74:rose oil
139:Kalofer
33:Kalofer
324:
320:: 28.
250:
143:Troyan
47:Events
348:[
310:(PDF)
242:[
364:link
322:ISSN
248:ISBN
135:O.S.
105:O.S.
94:O.S.
19:The
379::
360:}}
356:{{
312:.
273:^
43:.
27::
366:)
328:.
318:1
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
