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on manufacture and sale of liquor accelerated this process, and by the early 20th century, most Kalals had abandoned their traditional occupation. By this time, they had started claiming
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rule, the Kalals took up a variety of occupations, including trade, agriculture, army service (especially the
Ahluwalias), government service, and law.
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Because their hereditary occupation of distilling and selling liquor was considered degrading, the Kalals held a very low status in the traditional
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Kalals also adopted
Ahluwalia as the name of their caste, and started giving up their traditional occupation. The regulations imposed by the
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and other parts of north and central India. The caste is traditionally associated with the distillation and selling of
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Before the advent of the
British rule, the Muslim Kalals also attempted to raise their social status by adopting the
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Portrait of a Lahore distiller and vendor of liquor (Kalwar, Kullal, Kalal, or Kalar), ca.1862–72
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after the name of his native village, and established the ruling dynasty of the
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rose to political power in the 18th century. Jassa Singh styled himself as
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in the 1840s, further raised their status by claiming to be high-caste
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Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian
Politics 1870 to 1940
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216:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press Archive. p.
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This article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a
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165:. Sikh Kalals also claimed Khatri or Rajput origin.
254:. University of California Press. pp. 70–71.
139:origins to try and enhance their social status.
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208:"Patrons and Politics in Northern India"
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123:Following Jassa Singh's rise, other
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353:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan
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343:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
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363:Brewing and distilling castes
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179:During the
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187:References
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106:South Asia
260:612533097
174:Kshatriya
170:Allahabad
114:Ahluwalia
92:process.
70:Rajasthan
206:(1973).
151:Kakezais
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147:Pashtun
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96:History
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137:Rajput
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52:Kalal
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