186:
85:
226:. He did not flinch as he burnt to the astonishment of those who watched. Although Alexander was not personally present at time of his immolation, his last words to Alexander were "We shall meet in Babylon". He is said to have thus prophesied the death of Alexander in Babylon, even though at the time of death of Kalanos, Alexander did not have any plans to go to
176:
Alexander persuaded
Kalanos to accompany him to Persis and stay with him as one of his teachers. Alexander even hinted use of force to take him to his country, to which Kalanos replied philosophically, that "what shall I be worth to you, Alexander, for exhibiting to the Greeks if I am compelled to do
164:
himself." Kalanos refused the rich gifts offered by
Alexander, saying that man's desire cannot be satisfied by such gifts. The gymnosophists believed that even if Alexander killed them "they would be delivered from the body of flesh now afflicted with age and would be translated to a better and purer
76:
According to the Greek sources, he did not flinch as his body burned. He bade goodbye to some of the Greek soldiers who were his students, but not to
Alexander. He communicated to Alexander that he would meet him in Babylon and curiously Alexander died exactly a year later in Babylon. It was from
172:
had a discussion with several gymnosophists and
Alexander was attracted by their thoughts on Greek philosophy, of which they generally approved, but criticized the Greeks for preferring custom to nature and for refusing to give up clothing.
185:
193:
He was seventy-three years of age at time of his death. When the
Persian weather and arduous travels had weakened him, he informed Alexander that he would prefer to die rather than live as an invalid. He decided to take his life by
160:
Plutarch records that when first invited to meet
Alexander, Kalanos "roughly commanded him to strip himself and hear what he said naked, otherwise he would not speak a word to him, though he came from
1344:
283:
depicts "Alexander the Great receiving the news of the death by immolation of the gymnosophist
Calanus" is displayed at Chateau de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles.
1354:
1339:
1319:
137:. but modern scholarship rejects this notion as Jain ascetics are forbidden from using fire and intentional self-harm due to their convictions about
218:
in the year 323 BC. Kalanos distributed all the costly gifts he got from the king to the people and wore just a garland of flowers and chanted
760:
663:
637:
610:
1324:
1334:
189:
Alexander the Great
Receiving News of the Death by Immolation of the Indian Gymnosophist Calanus - Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne - 1672
1287:
1260:
1196:
1138:
1111:
1080:
1054:
962:
935:
905:
876:
846:
819:
787:
693:
583:
556:
522:
495:
472:
372:
316:
152:. Johannes Bronkhorst states that it's highly unlikely that Buddhists and Jains were present in the areas Alexander visited.
1359:
444:"The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters Among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic World"
1235:
1213:
1019:
994:
280:
198:. Although Alexander tried to dissuade him from this course of action, upon Kalanos' insistence the job of building a
389:
177:
what I do not wish to do?" Kalanos lived as a teacher to
Alexander and represented "eastern honesty and freedom".
1364:
88:
1309:
1369:
1314:
66:
27:
413:
332:
242:
161:
50:
548:
292:
238:
211:
84:
1349:
1283:
1256:
1229:
1192:
1134:
1107:
1076:
1050:
958:
931:
901:
872:
842:
815:
783:
756:
733:
689:
659:
653:
633:
627:
606:
579:
552:
518:
491:
368:
254:
575:
Enemies of the Roman order: treason, unrest, and alienation in the empire By Ramsay MacMullen
725:
334:
The
History of India: India from the earliest ages: Hindu, Buddhist, and Brahmanical revival
62:
1329:
203:
195:
96:
58:
148:
presence in Taxila, it's likely that the ascetics Alexander met, including Kalanos, were
1021:
The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia ..., Volume 1 By Edward Balfour
443:
141:. Moreover, there is no evidence of Jain occupation in Taxila at the time of Alexander.
61:, after falling ill, entered himself into a pyre, in front of Alexander and his army.
1303:
1097:
1072:
Defending the West: a critique of Edward Said's Orientalism Front Cover by Ibn Warraq
297:
54:
42:
983:. Ministry of Culture and Arts, Iran. Vizārat-i Farhang va Hunar. 1972. p. 224.
250:
1277:
1255:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 168.
1252:
Siegecraft : two tenth-century instructional manuals by "Heron of Byzantium"
1250:
1186:
1170:
1154:
1128:
1101:
1070:
1044:
978:
952:
925:
895:
866:
836:
809:
777:
683:
600:
573:
542:
512:
485:
362:
169:
980:
Yādnāmah-ʾi Panjumīn Kungrih-ʾi Bayn al-Milalī-i Bāstānshināsī va Hunar-i Īrān
713:
223:
138:
81:, the leader of their group, whom Alexander later went to meet in the forest.
737:
253:. He died three days later and forty-one other contestants allegedly died of
729:
234:
207:
145:
123:
108:
78:
487:
The image of the Jews in Greek literature : the Hellenistic Period
227:
149:
120:
1103:
The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy edited by Keimpe Algra
127:
112:
46:
119:"Greetings (friend)" - the Greeks called him Kalanos. Kalanos was a
233:
A drinking contest was held in response to his death. According to
266:
219:
184:
83:
1279:
Exploring cultural history : essays in honour of Peter Burke
364:
The Indian empire : its people, history, and products (1886)
782:. New York: The Modern Library (Random House Inc). p. 847.
246:
215:
199:
134:
954:
The Sháhnáma of Firdausí By Arthur George Warner, Edmond Warner
755:. Handbook of oriental studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 34–35.
222:
hymns. He presented his horse to one of his Greek pupils named
115:, but since he greeted people with the word "Kalē!" - perhaps
490:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 60–63.
1276:
Melissa Calaresu; Filippo de Vivo; Joan-Pau Rubiés (2010).
927:
Life after death in early Judaism the evidence of Josephus
655:
Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great
265:
A letter written by Kalanos to Alexander is preserved by
111:
indicates his real name was Sphínēs and that he was from
714:"Onesicritus, Naked Wise Men, and the Cynics' Alexander"
367:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 169.
206:. Kalanos is mentioned also by Alexander's admirals,
1282:. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. p. 259.
753:How the Brahmins won: from Alexander to the Guptas
249:and won the first prize of a golden crown worth a
448:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
688:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 105–106.
682:Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1988).
214:. The city where this immolation took place was
1049:. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 69.
551:: Kessinger Pub. pp. 46, 315, 388–9, 346.
1345:Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great
951:Warner, Arthur George; Warner, Edmond (2001).
133:Some scholars have claimed that Kalanos was a
814:. New Delhi: M.D. Publications. p. 129.
245:drank the equivalent of 13 litres of unmixed
8:
1133:. Paulines Publications Africa. p. 50.
930:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 121–124.
871:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 153–154.
544:The invasion of India by Alexander the Great
418:. Librairie Gyldendal. 1975. pp. 271–76
1214:"The Parallel Lives: The Life of Alexander"
536:
534:
919:
917:
779:The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans
677:
675:
437:
435:
433:
860:
858:
841:. New York: Cosimo Inc. pp. 65–70.
803:
801:
799:
356:
354:
352:
1075:. Prometheus Books. 2007. p. 108.
517:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 43–47.
309:
1227:
890:
888:
707:
705:
337:. Cosmo Publications. pp. 171–72
7:
1355:Suicides by self-immolation in India
900:. Robin Lax Fox. 1973. p. 416.
868:Philo on Jewish identity and culture
394:. Trübner & Company. p. 173
1340:Indo-Greek religions and philosophy
473:Diodorus Siculus, Library, 17.107.1
326:
324:
130:and led an austere religious life.
16:Indian philosopher (c. 398–323 BCE)
1320:4th-century BC Indian philosophers
1046:Foreign influence on ancient India
658:. BRILL. 2018-09-11. p. 632.
514:The Legends of Alexander the Great
77:Kalanos that Alexander learned of
41:– 323 BCE), was an ancient Indian
14:
1188:The philosophical books of Cicero
1096:Algra, Keimpe; Barnes, Jonathan;
1191:. Duckworth. 1989. p. 186.
1172:National Geographic , Volume 133
957:. Psychology Press. p. 61.
629:Alexander the Great: Man and God
1156:National Geographic, Volume 133
1043:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992).
835:Williams Jackson, A.V. (2009).
811:Indian civilization and culture
626:Worthington, Ian (2014-07-10).
602:The Classics and Colonial India
599:Vasunia, Phiroze (2013-05-16).
391:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
388:Hunter, William Wilson (1887).
331:Wheeler, James Talboys (1973).
317:Plutarch, Life of Alexander, §8
1:
1100:; Schofield, Malcolm (1999).
751:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016).
685:Age of the Nandas and Mauryas
273:
35:
484:Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2010).
1325:Ancient Indian philosophers
1249:Sullivan, Denis F. (2000).
281:Jean Baptiste de Champaigne
168:Alexander's representative
1386:
865:Niehoff, Maren R. (2001).
808:Chatterjee, Suhas (1998).
605:. OUP Oxford. p. 61.
578:. Routledge. p. 317.
572:MacMullen, Ramsay (1992).
511:Stoneman, Richard (2012).
442:Halkias, Georgios (2015).
70:
31:
1335:Indian spiritual teachers
1127:Borruso, Silvano (2007).
144:Considering the dominant
1234:: CS1 maint: location (
1018:Balfour, Edward (1885).
838:History of India Vol. IX
541:M'Crindle, J.W. (2004).
89:Jacques-Antoine Beaufort
924:Elledge, C. D. (2006).
712:Powers, Nathan (1998).
415:Classica Et Mediaevalia
190:
100:
1130:History of Philosophy
730:10.1353/syl.1998.0001
361:Hunter, W.W. (2005).
188:
87:
45:and philosopher from
1360:4th-century BC monks
243:Promachus of Macedon
65:called him Caranus (
1175:. 1968. p. 64.
1159:. 1968. p. 64.
999:. 1867. p. 400
996:The calcutta review
897:Alexander the Great
51:Alexander the Great
549:Whitefish, Montana
293:Peregrinus Proteus
239:Chares of Mytilene
212:Chares of Mytilene
191:
181:Death and prophecy
101:
93:La mort de Calamus
776:Plutarch (1998).
762:978-90-04-31519-8
718:Syllecta Classica
665:978-90-04-35993-2
639:978-1-317-86644-2
612:978-0-19-920323-9
255:alcohol poisoning
202:was entrusted to
156:Meeting Alexander
1377:
1365:Ancient suicides
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
991:
985:
984:
975:
969:
968:
948:
942:
941:
921:
912:
911:
892:
883:
882:
862:
853:
852:
832:
826:
825:
805:
794:
793:
773:
767:
766:
748:
742:
741:
709:
700:
699:
679:
670:
669:
650:
644:
643:
623:
617:
616:
596:
590:
589:
569:
563:
562:
538:
529:
528:
508:
502:
501:
481:
475:
470:
464:
463:
461:
459:
439:
428:
427:
425:
423:
410:
404:
403:
401:
399:
385:
379:
378:
358:
347:
346:
344:
342:
328:
319:
314:
278:
275:
72:
63:Diodorus Siculus
49:who accompanied
40:
37:
33:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:. p. 243.
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
993:
992:
988:
977:
976:
972:
965:
950:
949:
945:
938:
923:
922:
915:
908:
894:
893:
886:
879:
864:
863:
856:
849:
834:
833:
829:
822:
807:
806:
797:
790:
775:
774:
770:
763:
750:
749:
745:
711:
710:
703:
696:
681:
680:
673:
666:
652:
651:
647:
640:
625:
624:
620:
613:
598:
597:
593:
586:
571:
570:
566:
559:
540:
539:
532:
525:
510:
509:
505:
498:
483:
482:
478:
471:
467:
457:
455:
441:
440:
431:
421:
419:
412:
411:
407:
397:
395:
387:
386:
382:
375:
360:
359:
350:
340:
338:
330:
329:
322:
315:
311:
306:
289:
276:
263:
196:self-immolation
183:
158:
126:, and lived at
117:kallāṇa (mitta)
106:
97:Museo del Prado
38:
22:, also spelled
17:
12:
11:
5:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:390s BC births
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1241:
1204:
1197:
1178:
1162:
1146:
1139:
1119:
1112:
1098:Mansfeld, Jaap
1088:
1081:
1062:
1055:
1035:
1010:
986:
970:
963:
943:
936:
913:
906:
884:
877:
854:
847:
827:
820:
795:
788:
768:
761:
743:
701:
694:
671:
664:
645:
638:
618:
611:
591:
584:
564:
557:
530:
523:
503:
496:
476:
465:
429:
405:
380:
373:
348:
320:
308:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
295:
288:
285:
262:
259:
182:
179:
157:
154:
105:
102:
59:self-immolated
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1382:
1371:
1370:Taxila Tehsil
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:323 BC deaths
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1291:
1289:9780754667506
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1262:9780884022701
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1198:9780715622148
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1140:9789966082008
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1113:9780521250283
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1082:9781591024842
1078:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1056:9788172110284
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1024:. p. 434
1023:
1022:
1014:
1011:
998:
997:
990:
987:
982:
981:
974:
971:
966:
964:9780415245432
960:
956:
955:
947:
944:
939:
937:9783161488757
933:
929:
928:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:9780713905007
903:
899:
898:
891:
889:
885:
880:
878:9783161476112
874:
870:
869:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:9781605205328
844:
840:
839:
831:
828:
823:
821:9788175330832
817:
813:
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:9781853267949
785:
781:
780:
772:
769:
764:
758:
754:
747:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
706:
702:
697:
695:9788120804654
691:
687:
686:
678:
676:
672:
667:
661:
657:
656:
649:
646:
641:
635:
632:. Routledge.
631:
630:
622:
619:
614:
608:
604:
603:
595:
592:
587:
585:9780415086219
581:
577:
576:
568:
565:
560:
558:9780766189201
554:
550:
546:
545:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:9781848857858
520:
516:
515:
507:
504:
499:
497:9780520253360
493:
489:
488:
480:
477:
474:
469:
466:
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
430:
417:
416:
409:
406:
393:
392:
384:
381:
376:
374:9788120615816
370:
366:
365:
357:
355:
353:
349:
336:
335:
327:
325:
321:
318:
313:
310:
303:
299:
298:Zarmanochegas
296:
294:
291:
290:
286:
284:
282:
270:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
180:
178:
174:
171:
166:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
74:
68:
67:Ancient Greek
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
29:
28:Ancient Greek
25:
21:
1278:
1271:
1251:
1244:
1218:. Retrieved
1207:
1187:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1129:
1122:
1102:
1091:
1071:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1020:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
995:
989:
979:
973:
953:
946:
926:
896:
867:
837:
830:
810:
778:
771:
752:
746:
721:
717:
684:
654:
648:
628:
621:
601:
594:
574:
567:
543:
513:
506:
486:
479:
468:
456:. Retrieved
451:
447:
420:. Retrieved
414:
408:
396:. Retrieved
390:
383:
363:
339:. Retrieved
333:
312:
271:
264:
232:
192:
175:
167:
159:
143:
132:
116:
107:
92:
75:
43:gymnosophist
23:
19:
18:
277: 1672
272:A painting
170:Onesicritus
150:Brahmanical
146:Brahmanical
1304:Categories
304:References
224:Lysimachus
139:Sallekhana
104:Early life
57:and later
39: 398
1212:Plutach.
738:2160-5157
724:(1): 73.
454:: 163–186
257:as well.
237:, citing
1350:Prophets
1230:cite web
287:See also
235:Plutarch
208:Nearchus
109:Plutarch
95:, 1779,
79:Dandamis
1220:4 March
1216:. 7, 70
1028:5 March
1003:5 March
422:23 July
398:23 July
341:23 July
228:Babylon
204:Ptolemy
165:life."
162:Jupiter
121:Brahmin
71:Κάρανος
32:Καλανός
24:Calanus
20:Kalanos
1330:Rishis
1286:
1259:
1195:
1137:
1110:
1079:
1053:
961:
934:
904:
875:
845:
818:
786:
759:
736:
692:
662:
636:
609:
582:
555:
521:
494:
458:30 May
371:
261:Legacy
251:talent
128:Taxila
113:Taxila
55:Persis
47:Taxila
267:Philo
220:vedic
1284:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1236:link
1222:2022
1193:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1030:2017
1005:2017
959:ISBN
932:ISBN
902:ISBN
873:ISBN
843:ISBN
816:ISBN
784:ISBN
757:ISBN
734:ISSN
690:ISBN
660:ISBN
634:ISBN
607:ISBN
580:ISBN
553:ISBN
519:ISBN
492:ISBN
460:2015
424:2019
400:2019
369:ISBN
343:2019
247:wine
216:Susa
210:and
200:pyre
135:Jain
124:sage
726:doi
279:by
73:).
53:to
34:) (
1306::
1232:}}
1228:{{
916:^
887:^
857:^
798:^
732:.
720:.
716:.
704:^
674:^
547:.
533:^
450:.
446:.
432:^
351:^
323:^
274:c.
269:.
241:,
230:.
91::
69::
36:c.
30::
1292:.
1265:.
1238:)
1224:.
1201:.
1143:.
1116:.
1085:.
1059:.
1032:.
1007:.
967:.
940:.
910:.
881:.
851:.
824:.
792:.
765:.
740:.
728::
722:9
698:.
668:.
642:.
615:.
588:.
561:.
527:.
500:.
462:.
452:8
426:.
402:.
377:.
345:.
99:.
26:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
