1655:
363:, Kalaṣa-alâ contains several dialects spoken among the Väi, Vai, or Vä peoples, the Čima-Nišei people, and the Vântä people. Within the Väi, the Väi-alâ, Ameš-alâ, and Ẓönči-alâ subdialects are spoken. Among the Čima-Nišei, the Nišei-alâ and Čimi-alâ subdialects are spoken. The exact dialect of the Vântä is unclear, but is most probably Nišei-alâ. For this article, most cited forms will be based on the Nišei dialect (Nišei-alâ).
1472:
274:, but the two languages belong to different branches of Indo-Iranian. Waigali speakers are sometimes called "Red Kalasha", while the speakers of the language in Pakistan are called “Black Kalasha.” According to linguist Richard Strand the Kalasha of Chitral apparently adopted the name of the Nuristani Kalasha, who at some unknown time had extended their influence into the region of southern Chitral.
914:
Post-consonantally, /ɽ/ retroflexes the following vowels in the word, sounding like a /ɹ/ before or after the vowel. Post-consonantally before a front vowel, /ɽ/ simply turns to /ɹ/.
233:, which is distinct from the dialect of the Čima-Nišei people who inhabit the lower valley. The word 'Kalasha' is the native ethnonym for all the speakers of the southern
1430:
1696:
1313:
1715:
872:
1423:
1725:
1689:
768:
696:
651:
569:
1416:
1306:
752:
599:
1682:
629:
1152:
670:
644:
562:
1720:
1299:
637:
555:
163:
885:
737:
679:
460:
761:
716:
446:
1278:
1184:
709:
702:
659:
1439:
519:
477:
453:
175:
181:
1662:
505:
469:
241:
90:
802:
726:
400:
252:
95:
1546:
1336:
879:
788:
746:
512:
1637:
528:
421:
300:
1572:
1499:
1322:
1168:
795:
615:
540:
395:
248:
234:
105:
100:
1477:
817:
389:
306:, hence the language is also called "Nuristani Kalasha" or "Waigali". The latter name comes from
1505:
1346:
1148:
689:
586:
498:
426:
405:
218:
63:
1666:
1654:
1621:
1606:
1586:
1515:
1494:
1397:
1392:
1351:
831:
416:
384:
379:
303:
271:
260:
256:
210:
1593:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1380:
1356:
1341:
782:
411:
244:
214:
82:
226:
1616:
1579:
1520:
1510:
433:
360:
1248:
155:
1709:
1212:
Strand, Richard F. (2022). "Ethnolinguistic and
Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins".
621:
546:
439:
296:
846:
808:
488:
267:
168:
53:
20:
1467:
1110:
1105:
1214:
International
Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction
1126:
Halfmann, Jakob. "Terminological
Proposals for the Nuristani languages". In:
1601:
1363:
1131:
836:
148:
132:
1408:
263:, the lexical similarity with the latter being approximately 76% to 80%.
1170:
Acta orientalia: ediderunt societates orientales Batava, Danica, Norvegica
139:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
291:
206:
1143:
Grünberg, A.L. (1999). "Zemiaki jazyk/dialekt". In
Edelman, D.I. (ed.).
229:
people of the upper part of the Waigal Valley, centered on the town of
1291:
1263:
1458:
230:
1453:
1412:
1295:
1185:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: The Sound System of Nišei-alâ"
225:'Kalasha-language'. "Waigali" refers to the dialect of the
1233:
1670:
911:/w/ becomes before /ɹ, ɹ̃/ and next to front vowels.
1630:
1529:
1487:
1446:
1373:
1329:
174:
162:
146:
130:
125:
79:
69:
59:
49:
28:
1690:
1424:
1307:
195:
40:
8:
1145:Jazyki mira: Dardskie i nuristanskie jazyki
1697:
1683:
1431:
1417:
1409:
1314:
1300:
1292:
299:, which also covers the distantly related
25:
1234:"Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush"
1132:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/59p9w3r6
927:
904:Symbols in brackets are foreign sounds.
370:
1095:
346:
337:
328:
319:
310:
290:
1101:
1099:
7:
1651:
1649:
221:of Afghanistan. The native name is
1716:Nuristani languages of Afghanistan
1669:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
255:branch. It is closely related to
14:
884:
878:
871:
845:
816:
807:
801:
794:
787:
767:
760:
751:
736:
725:
715:
708:
701:
695:
678:
669:
658:
650:
643:
636:
628:
598:
568:
561:
554:
527:
518:
511:
504:
487:
476:
468:
459:
452:
445:
1653:
1470:
1279:"The Sound System of Kalaṣa-alâ"
270:, spoken in Pakistan's southern
1147:. Moscow: Indrik. p. 123.
908:/ɳ/ becomes intervocalically.
1:
1726:Indo-European language stubs
1277:Strand, Richard F. (2011).
1262:Strand, Richard F. (2011).
1247:Strand, Richard F. (1998).
1232:Strand, Richard F. (1997).
16:Southern Nuristani language
1742:
1648:
240:Kalaṣa-alâ belongs to the
18:
1465:
987:
944:
930:
830:
800:
781:
745:
694:
676:
614:
539:
485:
432:
376:
247:, and is in the southern
38:
33:
1440:Languages of Afghanistan
266:It shares its name with
19:Not to be confused with
1663:Indo-European languages
1249:"The Kalaṣa of Kalaṣüm"
1116:(subscription required)
209:spoken by about 10,000
196:
41:
1665:-related article is a
1128:Himalayan Linguistics
372:Kalaṣa-alâ consonants
359:According to linguist
295:, a term denoting the
1638:Afghan Sign Language
1264:"Kalaṣa-alâ Lexicon"
1721:Nuristani languages
1323:Nuristani languages
1173:. E.J. Brill. 2006.
373:
321:[vaːi̯ˈɡal]
235:Nuristani languages
1530:Minority languages
1488:Regional languages
1478:Afghanistan portal
1447:Official languages
371:
75:12,000 (2011)
1678:
1677:
1646:
1645:
1502:(language family)
1406:
1405:
1114:(18th ed., 2015)
1030:
1029:
902:
901:
866:
839:
292:[kalaˈʂa]
219:Nuristan Province
203:Nuristani Kalasha
201:), also known as
188:
187:
64:Nuristan Province
34:Nuristani Kalasha
1733:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1657:
1650:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1103:
928:
888:
882:
875:
864:
849:
837:
820:
811:
805:
798:
791:
771:
764:
755:
740:
729:
719:
712:
705:
699:
692:
682:
673:
662:
654:
647:
640:
632:
624:
602:
589:
572:
565:
558:
549:
531:
522:
515:
508:
501:
491:
480:
472:
463:
456:
449:
442:
374:
350:
341:
339:[ˈvaːi̯]
332:
323:
314:
312:[væˈɡal]
304:Kalasha language
294:
272:Chitral District
211:Nuristani people
199:
184:
158:
142:
135:
85:
44:
26:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1647:
1642:
1626:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1525:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1442:
1437:
1407:
1402:
1369:
1325:
1320:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1035:
926:
921:
688:
620:
585:
545:
497:
438:
369:
357:
280:
245:language family
180:
154:
138:
131:
121:
86:
83:Language family
81:
72:
71:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1631:Sign languages
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1244:
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1176:
1160:
1153:
1135:
1119:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
989:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
909:
900:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
876:
869:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
843:
841:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
821:
814:
812:
799:
792:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
772:
765:
758:
756:
749:
743:
742:
733:
731:
722:
720:
713:
706:
693:
685:
684:
675:
666:
664:
655:
648:
641:
634:
625:
618:
612:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
596:
594:
592:
590:
582:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
566:
559:
552:
550:
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
525:
523:
516:
509:
502:
494:
493:
484:
482:
473:
466:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
398:
393:
382:
377:
368:
365:
361:Richard Strand
356:
353:
348:[ˈɡal]
279:
276:
186:
185:
178:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
136:
128:
127:
126:Language codes
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1738:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:(Kalasha-ala)
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1280:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1190:
1189:nuristan.info
1186:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
986:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
929:
923:
918:
913:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
887:
881:
877:
874:
870:
868:
863:
862:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
848:
844:
842:
840:
835:
833:
829:
826:
824:
822:
819:
815:
813:
810:
804:
797:
793:
790:
786:
784:
780:
777:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
757:
754:
750:
748:
744:
739:
734:
732:
728:
723:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
698:
691:
687:
686:
681:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
617:
613:
610:
608:
606:
604:
601:
597:
595:
593:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
578:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
551:
548:
544:
542:
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
495:
490:
483:
479:
474:
471:
467:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
435:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
375:
366:
364:
362:
354:
352:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
330:[ˈvæ]
327:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
297:Kalash people
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
251:group of the
250:
246:
243:
242:Indo-European
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Waigal Valley
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:
192:
183:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
150:
145:
141:
137:
134:
129:
124:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:Indo-European
88:
84:
78:
74:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1671:expanding it
1660:
1611:
1547:Kamkata-vari
1386:
1337:Kamkata-vari
1282:. Retrieved
1267:. Retrieved
1252:. Retrieved
1237:. Retrieved
1217:
1213:
1206:Bibliography
1192:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1144:
1138:
1127:
1122:
1109:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
999:
994:
981:
976:
971:
961:
956:
951:
903:
404:
401:Postalveolar
388:
358:
343:
334:
325:
316:
307:
287:
283:
281:
265:
253:Indo-Iranian
239:
222:
202:
194:
190:
189:
176:Linguasphere
147:
110:
96:Indo-Iranian
39:
937:Accusative
934:Nominative
747:Approximant
286:comes from
284:Kalasha-ala
54:Afghanistan
21:Kalasha-mun
1710:Categories
1573:Ishkashimi
1284:2015-05-07
1269:2012-01-16
1254:2012-01-16
1239:2012-01-16
1220:: 267–353.
1194:2023-06-06
1154:585759085X
1130:, 2021. ;
1111:Ethnologue
1090:References
919:Vocabulary
422:Pharyngeal
351:"valley".
342:"Vai" and
301:Indo-Aryan
268:Kalaṣa-mun
223:Kalaṣa-alâ
197:Kalaṣa-alâ
42:Kalaṣa-alâ
1500:Nuristani
1364:Wasi-wari
1347:Kata-vari
940:Genitive
838:nasalised
622:voiceless
616:Fricative
547:voiceless
541:Affricate
440:voiceless
396:Retroflex
367:Phonology
282:The name
249:Nuristani
149:Glottolog
133:ISO 639-3
101:Nuristani
1383:(Ashkun)
1374:Southern
1366:(Prasun)
1352:Shekhani
1330:Northern
924:Pronouns
390:Alveolar
355:Dialects
207:language
182:58-ACC-a
156:waig1243
106:Southern
1622:Zemiaki
1612:Waigali
1607:Tregami
1587:Shughni
1516:Turkmen
1506:Pashayi
1495:Balochi
1398:Zemiaki
1393:Tregami
1387:Waigali
1357:Mumviri
1342:Kamviri
1106:Waigali
1033:Numbers
931:Person
427:Glottal
406:Palatal
324:, from
261:Tregami
259:and to
257:Zemiaki
217:in the
213:of the
205:, is a
191:Waigali
169:Waigali
111:Waigali
29:Waigali
1602:Prasun
1594:Yidgha
1567:Pamiri
1562:Moghol
1557:Kyrgyz
1552:Khowar
1542:Brahui
1537:Ashkun
1511:Tajiki
1459:Pashto
1381:Askunu
1151:
832:Rhotic
690:voiced
587:voiced
499:voiced
417:Uvular
385:Dental
380:Labial
317:Vâigal
288:Kalaṣa
231:Waigal
60:Region
1661:This
1617:Wakhi
1580:Munji
1521:Uzbek
982:ämeba
865:plain
783:Nasal
412:Velar
333:<
315:<
308:Vägal
1667:stub
1454:Dari
1149:ISBN
1054:čatâ
1025:vẫma
1011:pl.
1005:tuba
991:sg.
988:2nd
968:pl.
948:sg.
945:1st
434:Stop
278:Name
1108:at
1084:doš
1074:oṣṭ
1069:sot
1059:pũč
1049:tre
977:äme
972:ämi
962:uma
952:aŋa
344:gal
335:Vâi
227:Väi
164:ELP
140:wbk
1712::
1218:19
1216:.
1187:.
1098:^
1079:nu
1064:ṣu
1044:dü
1039:ev
1020:vẫ
1015:vi
1000:tu
995:tü
847:ɹ̃
809:ɽ̃
796:n̪
753:l̪
741:)
730:)
683:)
674:)
663:)
633:)
600:dʑ
570:tɕ
563:tʂ
556:ts
513:d̪
492:)
481:)
454:t̪
403:/
387:/
326:Vä
237:.
1698:e
1691:t
1684:v
1673:.
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
1315:e
1308:t
1301:v
1287:.
1272:.
1257:.
1242:.
1197:.
1157:.
957:ũ
886:ɹ
883:~
880:ɽ
873:ɾ
818:ŋ
806:~
803:ɳ
789:m
769:w
762:j
738:ʕ
735:(
727:ɣ
724:(
717:ʐ
710:z
703:β
700:~
697:w
680:h
677:(
671:ħ
668:(
660:x
657:(
652:ɕ
645:ʂ
638:s
630:f
627:(
529:ɡ
520:ɖ
506:b
489:ʔ
486:(
478:q
475:(
470:k
461:ʈ
447:p
193:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.