419:
55:
874:
658:
487:
91:
109:
773:
552:
127:
524:
1961:
163:
145:
539:, in which European countries were displaying their wealth with colonial "villages" representing the colonized cultures. Although the World's Fairs of Paris did not have "Amerindian villages", public curiosity was such that Kali'na were sent to the capital twice - once in 1882 and again in 1892 - to be exhibited as oddities at the
396:
798:
is a public event that draws attendance from neighboring villages, including body-painting, music, dancing, and symbolic burning of the deceased's belongings to mark their spirit leaving. At the conclusion, mourning ends and normal social behaviors resume, along with the option for widows to remarry.
588:
The part of South
America where the Kali'na live is very sparsely populated. However, the people of this ethnic group are such an extreme minority in all of the countries in which they are well established that locally they are a majority only in certain very secluded areas. Their current geographic
406:
For a long time, the few
Europeans studying the history of the Amerindian people of this area did not distinguish between the various Caribbean tribes. Once the period of exploration was over, interest in the study of these people diminished greatly and did not re-emerge until the end of the 20th
723:
In Guyana, Kali'na are stereotyped as the most "proud, aggressive, and warlike" of the
Amerindian groups. Kalina were paid by plantation owners to capture indigenous slaves as well as recapture African slaves who escaped. One of the smaller indigenous groups in Guyana, Kali'na are settled on the
460:
They were prolific travelers even though they weren't nomads. They often traveled by land and by sea as far as the area around the
Orinoco river to visit family, trade, and marry. They often went to the area surrounding the Essequibo river (now in Guyana) to collect pebbles of red porphyry
575:
on the lawn of the Jardin d'Acclimatation. The trip lasted four months, including three in Paris and a month's journey by boat (round trip). They were accompanied by a Creole who acted as intermediary and, presumably, interpreter. There are several portraits of them, taken by photographer
407:
century, when a few French expatriates, notably Gérard
Collomb, became interested in the Kali'na, and the Kali'na themselves began to relate their history, in particular Félix Tiouka, president of the Association of Amerindians of French Guiana (AAGF), and his son Alexis.
735:
Malaria has had a detrimental impact on the population of Kalina in Guyana, and is exacerbated by hinterland mining that creates still-water pools that serve as vectors for the disease. Many Kalina are also employed in the mining sector.
895:, which today is still spoken by above 10,000 people in the coastal strip that stretches from Venezuela (5,000 speakers) to Brazil (100) passing through Guyana (475), Suriname (2,500) and French Guiana (3,000 people).
513:
At that time, the Kali'na knew only stone axes and hardwood machetes. These men brought with them axes and machetes of iron, they showed that they cut much better ... This time, the
Palanakiłi had brought good
3164:
497:
One of the first consequences of the arrival of
Europeans, as in the case of many other Native American peoples, was a decrease in population due to violence inflicted by European soldiers
1949:
706:
898:
Thanks to the relatively significant number of speakers, it is one of the most likely
Amazonian tongues to survive. Some experiments with written transcription were undertaken in
794:. Preparations are made by a respected member of the village, and can take several months to assemble. Collecting money is a more contemporary addition to the responsibilities.
965:
613:. The Galibi Marworno were originally from French Guiana, but mixed with the Arua and Marworno Amerindians. The term Galibi Marworno is a recent self-designation of the group.
403:
Lacking a written form of language before the arrival of
Europeans, Kali'na history was passed down orally from one generation to the next through tales of myth and legend.
494:
In their first contact with
Europeans, the Kali'na thought they were dealing with the spirits of the sea, Palanakiłi, a name they use to this day when referring to whites.
910:
system however is plagued by the diversity of the many different forms of the written language currently in use, which have been influenced by the languages of the
3157:
1907:
4080:
387:. Use of "Kalina" and related variants has become common practice only recently in publications; many sources continue to use "Caribs" or associated names.
3551:
3322:
4090:
1942:
3150:
4085:
4075:
1927:
4095:
4070:
1935:
1894:
1824:
1538:
790:, the death of family members initiates a period of mourning that can last for a year or more, and is concluded with a celebration known as
1523:
3863:
3853:
3878:
1230:; Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, vol. 66 (1 & 2), p. 27-59. 1992. For a similar case of mixed Afro-Caribbean ancestry see the article
1201:
1074:
571:("The Land of the Whites") in July 1882. Almost nothing is known about them, except their names and the fact that they were housed in
238:
1873:
1245:
1115:
938:
is concerned, Kali'na, there are no fewer than nine different writing systems. Kali'na therefore remains a primarily oral language.
1622:
697:. The Kali'na lived in the same area as the colonizers, and have a peace treaty with Suriname since 1686. A Kali'na member of the
4008:
3951:
3889:
3883:
3568:
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3315:
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1609:
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by several families who came from the region of the Mana River. The Galibi Marworno or Uaçá Galibi mainly live along the
3181:
1965:
1903:
799:
While non-Kalina can attend as guests, the event serves to reinforce the Kalina identity, marked by explicit use of the
698:
2724:
1372:
Gifts of the Amazons: "green stones", pendants and beads as items of ceremonial exchange in Amazonia and the Caribbean
577:
441:
The weak historical clues available indicate that before 1492, the Kali'na inhabited the coast (from the mouth of the
1188:
2333:
3537:
3308:
2076:
438:. Some date back as far as two thousand years, establishing the antiquity of the Amerindian presence in this area.
4049:
540:
205:
1784:"Une aventure éditoriale en Guyane française : créer, publier, diffuser des livres pour enfants. 1988-1997"
598:
4039:
3013:
2573:
3686:
831:
with two skins stretched over either end of the shell by hoops pulled together with cord and is played with a
430:
have to date uncovered 273 Amerindian archeological sites on only 310 km² of the land recovered from the
1139:
Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions".
3972:
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2427:
2254:
630:
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3518:
3173:
3071:
1141:
2639:
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Faisant partie de la Collection de la Société de Géographie de Paris, elles peuvent être consultées à la
4013:
3946:
3758:
3502:
1750:
1064:
816:
1268: ; Documents d’Archéologie française, Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, 1998.
3992:
3873:
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3825:
3820:
3768:
3264:
3259:
3089:
3009:
2056:
1983:
744:
The country where their numbers are the greatest, Kali'na can be found in two distinct zones: in the
307:
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3941:
3868:
3795:
3763:
3474:
3289:
2802:
2416:
919:
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882:
634:
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1728:
1664:
1166:
1158:
1121:
761:
702:
502:
3061:
2897:
2892:
2827:
2353:
2348:
597:
The Kali'nas in Brazil are localized in two groups. The Galibi do Oiapoque can only be found in
3921:
3802:
3611:
3439:
3369:
3331:
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3025:
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2862:
2792:
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1890:
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1820:
1720:
1656:
1589:
1352:
1329:
1319:
1241:
1197:
1111:
1070:
892:
832:
718:
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3497:
3489:
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2224:
2189:
1762:
1648:
1150:
989:
931:
915:
686:
418:
410:
For the reasons given, historical information regarding the Kali'na is rare and incomplete.
266:
54:
38:
1349:
Nouvelle relation de la France equinoxiale, contenant la description des cotes de la Guiane
665:
Kali'na are a strong presence on the left bank of the Maroni River and on the banks of the
606:
4100:
3789:
3742:
3737:
3469:
3414:
3406:
3223:
3123:
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2877:
2822:
2616:
2486:
1231:
927:
800:
666:
431:
380:
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2975:
2965:
2807:
2744:
2307:
621:
Still present in significant numbers in their original territory, the region between the
536:
318:, were then adopted by other European languages. Early Spanish colonizers used the terms
873:
657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3616:
3596:
3581:
3576:
3429:
3379:
3347:
3274:
3233:
3189:
2970:
2922:
2887:
2842:
2782:
2476:
2453:
2373:
2239:
2204:
2184:
2159:
1463:
1400:, which appeared in the form of a young woman who overturned canoes and drowned people.
1014:
923:
729:
626:
572:
435:
270:
183:
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4018:
3711:
3671:
3661:
3434:
3424:
3389:
3374:
3364:
3279:
3211:
3107:
2985:
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2902:
2867:
2847:
2817:
2812:
2700:
2644:
2621:
2611:
2297:
2259:
2229:
2149:
2124:
2046:
2018:
1456:
1170:
899:
674:
670:
602:
506:
274:
258:
242:
150:
486:
3721:
3701:
3696:
3396:
3243:
3142:
3043:
2917:
2443:
2129:
2119:
1995:
911:
783:, a cassava-derived beer, is an important part of traditional Kalina celebrations.
753:
725:
678:
622:
454:
442:
201:
2008:
1579:
1924:. Tome 68, 1982. pp. 105-132. www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1982_num_68_1_2212
555:
Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d’Acclimatation in Paris in 1892.
3716:
3621:
3560:
2759:
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2539:
2506:
2422:
2398:
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2234:
2194:
2179:
2139:
2109:
2028:
2013:
1783:
1588:(Thesis) (in Dutch). Paramaribo: Afdeling Cultuurstudies/Minov. pp. 19–22.
903:
787:
772:
610:
551:
427:
1482:, Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 1882, p. 602-640. Cité dans
3691:
2927:
2857:
2692:
2674:
2544:
2313:
2287:
2269:
2089:
2003:
1045:
523:
60:
2458:
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1724:
1660:
1356:
1333:
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2649:
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2438:
2338:
2174:
2023:
1883:
1813:
1452:
1235:
955:
694:
682:
589:
distribution covers only a small fraction of their Pre-Columbian territory.
560:
399:
Map indicating the current geographic distribution of the Kali'na population
278:
246:
96:
17:
3964:
3681:
3056:
2832:
2749:
2529:
2323:
2302:
2169:
2094:
1682:
1125:
1845:
Kaliña. Des Amérindiens à Paris. Photographies du prince Roland Bonaparte.
1767:
1154:
453:, against whom they fought during their expansion toward the east and the
3706:
3676:
3601:
3444:
2932:
2736:
2603:
2534:
2501:
2433:
2358:
2264:
2214:
2209:
2134:
2104:
2084:
2038:
1459:
1448:
935:
638:
564:
498:
384:
294:
290:
254:
245:. Today, the Kalina live largely in villages on the rivers and coasts of
217:
114:
64:
31:
1732:
1708:
1162:
469:
also refers to jade, which was often traded in the Americas in general.
3641:
3626:
3218:
3079:
2937:
2912:
2549:
2481:
2468:
2411:
2378:
2279:
2244:
2199:
2114:
2066:
2061:
1552:
959:
947:
907:
749:
690:
646:
450:
446:
197:
27:
Indigenous people native to the northern coastal areas of South America
1668:
1636:
1104:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival and the Making of the Garifuna
314:
is that it means "brave warrior". Its variants, including the English
3636:
3591:
3352:
3199:
3194:
2837:
2787:
2448:
2383:
2328:
2318:
2249:
2219:
2154:
2144:
2099:
1969:
1960:
836:
780:
757:
745:
642:
320:
300:
262:
250:
168:
132:
3529:
3300:
858:, is still made but is more and more often replaced by the European
465:), which Kali'na women prized for polishing their pottery. The term
1652:
1266:
Amérindiens du Sinnamary (Guyane), Archéologie en forêt équatoriale
379:("true Kalina"), partly to differentiate themselves from the mixed
3666:
3419:
3228:
2777:
2585:
2491:
2164:
1857: ; Paris, 1972 ; Guyane Presse Diffusion, Cayenne, 1989.
859:
656:
522:
395:
394:
828:
505:. The Kali'na quickly succumbed in large numbers, because their
332:
reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and
3533:
3304:
3146:
3006:
2721:
2570:
1980:
1931:
509:
were not adapted to the viruses and bacteria of the Old World.
951:
535:
The second half of the nineteenth century saw the heyday of
1709:"The Case of "The Barama River Caribs of Guyana Restudied""
807:
is the only occasion for such gatherings among the Kalina.
1833:
Gérard Collomb, Félix Tiouka and M.P. Jean-Louis ;
1751:"Rituel, performance, politique : un deuil kali'na"
1920:
Magaña, Edmundo et Jara, Fabiola. "The Carib sky". In:
1865:
Kali’na : Une famille indienne de Guyane française
1316:
Na'na Kali'na : une histoire des Kali'na en Guyane
661:
Kali'na girls in Suriname in the village of Bigi Poika.
625:
and the Mana rivers (in particular, the communities of
1447:
Il y eut aussi des Kali’na et des Arawak du centre du
1264:
Stéphane Vacher, Sylvie Jérémie, Jérôme Briand ;
1835:
Pau:wa Itiosan:bola : Des Galibi à Paris en 1892
1433:
Pau:wa Itiosan:bola : Des Galibi à Paris en 1892
601:, a village founded in 1950 on the right bank of the
559:
Fifteen Kali’na, all members of one family living in
1234:. Source quoted in Gérard Collomb and Félix Tiouka,
966:
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
669:. A large proportion of the population lives in the
4027:
4001:
3844:
3782:
3751:
3730:
3567:
3511:
3488:
3455:
3405:
3338:
3252:
3180:
3116:
3088:
3070:
3042:
3024:
2946:
2758:
2735:
2691:
2673:
2630:
2602:
2584:
2515:
2467:
2397:
2278:
2075:
2037:
1994:
707:
International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples
211:
191:
177:
159:
141:
123:
105:
87:
82:
72:
1815:Na’na Kali’na - Une histoire des Kali’na en Guyane
1237:Na’na Kali’na - Une histoire des Kali’na en Guyane
328:to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with
1623:9 augustus wordt nationale dag Inheemsen Suriname
1431:Gérard Collomb, Félix Tiouka et M.P. Jean-Louis,
1396:There is also a river version of these spirits,
1557:Vereniging van Inheemse Dorpen en Dorpsbesturen
511:
30:For the Kalina or Caribs of the Caribbean, see
1707:Forte, Janette (1990). Adams, Kathleen (ed.).
3545:
3316:
3158:
1943:
609:further land inwards. The main settlement is
8:
1506:, quotidien, Paris, 12 août 1882. Cité dans
914:of the countries in which the Kali'na live,
862:. There is also a terra cotta horn called a
705:, successfully led efforts to recognize the
645:as well as, in fewer numbers, the island of
47:
984:
982:
980:
3552:
3538:
3530:
3323:
3309:
3301:
3165:
3151:
3143:
3021:
3003:
2732:
2718:
2581:
2567:
1991:
1977:
1950:
1936:
1928:
1637:"An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana"
629:, the only one where they are a majority,
336:for groups that they considered friendly.
46:
1818: ; Ibis Rouge Éditions, 2000 ;
1766:
1610:Ramses Kajoeramari niet meer op lijst ndp
1480:Sur les Galibis du Jardin d’acclimatation
1424:
1422:
1240: ; Ibis Rouge Éditions, 2000 ;
1182:
1180:
877:Kali'na boy in a dugout in Paris in 1892.
1885:Histoire générale de la Guyane française
1855:Français et indiens en Guyane. 1604-1972
1097:
1095:
1093:
1039:
1037:
1035:
872:
771:
550:
485:
417:
281:, though their languages are unrelated.
241:native to the northern coastal areas of
1922:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
1847: ; Éditions Créaphis, Paris, 1992.
1812:Gérard Collomb and Félix Tiouka ;
1687:Ministry of Indigenous Peoples’ Affairs
976:
732:, and in the Northwest of the country.
527:Kali'na man in Paris in 1892 holding a
426:Making up for lack of written records,
375:. Kalina may distinguish themselves as
37:For the resort Galibi in Suriname, see
1888:, Cayenne, Ibis Rouge Éditions, 1996;
1782:Mounier, Nichole (September 5, 1997).
1228:Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Marrons
503:diseases brought over by the Europeans
347:, spelled variously. Variants include
1837: ; Awala-Yalimapo, December 1991
1744:
1742:
1500:Les Galibis du Jardin d’Acclimatation
449:), dividing their territory with the
7:
83:Regions with significant populations
4081:Indigenous peoples in French Guiana
310:. One hypothesis for the origin of
237:and by several other names, are an
1910:and specialist in Kali'na culture.
1867: ; Albin Michel, 2002 ;
1050:Journal of Language Survey Reports
1046:"A report on the creoles of Amapá"
673:often in villages shared with the
25:
4091:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
709:as a public holiday in Suriname.
641:), and the Amerindian village of
3174:Ancestry and ethnicity in Guyana
1959:
1635:Edwards, W.; Gibson, K. (1979).
1581:Bosneger en overheid in Suriname
1524:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1451:dans l’Exposition universelle d’
161:
143:
125:
107:
89:
53:
4086:Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
1108:University Press of Mississippi
1069:. Magoria Books. pp. 1–4.
4076:Indigenous peoples in Suriname
1526:, Département Cartes et Plans.
1190:A Carib Grammar and Dictionary
1066:A Carib Grammar and Dictionary
835:. They also have two kinds of
1:
1904:Other works of Gérard Collomb
1412:Oral history of the Kali’na,
934:. Thus, even as far as their
906:standardization of a Kali'na
891:, belonging to the family of
367:; other native names include
273:. They may be related to the
4096:Indigenous peoples in Guyana
4071:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
1248:, henceforth referred to as
1196:. Magoria Books. p. 1.
1106:. Caribbean Studies Series.
1102:Taylor, Christopher (2012).
422:Drawing of a Kali'na ritual.
1882:Serge Mam Lam Fouck ;
1713:Social and Economic Studies
1586:Radboud University Nijmegen
756:valley part of which is in
677:. The main settlements are
339:The Kalina call themselves
59:Kalina schoolchildren from
4117:
3008:Indigenous peoples of the
2723:Indigenous peoples of the
2572:Indigenous peoples of the
1982:Indigenous peoples of the
880:
716:
490:Kali'na weapons and tools.
288:
36:
29:
3020:
3002:
2731:
2717:
2580:
2566:
1990:
1976:
1553:"Dorpen en Dorpsbesturen"
1374:. Caracas: Antropologica.
1314:Collomb, Gérard. (2000).
1015:"Carib, Galibi in Guyana"
216:
206:Native American religions
196:
182:
77:
52:
1749:Collomb, Gérard (2007).
1347:Barrere, Pierre (1743).
752:river valley and on the
1863:Jil Silberstein ;
1578:Scholtens, Ben (1994).
1455:en 1883, ainsi que des
631:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
383:-Kalina inhabitants of
187:Various local languages
1843:Gérard Collomb ;
1370:Boomert, Arie (1987).
1142:Early American Studies
878:
817:percussion instruments
777:
662:
583:
556:
541:Jardin d'Acclimatation
532:
516:
491:
423:
400:
306:was first recorded by
1768:10.3917/ethn.070.0089
1224:(in Dutch and French)
1187:Courtz, Henk (2008).
1155:10.1353/eam.2013.0007
1063:Courtz, Henk (2008).
1044:Anonby, Stan (2007).
876:
775:
660:
554:
526:
489:
421:
398:
212:Related ethnic groups
1853:Jean Hurault ;
1755:Ethnologie française
1683:"Indigenous Nations"
990:"Galibi do Oiapoque"
519:Amerindians in Paris
308:Christopher Columbus
295:Garifuna § Name
291:Kalinago § Name
229:, also known as the
2725:Central-West Region
599:São José dos Galibi
49:
2948:Mato Grosso do Sul
1966:Indigenous peoples
1540:Galibi do Oiapoque
879:
778:
762:Chimire, Venezuela
703:Sylvia Kajoeramari
663:
557:
533:
492:
424:
401:
4058:
4057:
3561:Venezuelan people
3527:
3526:
3332:Surinamese people
3298:
3297:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3014:Southeast Regions
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
1897:
1895:978-2-84450-163-9
1876:
1827:
1825:978-2-84450-068-7
1608:Dagblad De West,
893:Cariban languages
854:Their flute, the
719:History of Guyana
699:National Assembly
584:The Kali'na today
531:, or wooden club.
414:Pre-Columbian era
239:Indigenous people
223:
222:
16:(Redirected from
4108:
3967:
3960:
3906:
3892:
3805:
3798:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3022:
3004:
2733:
2719:
2582:
2574:Northeast Region
2568:
1992:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1906:, researcher at
1902:
1889:
1881:
1868:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1819:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1788:archive.ifla.org
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:, décembre 1991.
1430:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1226:Wim Hoogbergen,
1225:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
986:
883:Kali'na language
815:They use mostly
803:. Nowadays, the
776:Kali'na village.
377:Kali'na tilewuyu
267:Cariban language
167:
165:
164:
149:
147:
146:
131:
129:
128:
113:
111:
110:
95:
93:
92:
73:Total population
57:
50:
39:Galibi, Suriname
21:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4023:
3997:
3963:
3956:
3902:
3888:
3840:
3801:
3794:
3778:
3747:
3726:
3563:
3558:
3528:
3523:
3507:
3484:
3451:
3401:
3334:
3329:
3299:
3294:
3248:
3176:
3171:
3141:
3128:
3112:
3084:
3066:
3038:
3016:
2990:
2942:
2754:
2727:
2705:
2687:
2669:
2626:
2598:
2576:
2554:
2511:
2463:
2393:
2274:
2071:
2033:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1956:
1917:
1915:Further reading
1900:
1879:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1612:, 19 maart 2015
1607:
1603:
1596:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:(in Portuguese)
1535:
1534:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1478:L. Manouvrier,
1475:
1474:
1470:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1232:Garifuna people
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1118:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
994:Socio Ambiental
988:
987:
978:
974:
944:
885:
871:
813:
801:Kalina language
770:
742:
730:Pomeroon Rivers
721:
715:
667:Coppename River
655:
619:
595:
586:
567:, were sent to
549:
521:
484:
475:
445:to that of the
432:Sinnamary River
416:
393:
297:
287:
265:. They speak a
235:mainland Caribs
186:
162:
160:
144:
142:
126:
124:
108:
106:
90:
88:
68:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4050:Refugee crisis
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4028:Related topics
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
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3909:
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3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3769:Indo-Caribbean
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
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3557:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3512:South American
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
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3448:
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3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3253:Non-Indigenous
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3072:Santa Catarina
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3026:Espírito Santo
3018:
3017:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Guarani-Kaiowá
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2665:Gavião-Pykobjê
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2564:
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2560:
2559:
2556:
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2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
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2331:
2326:
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2316:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2295:
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2284:
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2276:
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2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1898:
1877:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1774:
1738:
1719:(1): 203–217.
1699:
1674:
1653:10.2307/481091
1627:
1625:, 27 juli 2006
1614:
1601:
1594:
1570:
1544:
1528:
1512:
1504:La vie moderne
1488:
1468:
1437:
1418:
1402:
1389:
1377:
1362:
1339:
1324:
1318:. Ibis rouge.
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1254:
1216:
1203:978-0978170769
1202:
1176:
1149:(1): 117–132.
1131:
1116:
1089:
1076:978-0978170769
1075:
1055:
1031:
1019:Joshua Project
1006:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
963:
943:
940:
881:Main article:
870:
867:
812:
809:
786:For Kalina of
769:
766:
741:
738:
714:
711:
654:
651:
627:Awala-Yalimapo
618:
615:
594:
591:
585:
582:
548:
545:
520:
517:
507:immune systems
483:
476:
474:
471:
436:Petit-Saut Dam
428:archaeologists
415:
412:
392:
389:
286:
283:
221:
220:
214:
213:
209:
208:
194:
193:
189:
188:
180:
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175:
174:
171:
157:
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153:
139:
138:
135:
121:
120:
117:
103:
102:
99:
85:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
58:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4113:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
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3943:
3940:
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3930:
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3923:
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3855:
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3851:
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3843:
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3834:
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3812:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:North African
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
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3504:
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3496:
3495:
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3476:
3473:
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3431:
3428:
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3404:
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3378:
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3373:
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3333:
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3307:
3306:
3303:
3291:
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3286:
3283:
3281:
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3268:
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3210:
3209:
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3201:
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3185:
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3179:
3175:
3168:
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3121:
3119:
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1351:. Piget etc.
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900:French Guiana
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850:
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842:
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834:
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827:) is a large
826:
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675:Lokono people
672:
671:Para District
668:
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617:French Guiana
616:
614:
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603:Oyapock River
600:
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581:
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537:World's Fairs
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275:Island Caribs
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:French Guiana
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:South America
240:
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232:
228:
219:
218:Island Caribs
215:
210:
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185:
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176:
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151:French Guiana
140:
136:
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118:
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104:
101:33,824 (2011)
100:
98:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
62:
56:
51:
40:
33:
32:Island Caribs
19:
4035:Colonization
3687:Timoto–Cuica
3631:
3359:
3206:
3044:Minas Gerais
2803:Enawene Nawe
2745:Avá-Canoeiro
2354:Suruí (Pará)
2051:
1984:North Region
1921:
1884:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1814:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:
1777:
1758:
1754:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1644:
1641:Ethnohistory
1640:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:J. Noutous,
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1440:
1432:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1348:
1342:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1189:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1103:
1080:. Retrieved
1065:
1058:
1049:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
993:
897:
886:
863:
855:
853:
848:
844:
840:
824:
820:
814:
804:
795:
791:
785:
779:
760:. See also
754:Cuyuni River
743:
734:
722:
679:Bernharddorp
664:
620:
596:
587:
578:Pierre Petit
568:
558:
534:
528:
512:
496:
493:
479:
473:Colonization
466:
462:
459:
455:Amazon River
443:Amazon River
440:
425:
409:
405:
402:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
319:
315:
311:
303:
298:
234:
230:
226:
224:
202:Christianity
155:3,000 (2002)
137:3,100 (2020)
119:3,000 (2002)
44:Ethnic group
18:Kali'na
4040:Immigration
3973:Scandinavia
2798:Cinta Larga
2760:Mato Grosso
2423:Cinta Larga
2195:Pira-tapuya
2185:Parintintín
1901:(in French)
1880:(in French)
1861:(in French)
1851:(in French)
1841:(in French)
1831:(in French)
1810:(in French)
1621:Waterkant,
1520:(in French)
1496:(in French)
1476:(in French)
1445:(in French)
1429:(in French)
1410:(in French)
1262:(in French)
1126:j.ctt24hxr2
887:They speak
839:, called a
788:the Guianas
4065:Categories
3937:Portuguese
3927:Lithuanian
3774:Uruguayans
3759:Argentines
3612:Cumanagoto
3569:Indigenous
3503:Portuguese
3440:Paramaccan
3340:Indigenous
3290:Portuguese
3182:Indigenous
3117:Widespread
3034:Tupiniquim
2928:Yawalapiti
2863:Nambikwara
2793:Chiquitano
2693:Pernambuco
2430:(Rondônia)
2419:(Rondônia)
1804:References
1793:2021-03-17
1647:(2): 168.
1595:9991410155
1559:(in Dutch)
1325:2844500684
920:Portuguese
904:Linguistic
717:See also:
607:Uaçá River
480:Palanakiłi
289:See also:
61:Bigi Poika
3993:Ukrainian
3917:Hungarian
3904:Coloniero
3607:Chitarero
3519:Brazilian
3265:Brazilian
3239:Wapishana
3090:São Paulo
2956:Chamacoco
2883:Rikbaktsa
2853:Munduruku
2683:Potiguara
2650:Guajajara
2640:Awá-Guajá
2517:Tocantins
2497:Wapishana
2439:Karitiana
2344:Parkatêjê
2339:Munduruku
2334:Kỳikatêjê
2175:Munduruku
2024:Machinere
2009:Asháninka
1761:: 89–94.
1725:0037-7651
1692:18 August
1661:0014-1801
1453:Amsterdam
1357:880789716
1334:937751323
1171:144195511
956:mythology
912:colonists
845:kalawashi
805:epekotono
796:Epekotono
792:Epekotono
740:Venezuela
695:Bigi Ston
683:Wit-Santi
561:Sinnamary
369:Maraworno
279:Caribbean
269:known as
247:Venezuela
178:Languages
97:Venezuela
4045:Diaspora
4014:Mestizos
3942:Romanian
3890:Corsican
3874:Croatian
3854:Austrian
3826:Japanese
3811:Armenian
3796:Lebanese
3764:Chileans
3752:Americas
3717:Ye'kuana
3707:Yanomami
3677:Saladoid
3602:Caquetio
3490:European
3475:Javanese
3445:Saramaka
3224:Patamona
3124:Kaingang
3103:Kaingang
3062:Xakriabá
2898:Tapirapé
2893:Tapayúna
2828:Kamayurá
2823:Kalapalo
2632:Maranhão
2617:Tabajara
2540:Tapirapé
2507:Ye'kuana
2502:Yanomami
2487:Patamona
2399:Rondônia
2369:Turiwára
2349:Parakanã
2265:Yanomami
2235:Turiwára
2215:Tenharim
2135:Jamamadi
2105:Barasana
2085:Amahuaca
2077:Amazonas
2057:Karipuna
2029:Yaminawá
2014:Kaxinawá
1733:27864928
1563:29 March
1460:Saramaca
1449:Suriname
1416:, p. 32.
1398:Tunakiłi
1387:, p. 31.
1304:, p. 41.
1292:, p. 45.
1280:, p. 35.
1163:23546705
999:29 March
942:See also
936:ethnonym
869:Language
847:) and a
841:kalawasi
819:. Their
653:Suriname
639:Iracoubo
611:Kumarumã
565:Iracoubo
499:genocide
385:Suriname
373:Marworno
255:Suriname
192:Religion
115:Suriname
65:Suriname
3983:Slovene
3978:Serbian
3952:Spanish
3947:Russian
3922:Italian
3864:British
3859:Belgian
3836:Turkish
3816:Chinese
3692:Waikerí
3652:Marueta
3647:Mariche
3642:Macushi
3617:Guahibo
3582:Akawaio
3577:Achagua
3465:Chinese
3430:Matawai
3415:Maroons
3407:African
3380:Sikiana
3375:Saloema
3370:Kali'na
3270:Chinese
3260:African
3234:Wai-Wai
3219:Macushi
3190:Akawaio
3080:Xokleng
2971:Kadiweu
2923:Xavante
2913:Umutina
2858:Nahukuá
2843:Kuikuro
2783:Bakairi
2675:Paraíba
2660:Krĩkatí
2655:Ka'apor
2550:Xerente
2545:Xambioá
2525:Apinajé
2482:Macushi
2477:Akawaio
2469:Roraima
2412:Akuntsu
2379:Wayampi
2374:Wai-wai
2314:Araweté
2288:Amanayé
2270:Zuruahã
2245:Wayampi
2240:Wai-wai
2205:Tariana
2200:Siriano
2115:Cambeba
2090:Apurinã
2067:Wayampi
2062:Palikur
2004:Apurinã
1464:Créoles
1462:et des
1209:May 22,
1082:May 22,
1024:7 April
960:Orinoco
958:of the
954:in the
948:Adaheli
932:English
916:Spanish
908:writing
889:Kali'na
837:maracas
825:sambula
821:sanpula
768:Culture
750:Orinoco
748:of the
691:Powakka
647:Cayenne
514:things.
447:Orinoco
434:by the
391:History
365:Kalinya
361:Kalihna
349:Kali'na
277:of the
198:Animism
184:Kali'na
67:, 2002.
4101:Kalina
4002:Others
3965:Isleño
3958:Basque
3932:Polish
3898:German
3884:French
3846:Europe
3831:Korean
3821:Indian
3803:Syrian
3731:Africa
3712:Yaruro
3682:Sanumá
3672:Piaroa
3662:Panare
3637:Lokono
3632:Kalina
3592:Baniwa
3480:Jewish
3470:Indian
3435:Ndyuka
3425:Kwinti
3390:Wayana
3385:Tiriyó
3365:Akurio
3353:Lokono
3348:Arawak
3285:Jewish
3280:Indian
3212:Taruma
3200:Lokono
3195:Arawak
3108:Terena
3098:Aimoré
3057:Kaxixó
3052:Aimoré
2986:Terena
2908:Trumai
2903:Terena
2878:Paresi
2873:Panará
2868:Paiter
2848:Matipu
2838:Kayapo
2833:Karajá
2818:Kaiabi
2813:Ikpeng
2788:Bororo
2773:Apiacá
2768:Aimoré
2750:Karajá
2701:Xukuru
2645:Canela
2622:Tapeba
2612:Kiriri
2594:Pataxó
2530:Karajá
2449:Paiter
2428:Gavião
2407:Aikanã
2384:Wayana
2364:Tiriyó
2329:Kayapo
2324:Karajá
2319:Atikum
2310:(Pará)
2303:Apiacá
2298:Aparai
2293:Anambé
2260:Witoto
2250:Wayana
2230:Tucano
2225:Tiriyó
2220:Ticuna
2190:Pirahã
2170:Matsés
2155:Macuna
2150:Kulina
2145:Korubo
2100:Baniwa
2095:Banawá
2052:Kalina
2047:Aparai
2019:Kulina
1970:Brazil
1893:
1872:
1823:
1731:
1723:
1669:481091
1667:
1659:
1592:
1508:Pau:wa
1484:Pau:wa
1355:
1332:
1322:
1244:
1200:
1169:
1161:
1124:
1114:
1073:
1052:: 7–9.
962:region
950:, the
928:French
856:kuwama
849:malaka
833:mallet
781:Kasiri
758:Guyana
746:Llanos
726:Barama
713:Guyana
687:Galibi
643:Kourou
623:Maroni
593:Brazil
569:Pau:wa
501:, and
482:arrive
467:takuwa
463:takuwa
451:Arawak
381:Maroon
357:Kariña
353:Cariña
345:Karìna
341:Kalina
334:Arawak
326:Caribs
321:Arawak
304:Caribe
301:exonym
293:, and
263:Brazil
261:, and
251:Guyana
231:Caribs
227:Kalina
169:Brazil
166:
148:
133:Guyana
130:
112:
94:
78:44,741
48:Kalina
3988:Swiss
3912:Greek
3879:Dutch
3869:Czech
3743:Black
3722:Yukpa
3702:Wayuu
3697:Warao
3667:Pemon
3587:Auaké
3498:Dutch
3457:Asian
3420:Aluku
3397:Warao
3360:Carib
3275:Dutch
3244:Warao
3229:Pemon
3207:Carib
3010:South
2981:Ofayé
2976:Mbayá
2966:Guató
2933:Yudjá
2918:Wauja
2808:Guató
2778:Aweti
2737:Goiás
2604:Ceará
2586:Bahia
2535:Krahô
2492:Pemon
2459:Wari’
2444:Kwaza
2434:Kanoê
2417:Arara
2359:Tembé
2308:Arara
2210:Tembé
2165:Matis
2130:Hupda
2120:Cubeo
2039:Amapá
1729:JSTOR
1665:JSTOR
1414:Na’na
1385:Na’na
1302:Na’na
1290:Na’na
1278:Na'na
1250:Na'na
1194:(PDF)
1167:S2CID
1159:JSTOR
1122:JSTOR
972:Notes
924:Dutch
864:kuti'
860:flute
811:Music
330:Carib
316:Carib
312:Carib
271:Carib
173:1,817
4019:Roma
4009:Jews
3790:Arab
3783:Asia
3657:Barí
3627:Hodï
3622:Hiwi
3597:Baré
3012:and
2938:Zoró
2389:Zo'é
2280:Pará
2180:Mura
2160:Mawé
2140:Juma
2110:Bora
1996:Acre
1908:CNRS
1891:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1721:ISSN
1694:2020
1657:ISSN
1590:ISBN
1565:2021
1353:OCLC
1330:OCLC
1320:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1211:2014
1198:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1084:2014
1071:ISBN
1026:2021
1001:2021
930:and
843:(or
829:drum
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