1148:
240:
1932:, "to scoop"). This is a characteristic that distinguishes the Southern VĂ€sterbotten dialects from the dialects of Nordmaling and Bjurholm to the south as well as a shared feature with the Northern VĂ€sterbotten dialects. One difference between the Southern and Northern VĂ€sterbotten dialects is that in the Southern group, a "g" is often inserted between the old diphthong "au" and a following an "r" or "thick L". For example, Southern
2138:, where the Hogdal dialects are spoken. In comparison to other Norrland dialects, the Medelpad dialects are relatively uniform. The most important outer isogloss is the one with the HĂ€lsing dialects to the south, which defines the limits of the "vowel balance" characteristic of Norrland dialects. One characteristic that distinguishes the Medelpad dialects (for example,
1853:). Just like the coastal dialects of Norrbotten, the Northern VĂ€sterbotten dialects preserve numerous archaic features. The dative case is still used, not only after prepositions but also after certain adjectives and verbs. Old Norse diphthongs have been preserved in many local dialects, but have developed in different, unique ways. For instance, Standard Swedish
1916:). These influences become less apparent approaching the Norwegian border, but are still strong as far as TÀrna, where an old UmeÄ substratum is evident. The local dialect of Sorsele is influenced by the Northern VÀsterbotten dialects as well. The Southern VÀsterbotten dialects also preserve archaic diphthongs, for instance in
190:), which are described in the following summary of phenomena regarded as typical of Norrland dialects. In Norrland, traditional local dialects are on the decline as in many other parts of the world. Aside from characteristic peculiarities in intonation, there are certain grammatical traits that still survive: the infinitive
1461:
and diphthongs that the dialects of the coastal parishes have retained. Nevertheless, the differences between the various
Lappmark dialects can be considerable, depending on the heritage of those who settled in a given area. A notable amount of Sami loanwords have found their way into the dialects of
1231:
in
Standard Swedish, the compound may only have the reading âthe recently fabricated carâ, not âthe car I just bought (in contrast to my old car)â. In Norrland dialect that employ adjective incorporation however, this is only true for the indefinite form, while the definite
1438:, which arose from a blending of Standard Swedish with the PiteÄ and UmeÄ dialects. There is also Sami influence on these dialects, such as the absence of the "thick L", which is generally typical of Norrland dialects. Another area in which a "settler dialect" is spoken is
1433:
where the
Swedish dialects do not fit in with any of the relatively more clearly defined dialects of the coastal regions, due to the patchwork ancestry of the Swedish-speaking settlers that populated the area. One typical "settler dialect" is found in
1396:
430:. There is evidence to support that vowel balance was once a more geographically widespread phenomenon than in the early 20th century (when traditional dialects were still widely spoken). For instance, there are traces of vowel balance in
529:
of the root vowel and the ending vowel. The assimilation process is usually regressive, i.e. the root vowel adopts features from the ending vowel, although progressive assimilation is also found in dialects in Norway and
255:, and in the Norrland dialects the two syllable types developed in diverging ways, resulting in a number of phonological developments. In words with an original heavy syllable, the final vowel is often reduced or lost (
314:
Vowel balance is abundant throughout the grammatical system. Outside the infinitive of verbs, it is also found in the nominal system, where it affects for instance so-called weak masculines and weak feminines, e.g.
185:
As with other regiolects, it is difficult to clearly define a unique set of characteristics for the
Norrland dialects. The distribution of different features of the dialect have differing boundaries (called
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
844:
Medial palatalization is especially common in the definite form of masculine and neutral nouns, as shown above. However, in many dialects the change unproductive and has been gradually reversed due to
2319:
2317:
2315:
3355:"Aktuell litteratur om svenska dialekter: En krönika sammanstÀlld av Lars-Erik Edlund i samverkan med medarbetare vid Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala, Institutet för sprÄk och folkminnen"
2090:) is spoken. These dialects are to a greater extent than other Norrland dialects caught between eastern (i.e., Swedish) and western (i.e., Norwegian) linguistic influences. For example, the vowel
2334:
2332:
1223:
While adjectiveânoun compounds are possible in all
Scandinavian varieties, Norrland dialects tend to form compounds with adjectives more frequently, and with a semantic difference. Contrasting
2242:. This area, however, is a typical transition region. From A Svealand standpoint, there are reasons to define the isogloss as coinciding with the southern border of HĂ€lsingland (through
80:, such that the northern HĂ€lsingland dialects are regarded as Norrland dialects and the southern ones as Svealand Swedish; an alternative delineation follows the southern border of
3432:
Holmberg, Anders; Sandström, Görel (2003). "Vad Àr det för sÀrskilt med nordsvenska nominalfraser". In
Vangsnes, Ăystein Alexander; Holmberg, Anders; Delsing, Lars-Olof (eds.).
182:
displays less West Nordic influence than other more westerly dialects. The greatest West Nordic/Norwegian, or perhaps least East Nordic/Swedish, influence is found in JĂ€mtland.
1127:). In cases like these, the referent is not important but rather the property of owning a horse. In addition, the definite is also often used in instrumental phrases, e.g.
3555:
3383:
3570:
Sandström, Görel; Holmberg, Anders (2003). "Ett polysyntetiskt drag i svenska dialekter". In
Vangsnes, Ăystein Alexander; Holmberg, Anders; Delsing, Lars-Olof (eds.).
3950:
767:
before front vowels in almost all dialects of
Swedish. In Norrland dialects unlike Standard Swedish, this change also took place in medial position, resulting in
378:
Vowel balance is found in a large contiguous area in
Northern Scandinavia. In Sweden it occurs in the entire Norrland dialect area with the exception of northern
1457:
or a Sami language natively. This resulted in a blending of both dialects and languages. Most of the
Lappmark dialects thus lack such archaic features as the
971:
Norrland dialects are known for using the definite form for more grammatical functions than does Standard Swedish, where the corresponding form is often a
3702:
3250:
Delsing, Lars-Olof (2003). "Syntaktisk variation i nordiska nominalfraser". In Vangsnes, Ăystein Alexander; Holmberg, Anders; Delsing, Lars-Olof (eds.).
1072:
Furthermore, the definite form is also used in generic statements, i.e when a general statement is made about the entity the noun phrase refers to, e.g.
461:. In Norway it covers TrĂžndelag and parts of Nordland and in Finland the northern part of Ostrobothnia. It is also found in other areas such as northern
3503:. Skrifter / utgivna genom LandsmÄls- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala. Ser. A, FolkmÄl, 99-0353353-5 ; 3 (in Swedish). Uppsala: Lundequistska bokh.
3462:. Skrifter / utgivna av Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 798 (in Swedish). Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland.
496:
where a similar phenomenon was previously found. This hypothesis has, however, been deemed unconvincing by several scholars of Scandinavian languages.
3480:
Kusmenko, Jurij (2007). "The origin of Vowel Balance in Swedish and Norwegian dialects". In Bull, Tove; Kusmenko, Jurij; RieĂler, Michael (eds.).
2022:
parish, which developed a speech closer to Standard Swedish as a result of lying near major immigration routes from Ă
ngermanland. The dialect of
4008:
1088:âthis we call sand cheeseâ. This usage of the definite form is even more widespread and apart from the areas listed above, it is also found in
3199:
1802:, "comb"). Unique to the PiteÄ dialects is that Old Swedish long "a" (modern "Ä") has become short "a" before "n", but nowhere else. Thus,
441:
The north Scandinavian apocope has a similar geographical distribution pattern, but is found further to the north, prototypically covering
3606:
1239:
Adjective incorporation may also occur when the adjective represent a more occasional rather than inherent property of the noun, hence
3339:
3316:
3293:
3218:
848:
with other unpalatalised forms in the paradigm, hence the definite form of âthe fishâ in the BurtrĂ€sk dialect is either palatalized
3982:
3955:
3776:
1698:, meaning "hay"). These dialects also have a number of vowels that differ from Standard Swedish. For example, Standard Swedish
998:
3571:
3433:
3251:
3695:
473:
in Denmark. General reduction of unstressed ending vowels is, by contrast, a more widespread phenomenon, also found in e.g.
243:
Apocope in the traditional dialects of Norrland, where a darker olive green indicates apocope in more phonological contexts.
4049:
3672:
764:
3970:
1403:
Below is a list of common subdialectal divisions of Norrland dialects, beginning in the north and ending in the south.
4032:
3960:
422:. The dialects of northern HĂ€lsingland, like most northern Svea dialects and Standard Swedish, generally preserve the
1367:
The preproprial article is obligatory in all traditional dialects in Norrland except for the southernmost regions of
899:. There are also indications that medial palatalization formerly reached even further south, into the archipelago of
2246:). From a Norrland standpoint, there are alternative reasons to define it as coinciding with the southern border of
1954:
These dialects, intermediate between the Southern VĂ€sterbotten dialects and the Ă
ngermanland dialect, are spoken in
526:
4111:
4025:
3688:
2026:
in Vilhelmina municipality is a transitional dialect between Ă
ngermanland and the dialects of Lycksele lappmark.
1491:
1103:
Dahl also lists a number of other contexts where the definite article is used, including after quantifiers, e.g.
96:
3481:
4003:
3975:
3945:
3897:
3874:
3535:
2163:
1301:
In Norrland dialects, the form of the article is usually identical to the unstressed forms of the 3rd person
3902:
2015:
1955:
1850:
1759:
1751:
291:(so-called âcircumflexâ accent). In words with an original light syllable, no such reduction is found, e.g.
2018:
have largely retained their Ă
ngermanland character while still developing into their own. One exception is
1426:
4059:
3787:
3354:
3180:. Skrifter utgivna genom Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala, A:23 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.
3171:. BeitrÀge zur nordischen Philologie, 99-0102922-8 ; 1 (in German). Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn.
2254:
1963:
1885:
1838:
1191:). This is characteristic for all traditional Norrland dialects, and the southern border for runs through
1152:
1147:
1081:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
756:
752:
717:
690:
686:
682:
648:
644:
636:
632:
628:
618:
614:
586:
574:
562:
550:
268:
264:
260:
175:
2118:). The JĂ€mtland dialects, like other Norrland dialects, also retain the archaic diphthongs of Old Norse.
4085:
2039:
1959:
1766:. These dialects also preserve a number of archaic features, such as conserved diphthongs in words like
1755:
1632:
1625:
1267:
1062:
888:
845:
721:
391:
3763:
2011:
1901:
1834:
1747:
1606:
1532:
983:
3592:
3509:
3495:
3467:
Kristoffersen, Gjert (1992). "Cirkumflekstonelaget i norske dialekter, med sÊrlig vikt pÄ nordnorsk".
239:
3907:
3851:
2258:
2203:
2065:
1889:
1846:
1168:
916:
729:
570:
2159:
2034:
2007:
1646:
The LuleÄ dialects are known for, among other things, a rich inventory of diphthongs. The Old Norse
489:
135:
spoken to the south. The westerly influences were notably strong in the centuries leading up to the
3892:
3846:
3454:
2266:
2223:
2135:
1893:
1842:
1763:
1610:
1337:
478:
431:
3624:
3332:
NorrlÀndsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk pÄ vetenskaplig grund om den norrlÀndska regionen. Bd 4,
3309:
NorrlÀndsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk pÄ vetenskaplig grund om den norrlÀndska regionen. Bd 3,
3286:
NorrlÀndsk uppslagsbok: ett uppslagsverk pÄ vetenskaplig grund om den norrlÀndska regionen. Bd 2,
1639:
1598:
171:
3937:
3884:
3797:
1881:
1602:
1487:
1336:
The preproprial article is used when the proper name functions as an argument and in identifying
1240:
733:
167:
92:
70:
2083:
1054:
904:
474:
2046:
1967:
856:. In words where there are no related unpalatalized forms, palatalization is more robust, e.g.
4116:
4054:
3861:
3792:
3416:
3335:
3312:
3289:
3214:
3195:
2243:
1590:
1577:
in Nederkalix. Furthermore, the Ăverkalix dialect has more influences from Sami languages and
470:
316:
3633:]. Nordisk kursbibliotek (in Swedish) (8th ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
2023:
1399:
Geography of Norrland dialects according to Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt and Per-Uno Ă
gren from 1954
643:). This is unlike Standard Swedish, and the traditional dialects further to the south, where
259:). The former is common in southern Norrland dialects, as in the infinitive ending of verbs (
3927:
3818:
3782:
3750:
3735:
3725:
3711:
2155:
2019:
1454:
1422:
1302:
1046:
442:
215:
159:
100:
58:
42:
38:
2238:
The commonly accepted isogloss between Norrland dialects and Svealand Swedish runs through
988:
3998:
3965:
3856:
3802:
3730:
3634:
2187:
1565:
have been retained in Ăverkalix, but not in Nederkalix. For example, the Standard Swedish
749:
590:
493:
482:
252:
3646:
3620:
3594:
ArnÀsmÄlet: Ordbok över en ÄngermanlÀndsk dialekt. PÄ grundval av Ella Odstedts samlingar
2202:("moon"). In the northernmost pars of Medelpad, the dialects show notable influence from
1999:
1830:
1038:
1030:
944:
932:
900:
582:
458:
450:
3243:Ăvre Norrlands bygdemĂ„l: berĂ€ttelser pĂ„ bygdemĂ„l med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt
3234:Ăvre Norrlands bygdemĂ„l: berĂ€ttelser pĂ„ bygdemĂ„l med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt
143:. As Norrland gradually came to be more and more under Central Swedish influence in the
3922:
2239:
1412:
1372:
1368:
1192:
979:
920:
876:
640:
538:
434:
dialects, and in Old Swedish texts, vowel balance can be found as far south as eastern
379:
132:
124:
77:
54:
50:
3489:. Berliner BeitrĂ€ge zur Skandinavistik. Berlin: Nordeuropa-Institut. pp. 235â258.
3370:
4105:
3740:
3272:
3191:
Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars
3185:
2183:
1542:
1453:
began to settle the area. They came from many different regions, and some even spoke
1439:
1164:
1018:
1002:
506:
383:
62:
3580:
3442:
3271:
Delsing, Lars-Olof; Edlund, Lars-Erik; Hallberg, Göran; Platzack, Christer (2009).
3260:
1463:
1295:
326:
288:
279:). The latter is common in northern Norrland dialects as well as in JĂ€mtland, e.g.
2294:
1909:
1578:
1275:
1262:
Adjective incorporation is found in all Norrland dialects, as well as in northern
1208:
561:âbarnâ has in many dialects been raised and rounded, e.g. in the LuleĂ„ dialect to
542:
525:). Vowel harmony is restricted to words with an old light root syllable and is an
403:
399:
128:
3194:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Vol. 6. Berlin: Language Science Press.
3189:
3917:
2227:
2079:
2003:
1522:
1518:
1458:
1380:
1330:
1291:
1155:
in traditional dialects in Norrland, including loss of the present tense ending
1116:
1089:
1042:
880:
826:
745:
625:
554:
462:
454:
248:
140:
66:
3664:
1294:, and works like a definite article for both first names, surnames, as well as
4090:
3531:
3511:
Ordbok över lulemÄlet: pÄ grundval av dialekten i AntnÀs by, NederluleÄ socken
1553:
One difference between these two varieties is that the old consonant clusters
1502:
1495:
1430:
1252:
1034:
936:
810:
446:
435:
179:
144:
136:
108:
88:
17:
3420:
303:). This weight-conditioned ending system is known in Swedish dialectology as
4075:
3912:
3758:
3638:
3364:(in Swedish). Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien/Swedish Science Press.
1877:
1614:
1499:
1329:. In many dialects the article is indeclinable, but in many dialects with a
1310:
994:
972:
517:
99:
municipalities. From there, a vaguely defined linguistic border ran through
3384:"NÄgra bidrag till frÄgan om tilljÀmningens ock apokopens utbredningsvÀgar"
2053:
1897:
1395:
103:
from the northernmost point of Ăverkalix parish in an arc to the south of
3865:
2247:
2146:) from other nearby dialects is the pronunciation of both short and long
2131:
1446:
1435:
1357:
1318:
1128:
1050:
956:
948:
884:
704:
Lexical exceptions exist to this rule, notably the word âfarmâ, which is
466:
407:
187:
151:
81:
46:
1525:. Additionally, verbs at least partially retain their old plural forms.
1344:âthis is Erikâ, but not when it functions as a predicate with the verbs
716:), likely due to influence from the standard language. The retention of
414:. It is also notably found in several East Swedish dialects in southern
1913:
1905:
1376:
1271:
1263:
1204:
1104:
1093:
1066:
1058:
960:
952:
940:
892:
872:
725:
546:
531:
419:
415:
395:
387:
256:
76:
The border between Norrland dialects and Svealand Swedish runs through
4080:
3612:
3456:
Dialekter och smÄstadssprÄk: Svenskan i Finland - i dag och i gÄr 1:1
3424:
3345:
3322:
3299:
3224:
3123:
3121:
2206:. A characteristic typical for dialects of coastal Medelpad is short
1450:
1384:
1279:
1212:
1097:
896:
411:
112:
104:
91:
largely followed the eastern and northern borders of the present-day
2605:
2603:
2601:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2349:
2347:
1746:) are spoken in the area of the mediaeval PiteÄ parish (present-day
3680:
2186:. Other traits are shared with the Ă
ngermanlÀnd dialects, like the
2182:. This trait is also found in the HĂ€lsing dialects and in parts of
1505:
have been preserved, as well as archaic consonant clusters such as
2143:
2139:
1942:
1609:
municipalities). They are also spoken in the easternmost parts of
1394:
1146:
238:
2743:
2741:
2739:
1236:
can also refer to a new car contrasted to the speakerâs old car.
3838:
3831:
3824:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2029:
The Ă
ngermanland dialects may be further subdivided as follows:
1683:
150:
The strong West Norse influences can still be seen today in the
3684:
2408:
2406:
2393:
2391:
1115:); with so called âlow referentialâ singular count nouns, e.g.
504:
In a subset of dialects with vowel balance, a process known as
3517:(in Swedish). UmeÄ: Dialekt-, ortnamns- och folkminnesarkivet.
3402:(in Swedish). UmeÄ: Dialekt-, ortnamns- och folkminnesarkivet.
1009:. Examples of this usage include ArnĂ€s dialect (Ă
ngermanland)
3236:(in Swedish) (1st ed.). UmeÄ: Vetenskapliga Biblioteket.
2544:
1429:
geographically defines this dialect to those inland parts of
2250:, which would fit with the southern limit of vowel balance.
1498:, the Kalix dialects retain numerous archaic features. Many
1462:
Lappmark and the areas just to the south. For instance, the
549:, but is also found in Norrland dialects. For instance, the
147:, many of the older West Norse characteristics disappeared.
3673:
Text samples of traditional dialects from northern Norrland
3245:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.). UmeÄ: Johan Nordlander-sÀllsk.
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
1950:
Transitional dialects between Ă
ngermanland and VĂ€sterbotten
982:
and nouns denoting an unlimited quantity. For this reason,
871:
The southern border for medial palatalization runs through
123:
Norrland dialects arose from the combined influence of the
87:
The old northern border of the Swedish language in coastal
3415:(14). Uppsala : Swedish Science Press, 1981-: 57â60.
3407:
Holm, Gösta (1987). "SprÄkgrupper i forntidens Norrland".
2758:
2756:
1029:). This use of the definite form is common in dialects in
651:
in this context. Examples include Medelpad (Torp dialect)
492:
that the Scandinavian vowel balance arose in contact with
2726:
2724:
1486:) are spoken in the medieval Kalix parishes (present-day
3573:
Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen
3435:
Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen
3253:
Dialektsyntaktiska studier av den nordiska nominalfrasen
2842:
2840:
1754:
municipalities) as well as in the southernmost parts of
931:âwood pileâ. This type of stress is especially found in
681:). JĂ€mtland does not share this feature, having changed
3211:
NorrlÀndska och nusvenska: tre studier i nutida svenska
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2622:
2620:
2618:
3600:(in Swedish). Uppsala: Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet.
2884:
2882:
2857:
2855:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
45:. It comprises most dialects traditionally spoken in
3371:"[Review of] Norsk sprÄkhistorie 2. Praksis"
1869:
in various local dialects of Northern VĂ€sterbotten.
1620:
These dialects may be further subdivided as follows
4068:
4042:
4017:
3991:
3936:
3883:
3811:
3749:
3718:
1597:) are spoken in and around the mediaeval parish of
923:is placed on the second element, e.g. Ă
ngermanland
2134:, with the exception of the westernmost parish of
1904:which is highly reminiscent of dialects spoken in
997:â, since the partitive use is similar to e.g. the
247:Unlike present-day Standard Swedish, syllables in
3330:Edlund, Lars-Erik; FrÀngsmyr, Tore, eds. (1996).
3307:Edlund, Lars-Erik; FrÀngsmyr, Tore, eds. (1995).
3284:Edlund, Lars-Erik; FrÀngsmyr, Tore, eds. (1994).
2972:
1305:, from which they are also historically derived:
1131:dialect (VĂ€sterbottenâĂ
ngermanland transitional)
1080:. This usage also includes âcitation usesâ, e.g.
139:. The shift to East Norse progressed through the
3611:(in Swedish) (8th ed.). Stockholm: Fritze.
1290:A preproprial article is an article used before
951:. Similar stress phenomena are found in western
631:has been preserved before the consonant cluster
3653:(in Swedish) (9th ed.). Stockholm: Fritze.
3241:Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus; Ă
gren, Per-Uno (1980).
3232:Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus; Ă
gren, Per-Uno (1954).
3151:
3139:
3127:
3112:
3100:
3088:
2397:
2382:
2353:
1966:. These dialects are similar to the dialect of
803:
663:
333:
3579:. Oslo: Novus. pp. 99â112. Archived from
3536:"Balance and harmony in Scandinavian dialects"
3076:
2948:
2873:
2747:
2703:
2691:
2609:
2508:
2453:
2424:
2412:
978:A primary use of the definite article is with
3696:
3441:. Oslo: Novus. pp. 85â98. Archived from
3259:. Oslo: Novus. pp. 11â64. Archived from
2520:
537:Vowel harmony has its center of intensity in
343:âbagâ (with lengthened root vowel, from OSw.
8:
1940:in the Northern dialects (Standard Swedish:
1417:The so-called "settler dialects" (Swedish:
1135:âeats soup with a spoonâ (Standard Swedish
585:dialects, root vowel harmony with original
390:. Outside of Sweden, it occurs in northern
178:) have West Nordic origins. The dialect of
3703:
3689:
3681:
3334:(in Swedish). UmeÄ: Norrlands univ.-förl.
3311:(in Swedish). UmeÄ: Norrlands univ.-förl.
3288:(in Swedish). UmeÄ: Norrlands univ.-förl.
1013:âsowed burn-beaten ryeâ (Standard Swedish
488:It has been suggested by Russian linguist
3556:"FolkmÄlet i Nederkalix och Töre socknar"
3526:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Natur o. kultur.
2323:
2194:sound after long vowels in words such as
1872:Southern VĂ€sterbotten dialects (Swedish:
1825:Northern VĂ€sterbotten dialects (Swedish:
1449:in the 18th and 19th centuries as ethnic
1203:. This feature is also found in northern
895:(Nyland) in Finland, as well as parts of
2730:
2650:
2532:
1521:is also retained, including following a
1494:municipalities). Like other dialects in
1049:. There are also attested examples from
3039:
3008:
2996:
2846:
2715:
2568:
2436:
2286:
1421:) comprise all the Swedish dialects in
1227:âthe new carâ with the compounded form
915:In many Norrland dialects, the primary
4009:Institute for the Languages of Finland
2783:
2762:
2679:
2667:
2638:
2626:
2556:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2338:
1829:) are spoken in the northern parts of
1045:as well as in the settler dialects of
720:is also found in adjacent dialects in
3483:SprÄk og sprÄkforhold i Såpmi. Berlin
2819:
2807:
2198:("experienced", "habituated to") and
1970:, such as in the change of Old Norse
1383:. It is also common in most parts of
1266:. It is also found to some extent in
993:calls this use of the definite form â
939:, but also further south in northern
7:
3563:Svenska landsmÄl och svenskt folkliv
3391:Svenska landsmÄl och svenskt folkliv
3362:Svenska landsmÄl och svenskt folkliv
3020:
2984:
2960:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2861:
2831:
2795:
2592:
2580:
2365:
1994:The Ă
ngermanland dialects (Swedish:
1528:The Kalix dialects are divided into
1053:. In addition, it is also common in
791:, e.g. ArnĂ€s dialect (Ă
ngermanland)
154:of Norrland in placenames ending in
27:Group of dialects of northern Sweden
3169:Die Gliederung des Nordgermanischen
2086:, where the so-called Lid dialect (
1794:are often retained, for example in
1782:, "stone"). The consonant clusters
1470:as opposed to the Standard Swedish
1195:, so that northern HĂ€lsingland has
1123:âwe had a horseâ (Standard Swedish
1111:âthree brothersâ (Standard Swedish
955:(Nyland) in Finland, as well as in
796:
656:
477:and SmÄland as well as in Standard
323:
214:, "he calls"), and the uninflected
3393:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.
1714:, meaning "rice"), while Standard
635:(which, however, has changed into
69:, which are usually classified as
57:, which are usually classified as
25:
3741:Ukrainian Swedish (Gammalsvenska)
3213:(in Swedish). Lund: Studentlitt.
1139:), as well as a few other cases.
3665:Listen to some Norrland dialects
3494:Lindgren, Jonas Valfrid (1940).
3377:(in Swedish). Oslo: BymÄlslaget.
2126:The Medelpad dialects (Swedish:
2070:The JĂ€mtland dialects (Swedish:
1333:, it has a dative form as well.
1255:dialect (southern VĂ€sterbotten)
1119:dialect (northern VĂ€sterbotten)
1107:dialect (southern VĂ€sterbotten)
1084:dialect (northern VĂ€sterbotten)
166:, "harbour"). Parish names such
3631:History of the Swedish language
3209:Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus (1971).
1982:as opposed to Standard Swedish
708:in most of Norrland (< OSw.
198:), present tense forms such as
2082:, with the exception of upper
1375:. It is also found in western
1025:âheat milkâ (Standard Swedish
1:
4050:Swedish as a foreign language
3409:Bebyggelsehistorisk Tidskrift
3178:TorpmÄlets ljud- och formlÀra
2973:Sandström & Holmberg 2003
2222:These dialects are spoken in
1742:The PiteÄ dialects (Swedish:
1482:The Kalix dialects (Swedish:
1179:âhe bitesâ (Standard Swedish
295:âto speakâ (< Old Swedish
287:, with preserved double-peak
275:âto throwâ (Standard Swedish
2154:as the same, the so-called "
1821:North and south VĂ€sterbotten
1187:âhe runsâ (Standard Swedish
4033:Svenska Akademiens ordlista
3951:Reformation and Renaissance
3475:. Oslo: BymĂ„lslaget: 37â61.
3400:NordnorrlÀndsk dialektatlas
3152:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1995
3140:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1996
3128:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1996
3113:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1995
3101:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1996
3089:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1995
2439:, p. 37, 90, 109, 131.
2398:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1995
2383:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1994
2354:Edlund & FrÀngsmyr 1995
2078:) comprise the dialects of
1841:), together with a part of
1356:âhis name is Erikâ, nor in
728:to the east, as well as in
624:In most Norrland dialects,
4133:
3508:Nyström, Jan-Olov (1993).
3353:Edlund, Lars-Erik (2011).
3277:Arkiv för nordisk filologi
3077:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1954
2949:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2874:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2748:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2704:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2692:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2610:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2509:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2454:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2425:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2413:Dahlstedt & Ă
gren 1980
2063:
1833:, primarily the mediaeval
1658:are preserved, as well as
1410:
1159:(isogloss line 1, yellow).
573:with full assimilation to
299:; Modern Standard Swedish
37:) is one of the six major
4026:Svenska Akademiens ordbok
3591:Söderström, Sven (1994).
3497:Ordbok över BurtrÀskmÄlet
3453:Ivars, Ann-Marie (2015).
3369:Fridell, Staffan (2019).
1900:. A dialect is spoken in
1387:, except the very south.
759:, as well as the cluster
235:Vowel balance and apocope
4004:Swedish Language Council
3898:Germanic parent language
3273:"Litteraturkrönika 2008"
2178:is pronounced closer to
2114:, "cow"; cf. Norwegian:
2102:, "hut"; cf. Norwegian:
1631:Upper LuleÄ dialect (in
1624:Lower LuleÄ dialect (in
1364:âAnna, where are you?â.
1259:âsuch an ugly old manâ.
1021:(northern VĂ€sterbotten)
967:Use of the definite form
911:Stress in compound words
817:âthe peopleâ (< OSw.
510:is found (also known as
3903:Proto-Germanic language
3554:Rutberg, Hulda (1924).
3382:Geijer, Herman (1921).
3176:Bogren, Petrus (1921).
2004:Nordmaling and Bjurholm
2002:(with the exception of
1876:) are spoken along the
1827:nordvÀsterbottniska mÄl
1760:Arvidsjaur Municipality
1569:("comb" or "crest") is
1219:Adjective incorporation
829:dialect (VĂ€sterbotten)
697:âto becomeâ (< OSw.
673:âpork rindâ (< OSw.
218:in a statement such as
4060:Swedish for immigrants
3605:Wessén, Elias (1967).
3543:Rivista di Linguistica
3167:Bandle, Oskar (1973).
1946:, "gravelly ground").
1874:sydvÀsterbottniska mÄl
1400:
1298:in Norrland dialects.
1160:
1143:Present tense of verbs
1086:he kall ve fö sjanostn
887:. It is also found in
833:âthe fishâ (< OSw.
457:and parts of northern
244:
176:Sundsvall Municipality
163:
61:, as well as those of
49:, except for those of
34:
4086:Swedish Sign Language
3626:Svensk spraakhistoria
3398:Hansson, Ă
ke (1995).
2210:in place of standard
1774:, "cuckoo bird") and
1756:Jokkmokk Municipality
1694:for Standard Swedish
1678:for Standard Swedish
1666:for Standard Swedish
1427:Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt
1398:
1251:âpoor little thingâ;
1150:
947:, as well as western
813:dialect (Norrbotten)
740:Medial palatalization
453:, as well as most of
426:of Old Swedish, i.e.
242:
226:, "they are tired").
3928:Contemporary Swedish
3522:Pamp, Bengt (1978).
3279:(in Swedish). Eslöv.
2299:Nationalencyklopedin
2255:HĂ€lsingland dialects
2234:Northern HĂ€lsingland
1986:, meaning "white").
1734:, meaning "house").
1730:instead of Standard
1710:instead of Standard
1670:, meaning "stone"),
1445:Swedish came to the
1362:(*a) Anna, vars À du
1286:Preproprial articles
1257:tÎkken gammstygggûbb
1247:ânice little boatâ,
736:to the (south)west.
131:to the west and the
107:, then followed the
3893:Proto-Indo-European
3154:, pp. 138â139.
3130:, pp. 331â333.
3091:, pp. 187â188.
3023:, pp. 140â147.
2987:, pp. 130â131.
2963:, pp. 127â128.
2694:, pp. 256â257.
2612:, pp. 234â236.
2545:Delsing et al. 2009
2385:, pp. 274â276.
2356:, pp. 319â320.
2110:(Standard Swedish:
2098:(Standard Swedish:
1996:ÄngermanlÀndska mÄl
1928:(Standard Swedish:
1920:(Standard Swedish:
1812:(Standard Swedish:
1808:lÄn", "loan"), but
1806:(Standard Swedish:
1798:(Standard Swedish:
1778:(Standard Swedish:
1770:(Standard Swedish:
1137:Ă€ter soppa med sked
589:is common, e.g. in
355:âclockâ (< OSw.
222:(Standard Swedish:
210:(Standard Swedish:
202:(Standard Swedish:
194:(Standard Swedish:
111:to the border with
2653:, p. 91, 123.
2571:, p. 121â122.
2521:Kristoffersen 1992
2040:Vilhelmina dialect
2010:. The dialects of
1638:RÄneÄ dialect (in
1633:Upper LuleÄ parish
1626:Lower LuleÄ parish
1573:in Ăverkalix, but
1543:Nederkalix dialect
1466:is locally called
1401:
1354:han het (*en) Erik
1348:âto be namedâ and
1241:Nederkalix dialect
1161:
1074:beavers build dams
860:âmuchâ (< OSw.
734:Norwegian dialects
693:), as in JĂ€mtland
597:âreadâ (< OSw.
367:âbarnâ (< OSw.
245:
4099:
4098:
4055:Mandatory Swedish
3719:National variants
3524:Svenska dialekter
3201:978-3-944675-57-2
2927:, pp. 83â87.
2915:, pp. 45â46.
2903:, pp. 55â61.
2295:"NorrlÀndska mÄl"
2170:is pronounced as
2094:in words such as
2066:JĂ€mtland dialects
1912:, and Degerfors (
1902:Lycksele lappmark
1835:SkellefteÄ parish
1533:Ăverkalix dialect
1303:personal pronouns
1078:gold is expensive
1007:non-delimited use
984:Lars-Olof Delsing
852:or unpalatalized
605:âcutâ (< OSw.
571:JĂ€mtland dialects
283:or more commonly
206:, "he goes") and
65:and northernmost
39:dialect groupings
31:Norrland dialects
16:(Redirected from
4124:
4112:Swedish dialects
3875:Dialect Alphabet
3774:Ăstsvenska mĂ„l:
3736:Estonian Swedish
3726:Standard Swedish
3712:Swedish language
3705:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3654:
3642:
3616:
3601:
3599:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3566:
3560:
3550:
3540:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3504:
3502:
3490:
3488:
3476:
3471:(in Norwegian).
3463:
3461:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3428:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3378:
3365:
3359:
3349:
3326:
3303:
3280:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3205:
3181:
3172:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3043:
3042:, p. 20â22.
3037:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2766:
2765:, p. 41â43.
2760:
2751:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2291:
2253:Included in the
2130:) are spoken in
1998:) are spoken in
1758:and in northern
1407:Settler dialects
1379:and in northern
1352:âto be calledâ:
1154:
1133:Àt sÄppa ve skea
1061:, as well as in
1011:sÄddÀ svejjrÎgen
999:French partitive
992:
927:âbirch roofâ or
805:
798:
795:âthe ryeâ (<
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
758:
754:
750:velar consonants
719:
692:
688:
684:
665:
658:
650:
646:
638:
634:
630:
620:
616:
591:past participles
588:
576:
564:
552:
479:BokmÄl Norwegian
335:
325:
270:
266:
262:
59:Svealand Swedish
43:Swedish language
21:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4064:
4038:
4013:
3999:Swedish Academy
3987:
3932:
3879:
3807:
3769:NorrlÀndska mÄl
3745:
3731:Finland Swedish
3714:
3709:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3645:
3619:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3558:
3553:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3406:
3397:
3386:
3381:
3368:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3329:
3319:
3306:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3221:
3208:
3202:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3046:
3038:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2750:, p. 260f.
2746:
2737:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2595:, p. 235f.
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:, p. 240f.
2483:
2479:
2471:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2259:Hassela dialect
2236:
2220:
2124:
2068:
2062:
1992:
1952:
1857:("ear") can be
1823:
1740:
1587:
1480:
1415:
1409:
1393:
1360:constructions:
1342:de hÀr À n Erik
1288:
1221:
1199:, but southern
1145:
1015:sÄdde svedjerÄg
986:
980:non-count nouns
969:
913:
742:
647:has shifted to
622:
512:vowel levelling
502:
494:Saami languages
469:in Sweden, and
253:light and heavy
237:
232:
121:
35:norrlÀndska mÄl
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4069:Related topics
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3923:Modern Swedish
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3803:Rinkebysvenska
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Sydsvenska mÄl
3785:
3780:
3772:
3766:
3761:
3759:GotlÀndska mÄl
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3660:
3659:External links
3657:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3617:
3602:
3588:
3586:on 2007-06-10.
3567:
3551:
3528:
3519:
3505:
3491:
3477:
3464:
3450:
3448:on 2007-06-10.
3429:
3404:
3395:
3379:
3366:
3350:
3340:
3327:
3317:
3304:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3266:on 2007-06-10.
3247:
3238:
3229:
3219:
3206:
3200:
3182:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3142:, p. 370.
3132:
3117:
3105:
3103:, p. 409.
3093:
3081:
3044:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2999:, p. 141.
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2951:, p. 245.
2941:
2939:, p. 124.
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2891:, p. 49f.
2878:
2876:, p. 281.
2866:
2851:
2836:
2824:
2822:, p. 180.
2812:
2810:, p. 286.
2800:
2798:, p. 134.
2788:
2767:
2752:
2735:
2720:
2708:
2706:, p. 257.
2696:
2684:
2672:
2655:
2643:
2641:, p. 36f.
2631:
2614:
2597:
2585:
2583:, p. 233.
2573:
2561:
2559:, p. 182.
2549:
2547:, p. 242.
2537:
2525:
2513:
2511:, p. 244.
2501:
2489:
2477:
2458:
2456:, p. 241.
2441:
2429:
2427:, p. 242.
2417:
2415:, p. 240.
2402:
2387:
2370:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2324:Dahlstedt 1971
2311:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2235:
2232:
2219:
2216:
2123:
2120:
2064:Main article:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2035:Ă
sele lappmark
2008:Ă
sele lappmark
1991:
1988:
1951:
1948:
1822:
1819:
1739:
1736:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1591:LuleÄ dialects
1586:
1583:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1479:
1476:
1413:Kiruna dialect
1408:
1405:
1392:
1389:
1287:
1284:
1249:lilfÄtistÄkkar
1220:
1217:
1175:is lost, e.g.
1144:
1141:
968:
965:
921:compound words
912:
909:
765:palatalization
741:
738:
641:retroflex flap
621:
611:
607:skĆrit, skĆrit
581:. In southern
539:Eastern Norway
501:
498:
490:Jurij Kusmenko
251:could be both
236:
233:
231:
228:
133:Old East Norse
125:Old West Norse
120:
117:
26:
24:
18:Kalix dialects
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4129:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Enlightenment
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:Ostrobothnian
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3647:Wessén, Elias
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3621:Wessén, Elias
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3565:(in Swedish).
3564:
3557:
3552:
3549:(1): 233â276.
3548:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:Maal og Minne
3465:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3375:Maal og Minne
3372:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3341:91-972484-2-8
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3318:91-972484-1-X
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3295:91-972484-0-1
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3220:91-44-07961-3
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3011:, p. 49.
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2864:, p. 49.
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:, p. 15.
2848:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:, p. 47.
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2786:, p. 43.
2785:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:, p. 40.
2732:
2731:Lindgren 1940
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:, p. 28.
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2682:, p. 33.
2681:
2676:
2673:
2670:, p. 41.
2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:Lindgren 1940
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2629:, p. 41.
2628:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:Kusmenko 2007
2529:
2526:
2523:, p. 38.
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2499:, p. 52.
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:, p. 78.
2399:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:Forsa dialect
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:, "leg") and
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:Pite lappmark
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Pite lappmark
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:Lule lappmark
1608:
1604:
1601:(present-day
1600:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1547:nederkalixmÄl
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1296:kinship terms
1293:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:(Norrbotten)
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:den nya bilen
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:, the ending
1170:
1166:
1165:present tense
1158:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:vi hadd hÀstn
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1096:and parts of
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
985:
981:
976:
974:
966:
964:
962:
959:and southern
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:and parts of
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
794:
766:
751:
747:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
654:
642:
627:
613:Retention of
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
556:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
528:
524:
520:
519:
513:
509:
508:
507:vowel harmony
500:Vowel harmony
499:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
481:and Standard
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
432:Upper Swedish
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:and parts of
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:and in upper
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
328:
322:âhillâ (<
321:
318:
317:LuleÄ dialect
312:
310:
306:
305:vowel balance
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
258:
254:
250:
241:
234:
229:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:and southern
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4031:
4024:
4018:Dictionaries
3866:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3798:Stockholmska
3775:
3768:
3676:(in Swedish)
3668:(in Swedish)
3651:VÄra folkmÄl
3650:
3630:
3625:
3608:VÄra folkmÄl
3607:
3593:
3581:the original
3572:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3523:
3510:
3496:
3482:
3472:
3468:
3455:
3443:the original
3434:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3374:
3361:
3331:
3308:
3285:
3276:
3261:the original
3252:
3242:
3233:
3210:
3190:
3177:
3168:
3161:Bibliography
3147:
3135:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3040:Delsing 2003
3016:
3009:Delsing 2003
3004:
2997:Rutberg 1924
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2869:
2847:Delsing 2003
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2716:Hansson 1995
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2646:
2634:
2588:
2576:
2569:Fridell 2019
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2437:Nyström 1993
2432:
2420:
2361:
2303:. Retrieved
2301:(in Swedish)
2298:
2289:
2270:
2262:
2252:
2237:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2128:medelpadsmÄl
2127:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2052:Dialects of
2033:Dialects of
2028:
2000:Ă
ngermanland
1995:
1993:
1990:Ă
ngermanland
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1892:, including
1873:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1831:VĂ€sterbotten
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1640:RÄneÄ parish
1619:
1594:
1588:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1537:överkalixmÄl
1536:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1483:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1464:Siberian jay
1444:
1418:
1416:
1402:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:predicatives
1335:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1292:proper names
1289:
1268:Ostrobothnia
1261:
1256:
1248:
1245:litn artibÄt
1244:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1200:
1196:
1189:han springer
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:strong verbs
1162:
1156:
1136:
1132:
1125:vi hade hÀst
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1063:Ostrobothnia
1057:in northern
1039:Ă
ngermanland
1031:VĂ€sterbotten
1026:
1023:vÀÀrm mjölka
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
977:
970:
933:Ă
ngermanland
928:
924:
914:
905:Ăstergötland
901:Södermanland
889:Ostrobothnia
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
838:
834:
830:
822:
818:
814:
806:
799:
792:
743:
722:Ostrobothnia
713:
709:
705:
703:
698:
694:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
655:âardâ (<
652:
623:
606:
602:
598:
594:
583:VĂ€sterbotten
578:
566:
558:
536:
527:assimilation
522:
515:
511:
505:
503:
487:
475:Ăstergötland
459:Ă
ngermanland
451:VĂ€sterbotten
440:
427:
423:
392:Ostrobothnia
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
329:
319:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:pitch accent
284:
280:
276:
272:
246:
224:de Àr trötta
223:
219:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
155:
149:
122:
86:
75:
30:
29:
3918:Old Swedish
3908:Proto-Norse
3847:Orthography
3532:Riad, Tomas
3186:Dahl, Ăsten
3115:, p. .
3079:, p. .
2784:Wessén 1969
2763:Wessén 1969
2680:Bogren 1921
2668:Wessén 1970
2639:Geijer 1921
2627:Wessén 1969
2557:Edlund 2011
2497:Wessén 1969
2485:Wessén 1969
2473:Bandle 1973
2341:, p. .
2339:Wessén 1967
2326:, p. .
2240:HĂ€lsingland
2228:Ytterhogdal
1962:as well as
1837:(including
1613:up to near
1523:preposition
1519:dative case
1459:dative case
1419:nybyggarmÄl
1391:Subgrouping
1373:GĂ€strikland
1369:HĂ€lsingland
1331:dative case
1193:HĂ€lsingland
1109:tre brödren
1092:, southern
1027:vÀrma mjölk
1005:calls this
987: [
877:VĂ€stmanland
746:Old Swedish
730:Dalecarlian
626:Old Swedish
555:Old Swedish
523:tilljÀmning
380:HĂ€lsingland
309:vokalbalans
249:Old Swedish
220:dom À trött
216:predicative
141:Middle Ages
78:HĂ€lsingland
55:HĂ€lsingland
51:GĂ€strikland
4106:Categories
4091:Suecophile
3992:Regulators
3983:Children's
3938:Literature
2820:Ivars 2015
2808:Ivars 2015
2305:2023-08-10
2277:References
2269:(Swedish:
2265:) and the
2263:hasselamÄl
2261:(Swedish:
2184:HĂ€rjedalen
2084:Frostviken
2016:Vilhelmina
1956:Nordmaling
1851:Arvidsjaur
1816:, "boat").
1682:, meaning
1593:(Swedish:
1503:diphthongs
1496:Norrbotten
1440:MalmfÀlten
1431:Norrbotten
1411:See also:
1253:Vilhelmina
1185:han spring
1113:tre bröder
1055:Ovansiljan
1035:Norrbotten
1019:SkellefteÄ
1003:Ăsten Dahl
937:Norrbotten
864:, Mod.Sw.
837:; Mod.Sw.
821:; Mod.Sw.
763:underwent
712:; Mod.Sw.
677:; Mod.Sw.
545:and upper
521:; Swedish
447:Norrbotten
384:HĂ€rjedalen
371:; Mod.Sw.
359:; Mod.Sw.
347:; Mod.Sw.
188:isoglosses
180:Norrbotten
145:Modern Era
137:Viking Age
127:spoken in
109:Lule River
89:Norrbotten
63:HĂ€rjedalen
33:(Swedish:
4076:Swenglish
4043:Education
3971:Modernist
3913:Old Norse
3862:Phonology
3639:20307246M
3421:0349-2834
3021:Dahl 2015
2985:Dahl 2015
2961:Dahl 2015
2937:Pamp 1978
2925:Dahl 2015
2913:Dahl 2015
2901:Dahl 2015
2889:Dahl 2015
2862:Dahl 2015
2832:Pamp 1978
2796:Pamp 1978
2593:Riad 1998
2581:Riad 1998
2366:Holm 1987
2047:Nolaskogs
1968:nolaskogs
1878:Ume River
1615:Vuollerim
1579:MeÀnkieli
1500:Old Norse
1492:Ăverkalix
1472:lavskrika
1311:masculine
1276:TrĂžndelag
1209:TrĂžndelag
1181:han biter
995:partitive
973:bare noun
945:Södertörn
925:neverËtak
691:/auÌŻ~ouÌŻ/
543:TrĂžndelag
518:metaphony
404:TrĂžndelag
400:Ăstlandet
307:(Swedish
212:han ropar
174:(both in
129:TrĂžndelag
97:Ăverkalix
71:Norwegian
4117:Norrland
3961:Romantic
3819:Alphabet
3793:Ă
lÀndska
3751:Dialects
3649:(1970).
3623:(1969).
3534:(1998).
3427:3251578.
3348:1610874.
3325:1610873.
3302:1610872.
3227:7276064.
3188:(2015).
2271:forsamÄl
2257:are the
2248:Medelpad
2244:ĂdmĂ„rden
2204:JĂ€mtland
2174:, while
2132:Medelpad
2122:Medelpad
2088:LidmÄlet
2080:JĂ€mtland
2060:JĂ€mtland
2020:Fredrika
1960:Bjurholm
1718:becomes
1702:becomes
1484:kalixmÄl
1447:Lappmark
1436:Arjeplog
1423:Lappland
1381:VĂ€rmland
1358:vocative
1319:feminine
1201:han bite
1151:Loss of
1129:Bjurholm
1117:BurtrÀsk
1090:VĂ€rmland
1051:Medelpad
1043:JĂ€mtland
1001:, while
929:veaËkast
885:Svealand
881:VĂ€rmland
827:BurtrÀsk
748:initial
593:such as
557:oblique
463:VĂ€rmland
455:JĂ€mtland
443:Lappland
408:Nordland
271:), e.g.
230:Features
208:han ropa
152:toponymy
101:Lappland
82:Medelpad
67:JĂ€mtland
47:Norrland
3966:Realism
3885:History
3857:Grammar
3852:Braille
3783:SveamÄl
3764:GötamÄl
3615:459860.
2188:"thick
2160:Borgsjö
2076:jÀmtska
2072:jÀmtmÄl
2049:dialect
2024:DikanÀs
1964:ĂrtrĂ€sk
1914:Vindeln
1890:Sorsele
1752:Ălvsbyn
1744:pitemÄl
1690:(e.g.,
1686:), and
1674:(e.g.,
1662:(e.g.,
1595:lulemÄl
1455:Finnish
1377:Dalarna
1317:in the
1309:in the
1274:and in
1272:Finland
1264:Dalarna
1229:nybilen
1205:Dalarna
1197:han bit
1177:han bit
1163:In the
1105:Sorsele
1094:Finland
1082:Ersmark
1067:Finland
1059:Dalarna
1047:Lapland
961:Halland
953:Uusimaa
941:Uppland
893:Uusimaa
873:Uppland
850:fissjin
846:analogy
831:fissjen
811:Ălvsbyn
804:Mod.Sw.
789:/Ê~stÉ/
726:Finland
664:Mod.Sw.
617:before
547:Dalarna
532:Dalarna
471:Jutland
436:SmÄland
420:Estonia
416:Finland
398:and in
396:Finland
388:Dalarna
334:Mod.Sw.
327:oblique
257:apocope
204:han gÄr
160:Swedish
119:History
41:of the
4081:Svorsk
3976:poetry
3869:-sound
3637:
3613:LIBRIS
3425:LIBRIS
3419:
3346:LIBRIS
3338:
3323:LIBRIS
3315:
3300:LIBRIS
3292:
3225:LIBRIS
3217:
3198:
2224:Haverö
2218:Hogdal
2158:". In
2156:Viby I
2136:Haverö
2106:) and
2054:Ă
dalen
2006:) and
1910:VÀnnÀs
1898:Holmön
1894:BygdeÄ
1839:Norsjö
1790:, and
1654:, and
1561:, and
1517:. The
1451:Swedes
1385:Norway
1350:kallas
1327:a Anna
1323:n Erik
1321:, e.g
1313:, and
1280:Norway
1234:nybiln
1213:Norway
1098:Norway
917:stress
897:Norway
866:mycket
858:myttje
854:fisken
839:fisken
835:fiskin
823:folket
819:folkit
815:fÄិtje
793:rĂŽjjen
773:/j~dÊ/
710:garĂŸer
669:) and
601:) and
599:lĂŠÌsit
516:vowel
483:Danish
412:Norway
363:) vs.
361:klocka
357:klokku
353:káž·ookk
339:) vs.
200:han gÄ
156:-Ă„nger
113:Norway
105:Porjus
3946:Early
3629:[
3598:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3577:(PDF)
3559:(PDF)
3539:(PDF)
3515:(PDF)
3501:(PDF)
3487:(PDF)
3460:(PDF)
3446:(PDF)
3439:(PDF)
3387:(PDF)
3358:(PDF)
3264:(PDF)
3257:(PDF)
2282:Notes
2144:Liden
2140:Indal
2012:Ă
sele
1886:TĂ€rna
1880:from
1865:, or
1776:stein
1748:PiteÄ
1738:PiteÄ
1664:stein
1607:LuleÄ
1603:Boden
1599:LuleÄ
1585:LuleÄ
1488:Kalix
1478:Kalix
1468:koxik
991:]
957:SkÄne
949:Ă
land
862:mykit
807:rÄgen
800:rĆgin
787:>
779:>
771:>
699:varĂŸa
685:into
675:svarĂŸ
667:Ă„rder
660:arĂŸer
603:skyri
595:lissi
569:, in
467:Ăland
428:kasta
382:, in
365:lö:do
341:po:sa
337:backe
330:bakka
320:bÀÀkk
285:kaast
277:kasta
273:kaste
263:>
196:mÄste
192:mÄsta
172:Indal
93:Kalix
3473:1992
3417:ISSN
3413:1987
3336:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3196:ISBN
2226:and
2200:mÄne
2164:Torp
2162:and
2150:and
2014:and
1980:gvit
1958:and
1934:ĂŽger
1926:ööys
1918:bein
1906:UmeÄ
1896:and
1888:and
1882:UmeÄ
1867:aajr
1863:ÀÀyr
1859:ööyr
1849:and
1847:MalÄ
1796:kamb
1780:sten
1768:göuk
1750:and
1728:heos
1708:röis
1684:hawk
1676:heok
1668:sten
1605:and
1589:The
1571:kemb
1513:and
1490:and
1371:and
1346:heta
1307:(e)n
1207:and
943:and
935:and
903:and
879:and
797:OSw.
785:/sk/
781:/tÉ/
761:/sk/
755:and
744:The
732:and
714:gÄrd
695:vÄÄិ
689:(or
679:svÄl
671:svaáž·
657:OSw.
639:, a
633:/rĂ°/
619:/rĂ°/
579:ludu
567:lödo
559:lÄĂŸu
465:and
449:and
418:and
373:lada
369:lÄĂŸu
349:pÄse
345:pĆsa
324:OSw.
301:tala
297:tÄla
293:taáž·a
281:kast
170:and
168:Skön
95:and
3812:Use
2273:).
2196:van
2100:bod
1984:vit
1976:gv-
1974:to
1972:hv-
1938:aur
1936:is
1930:ösa
1922:ben
1884:to
1855:öra
1814:bÄt
1810:bÄt
1804:lan
1800:kam
1772:gök
1762:in
1732:hus
1722:or
1712:ris
1692:hoi
1680:hök
1575:kap
1567:kam
1511:stj
1325:or
1278:in
1270:in
1211:in
1183:);
1173:-er
1167:of
1157:-er
1153:/r/
1076:or
1065:in
1017:);
919:in
883:in
868:.)
841:).
825:);
809:);
777:/k/
769:/ÉĄ/
757:/k/
753:/ÉĄ/
724:in
718:/a/
706:gÄិ
701:).
687:/o/
683:/a/
649:/o/
645:/a/
637:/ɜ/
629:/a/
615:/a/
609:).
587:/i/
575:/Ê/
563:/Ăž/
553:in
551:/a/
514:or
410:in
394:in
375:).
351:);
311:).
269:/ĂŠ/
267:or
265:/É/
261:/a/
164:vik
4108::
3867:sj
3635:OL
3561:.
3547:10
3545:.
3541:.
3423:.
3411:.
3389:.
3373:.
3360:.
3344:.
3321:.
3298:.
3275:.
3223:.
3120:^
3047:^
3028:^
2881:^
2854:^
2839:^
2770:^
2755:^
2738:^
2723:^
2658:^
2617:^
2600:^
2461:^
2444:^
2405:^
2390:^
2373:^
2346:^
2331:^
2314:^
2297:.
2230:.
2214:.
2166:,
2116:ku
2112:ko
2108:ku
2104:bu
2096:bu
2074:,
1943:ör
1908:,
1861:,
1792:ng
1788:nd
1786:,
1784:mb
1724:eu
1720:eo
1704:öi
1696:hö
1688:oi
1672:eo
1660:ei
1656:öy
1652:au
1650:,
1648:ai
1617:.
1581:.
1563:ng
1559:nd
1557:,
1555:mb
1515:lj
1509:,
1507:sj
1474:.
1442:.
1425:;
1340::
1282:.
1215:.
1100:.
1069:.
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
989:sv
975:.
963:.
907:.
875:,
802:;
783:;
775:;
662:;
653:aáž·
577::
565::
541:,
534:.
485:.
445:,
438:.
424:-a
402:,
332:;
162::
115:.
84:.
73:.
3871:)
3864:(
3839:Ă
3832:Ă
3825:Ă
3771::
3704:e
3697:t
3690:v
3641:.
3204:.
2975:.
2535:.
2475:.
2368:.
2308:.
2212:ö
2208:u
2192:"
2190:n
2180:e
2176:ö
2172:i
2168:y
2152:y
2148:i
2142:â
2092:u
1978:(
1845:(
1726:(
1716:u
1706:(
1700:i
1642:)
1635:)
1628:)
1549:)
1545:(
1539:)
1535:(
1315:a
158:(
20:)
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