Knowledge (XXG)

Murder of Usharani Ganaison

Source 📝

325:
the scene, leaving the deceased girl at the ramp. Dr Paul Ngui, a private psychiatrist, was called to support Kalidass's defence. However, in rebuttal, the government psychiatrist Chee Kuan Tsee, who testified for the prosecution, argued that Kalidass was not mentally impaired from the effects of alcohol at the time he killed Usharani, and his post-killing actions of disposing of Usharani's body meticulously also further corroborated that his mental state was normal at the time of the crime. He also added that Kalidass was in a state of hysterical amnesia and
237:, which fell on the same day. She was last seen leaving the flat at about 11.30pm. However, Usharani did not return fifteen minutes after leaving the flat. Usha's elder sister also could not find Usharani at the coffee shop when her parents sent her to find her youngest sister. Later, the family and friends of Usharani went to search the whole neighbourhood for Usharani, and even sought help from a nearby passing patrol car to find the girl. However, up until 4am, they were unable to find Usharani and so they reported her disappearance to the police. 309:, the pathologist who examined the victim's body, testified that the cause of death was asphyxia by strangulation. Professor Chao discovered bite marks and bruises on the body, and he certified that the girl was sexually assaulted due to the cuts and bruises at her hymen and vagina, but he stated that these injuries were not caused by the sexual organ penetrating the vagina, but rather by another object like a human finger. Djeng Shih Kien, a former senior lecturer of dentistry at the 317:
left his friend's flat, he coincidentally met Usharani, and brought her to a bus stop, where he molested her by groping her private parts before he took her to the ramp nearby her home, and strangled her after a sexual assault of the girl. Although he later claimed in trial that he was tortured by the detective D. Rajoo into confessing since his identity card and driver's license happened to be discovered nearby the crime scene, Kalidass's police statement was admitted as evidence.
245:, the senior forensic pathologist, examined the body during an autopsy and he determined that the girl had been strangled, and she was sexually assaulted. According to Usharani's father, who worked as a labourer, he stated that he was proud of Usharani, who often aced in her examinations and schoolwork, and was the brightest out of his three daughters. The family were filled with heartbreak about Usharani's unfortunate death, and they later buried her at 321:
prosecution, Kalidass admitted he cannot remember if he caused the bite wounds on Usharani, and stated he sort of recalled he did something terrible to his niece, but fearful to go back there to check her state or retrieve his identity card and driver's license, which he found to have dropped at the place he killed Usharani. He kept stating he did not know or did not remember when asked about the events of the night.
273:, who was ten, went missing on 25 November 1977 before she was discovered dead in the following month, with signs of her being sexually assaulted before her death; Cheng's neighbour Quek Kee Siong was later arrested for the murder and sentenced to hang on 6 March 1979. In January 1978, the murder of Usharani was reported as one of the top ten most shocking news ever covered by the media in the year 1977 itself. 666: 1006: 387:, co-authored by Kok Lee Peng, Molly Cheang and Chee Kuan Tsee. It was also cited among the cases relating to the defence of diminished responsibility in law journals. It was also included among the cases debated by psychiatrists in 1983 about the defence of substance intoxication and diminished responsibility when facing a murder charge, in light of the 1983 trial ruling of the 217:, was arrested after a denture mark on Usharani's body was matched to his teeth. Although Kalidass admitted to molesting the girl, he denied killing her intentionally and raised a defence of alcohol intoxication that caused him to be mentally incapable of his actions. However, the trial court found Kalidass mentally sound at the time of the killing, and thus sentenced him 313:, was also consulted to test the bite marks on Usharani's body and he matched the bite mark and single-tooth denture to Kalidass's mouth, which further implicated Kalidass as the last person who was with Usharani before she was killed. The case was known to be a rare case where a denture mark was relied on in catching the real killer of a murder case. 970: 540: 844: 952: 774: 720: 1156: 756: 702: 522: 240:
Seven hours after Usharani's family made a missing persons report, at 11.30am, a group of boys playing at the void deck nearby Usharani's flat stumbled upon the half-naked corpse of a young Indian girl, which was hidden underneath a ramp, and upon the shocking discovery, they asked an adult passer-by
345:
rejected Kalidass's defence of alcohol intoxication, and ruled that there was sufficient evidence to prove that Kalidass had intended to strangle the victim after molesting her and that he was fully aware of the magnitude of his actions and offences committed. Therefore, the judges found 26-year-old
324:
Kalidass also put up a defence of intoxication by alcohol, which made him mentally impaired at the time of the killing. He also stated that as a result of the effects of alcohol, he had no memory of how he strangled Usharani and had a black-out after he molested the girl, before he woke up and fled
316:
Kalidass confessed to the police that he molested his niece, but denied killing her intentionally due to him being drunk when he committed the crime. He claimed that he drank alcohol all the way from morning to night on the day he killed Usharani, and he testified that on the night itself, after he
282: 320:
Some of Kalidass's friends also testified in court that Kalidass had told them he killed a person on the night of Deepavali, and his girlfriend also heard Kalidass stating he lost the denture tooth due to a fight with his brother when she noticed it missing. Under cross-examination by the
1024: 792: 648: 576: 504: 1078: 1060: 65: 988: 738: 486: 233:, seven-year-old Usharani Ganaison, the youngest of three daughters in her family, went outside upon her 30-year-old father N Ganesan's request to buy drinks from a nearby coffee shop for their guests, who all came to celebrate 1042: 898: 880: 862: 827: 810: 684: 630: 594: 558: 350:. Reportedly, Kalidass thanked the court for sentencing him to death. This was one of the last cases presided by Justice Singh, who retired from the Bench on 30 November of that same year, and the former Solicitor-General 262:, was charged with murder on 14 November 1977, and it was revealed by the police that he admitted to the molestation and killing of the victim. The case of Kalidass was transferred from the district courts to the 257:
Two days after Usharani was killed, the police arrested a suspect, whom they revealed was the victim's 23-year-old uncle who was a soldier. The uncle, Lance Corporal Kalidass s/o Sinnathamby Narayanasamy of the
368:- upholding the trial verdict and agreeing that Kalidass was indeed guilty of murder by law. Afterwards, Kalidass was hanged sometime between May 1982 and April 1985, as from the publicly released list of 293:
On 18 March 1980, Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy stood trial for the charge of killing his seven-year-old niece Usharani Ganaison, with Christopher Lau representing him in court. The two trial judges
468: 329:, meaning that he deliberately lied that he had no memory of the murder and pretending to be suffering from intoxication by excessive alcohol intake when killing Usharani. 1123: 1208: 269:
The case of Usharani's sexual assault and murder made headlines in Singapore newspapers and just less than a month after her death was reported, another schoolgirl
1223: 430: 1258: 1243: 391:, where the defendants were sentenced to death for two child murders and executed in November 1988 despite their defences of diminished responsibility. 1213: 1238: 1097: 1198: 1248: 1203: 1107: 1233: 1218: 310: 425: 347: 218: 1228: 198:, a 7-year-old student of Cairnhill Primary School, went missing after she went out of her flat to buy drinks to celebrate 934: 1253: 357:
On 17 May 1982, Kalidass's appeal against his sentence failed, with the three judges - Justice T. Kulasekaram, Justice
1174: 916: 612: 450: 362: 377: 415: 400: 263: 420: 286: 259: 246: 214: 129: 241:
to call the police. The police arrived at the scene, and they identified the girl as Usharani. Professor
351: 281: 143: 1117: 410: 388: 372:
inmates who remained alive in April 1985, which had a total of sixteen names (among them include
17: 1103: 342: 299: 202:
with her family. About seven hours after her disappearance, she was found murdered nearby the
405: 306: 242: 206:
of her flat, and the medical evidence suggested that she had been molested and strangled.
383:
In the aftermath, the Usharani Ganaison case became a case study inside the 1990 book
1192: 365: 270: 119: 358: 139: 338: 326: 295: 64: 31: 373: 43: 39: 369: 234: 230: 203: 199: 106: 92: 337:
On 27 March 1980, after hearing the case for nine days, the trial judges
302:
presided the trial hearing, and the trial prosecutor was Sowaran Singh.
881:"KILLING OF GIRL, 7 Court tells psychiatrist: Come back with a report" 164:
Primary One at Cairnhill Primary School (incomplete due to her death)
280: 27:
1977 sexual assault and murder of a girl by her uncle in Singapore
828:"KILLING OF GIRL, 7 Accused: I will take any punishment, if..." 1099:
Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore
385:
Diminished Responsibility: With Special Reference to Singapore
346:
Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy guilty of murder and he was
289:
who was accused in court for molesting and killing his niece
739:"Suspect admitted molesting niece in statement, court told" 285:
Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy, a lance corporal of the
380:), Kalidass was not one of these inmates remaining alive. 69:
Usharani Ganaison, the 7-year-old girl molested and killed
863:"KILLING OF GIRL, 7 I didn't know what happened: Accused" 1043:"Mahkamah tolak rayuan lelaki yang bunuh anak saudara" 1137:
Koh, K. L. "SAL Annual Review 2002 - Criminal Law".
1096:Lee Peng Kok, Molly Cheang, Kuan Tsee Chee (1990). 229:On the night of 10 November 1977, at their flat in 184: 176: 168: 160: 150: 135: 125: 114: 99: 74: 55: 811:"KILLING OF GIRL, 7 What accused told friends..." 266:in April 1978 for trial hearing on a later date. 1061:"Three men in Death Row petition for clemency" 685:"Bite marks and denture fit uncle, court told" 42:, and the person should be referred to by the 103:10 November 1977 or 11 November 1977 (aged 7) 8: 1122:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 899:"Psychiatrist: Accused lied about black-out" 209:Two days after her murder, Usharani's uncle 63: 52: 631:"Man gets death for murdering girl, 10" 469:"4½-hr frantic search for missing girl" 442: 1209:Violence against children in Singapore 1115: 211:Kalidass s/o Sinnathamby Narayanasamy 7: 1224:Deaths by strangulation in Singapore 703:"高等法院审理一宗罕有谋杀案 小學一年女生遭人勒死其叔叔涉嫌謀殺親姪女" 523:"Man charged with murder of girl, 7" 1259:Violence against women in Singapore 431:List of solved missing person cases 917:"七岁侄女惨遭非礼杀害案续审 精神病专家庭上供说被告是个精神正常人" 194:On the night of 10 November 1977, 25: 1244:Missing person cases in Singapore 18:Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy 1179:Straits Times (Overseas edition) 971:"Lim to take over from D'Cotta?" 541:"警方侦破大巴窰女童疑遭姦殺案 已捕獲一名嫌犯 乃係遇害者叔父" 451:"经过九天审讯·罪名终告成立 非礼杀害七岁侄女印籍青年判处死刑" 354:was appointed as his successor. 311:National University of Singapore 1214:Child sexual abuse in Singapore 1175:"Three hanged for cult murders" 845:"非礼杀害七岁小侄女被告 受主控官竟日盘问囘答多是"不知道"" 721:"77年一宗残暴血腥谋杀案 专家从齿痕假牙中找到线索逮捕嫌兇" 547:(in Chinese). 15 November 1977. 511:(in Chinese). 15 November 1977. 426:Capital punishment in Singapore 1102:. Singapore University Press. 793:"叔叔被控谋杀七岁侄女案 五名主要控方证人分别揭露命案内情" 619:(in Chinese). 9 December 1977. 1: 1013:(in Chinese). 21 August 1975. 935:"Uncle gets death for murder" 673:(in Chinese). 1 January 1978. 595:"Dibicara di Mahkamah Tinggi" 221:for murder on 27 March 1980. 1239:Indian diaspora in Singapore 1085:(in Chinese). 15 April 1985. 989:"Driver loses murder appeal" 959:(in Chinese). 28 March 1980. 953:"印籍青年卡里达史被控 谋杀侄女罪名成立高庭昨判处絞刑" 923:(in Chinese). 27 March 1980. 851:(in Chinese). 22 March 1980. 799:(in Chinese). 20 March 1980. 781:(in Chinese). 19 March 1980. 763:(in Chinese). 19 March 1980. 757:"遭控谋杀侄女案续审 被告承认非礼死者但沒有杀人的念头" 727:(in Chinese). 18 March 1980. 709:(in Chinese). 18 March 1980. 577:"去年屠妖节姦杀女童案控方表面供证成立印嫌兇移高庭发落" 457:(in Chinese). 28 March 1980. 1079:"杀人贩毒·法理难容 十六名男女死囚 樟宜狱中等死期" 655:(in Chinese). 7 March 1979. 613:"女童遭害弃屍粪沟案 警方漏夜调查后 一嫌犯落网被控" 583:(in Chinese). 5 April 1978. 487:"Missing girl, 7, murdered" 1275: 1199:1970s missing person cases 1163:(in Chinese). 26 May 1983. 1157:"从杀童案谈 以心理反常为辩护理由历来凶杀案的判例" 1031:(in Chinese). 18 May 1982. 1007:"非礼时将她扼毙 谋杀侄女遭判死刑一士兵上诉被驳回" 213:, a lance corporal of the 29: 1249:Child murder in Singapore 1204:1977 murders in Singapore 601:(in Malay). 5 April 1978. 62: 1049:(in Malay). 18 May 1982. 378:Toa Payoh ritual murders 277:Murder trial and defence 225:Disappearance and murder 1234:Formerly missing people 1219:Deaths by strangulation 416:Death of Lim Shiow Rong 401:Murder of Cheng Geok Ha 253:Arrest and media effect 1139:SAL Annual Review 2002 505:"屠妖节发生姦杀案一名印籍青年昨日被控谋杀" 421:Death of Winnifred Teo 290: 287:Singapore Armed Forces 260:Singapore Armed Forces 247:Choa Chu Kang cemetery 215:Singapore Armed Forces 130:Choa Chu Kang cemetery 1229:Female murder victims 649:"谋杀十岁女童罪名成立 被告昨日遭判死刑" 333:Verdict and aftermath 284: 196:Usharani d/o Ganaison 79:Usharani d/o Ganaison 57:Usharani d/o Ganaison 775:"当被告拒绝作口供时曾受警探恐吓和殴打" 1254:Murder in Singapore 1181:. 26 November 1988. 977:. 24 February 1981. 529:. 15 November 1977. 493:. 12 November 1977. 475:. 12 November 1977. 115:Cause of death 411:Murder of Huang Na 389:Adrian Lim murders 348:sentenced to death 291: 154:Usha Rani Ganaison 1065:Singapore Monitor 1029:Shin Chew Jit Poh 1025:"杀害7岁侄女印族青年上诉遭驳回" 1011:Nanyang Siang Pau 993:The Straits Times 975:The Straits Times 957:Shin Chew Jit Poh 939:The Straits Times 921:Nanyang Siang Pau 903:The Straits Times 885:The Straits Times 867:The Straits Times 849:Nanyang Siang Pau 831:The Straits Times 814:The Straits Times 797:Shin Chew Jit Poh 779:Nanyang Siang Pau 761:Shin Chew Jit Poh 743:The Straits Times 725:Shin Chew Jit Poh 707:Nanyang Siang Pau 689:The Straits Times 653:Nanyang Siang Pau 635:The Straits Times 581:Nanyang Siang Pau 563:The Straits Times 527:The Straits Times 509:Nanyang Siang Pau 491:The Straits Times 455:Nanyang Siang Pau 352:Abdul Wahab Ghows 343:T. S. Sinnathuray 300:T. S. Sinnathuray 249:after a funeral. 192: 191: 156:Usharani Genaison 16:(Redirected from 1266: 1183: 1182: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1113: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1067:. 14 April 1985. 1057: 1051: 1050: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1003: 997: 996: 985: 979: 978: 967: 961: 960: 949: 943: 942: 941:. 28 March 1980. 931: 925: 924: 913: 907: 906: 905:. 27 March 1980. 895: 889: 888: 887:. 26 March 1980. 877: 871: 870: 869:. 21 March 1980. 859: 853: 852: 841: 835: 834: 833:. 22 March 1980. 824: 818: 817: 816:. 20 March 1980. 807: 801: 800: 789: 783: 782: 771: 765: 764: 753: 747: 746: 745:. 19 March 1980. 735: 729: 728: 717: 711: 710: 699: 693: 692: 691:. 18 March 1980. 681: 675: 674: 671:Sin Chew Jit Poh 663: 657: 656: 645: 639: 638: 627: 621: 620: 617:Sin Chew Jit Poh 609: 603: 602: 591: 585: 584: 573: 567: 566: 555: 549: 548: 537: 531: 530: 519: 513: 512: 501: 495: 494: 483: 477: 476: 465: 459: 458: 447: 151:Other names 89: 87: 67: 53: 21: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1114: 1110: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1005: 1004: 1000: 987: 986: 982: 969: 968: 964: 951: 950: 946: 933: 932: 928: 915: 914: 910: 897: 896: 892: 879: 878: 874: 861: 860: 856: 843: 842: 838: 826: 825: 821: 809: 808: 804: 791: 790: 786: 773: 772: 768: 755: 754: 750: 737: 736: 732: 719: 718: 714: 701: 700: 696: 683: 682: 678: 665: 664: 660: 647: 646: 642: 637:. 7 March 1979. 629: 628: 624: 611: 610: 606: 593: 592: 588: 575: 574: 570: 565:. 5 April 1978. 557: 556: 552: 539: 538: 534: 521: 520: 516: 503: 502: 498: 485: 484: 480: 467: 466: 462: 449: 448: 444: 439: 406:Murder of Nonoi 397: 335: 307:Chao Tzee Cheng 279: 255: 243:Chao Tzee Cheng 227: 155: 110: 104: 95: 90: 85: 83: 81: 80: 70: 58: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1272: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1166: 1148: 1129: 1108: 1088: 1070: 1052: 1034: 1016: 998: 995:. 18 May 1982. 980: 962: 944: 926: 908: 890: 872: 854: 836: 819: 802: 784: 766: 748: 730: 712: 694: 676: 667:"一九七七年 十大意外新闻" 658: 640: 622: 604: 586: 568: 559:"Murder trial" 550: 545:Shin Min Daily 532: 514: 496: 478: 460: 441: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 396: 393: 334: 331: 278: 275: 254: 251: 226: 223: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 177:Known for 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 116: 112: 111: 105: 101: 97: 96: 91: 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 56: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1271: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1161:Lianhe Zaobao 1158: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1119: 1111: 1109:9971-69-138-8 1105: 1101: 1100: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1083:Lianhe Wanbao 1080: 1074: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1047:Berita Harian 1044: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1002: 999: 994: 990: 984: 981: 976: 972: 966: 963: 958: 954: 948: 945: 940: 936: 930: 927: 922: 918: 912: 909: 904: 900: 894: 891: 886: 882: 876: 873: 868: 864: 858: 855: 850: 846: 840: 837: 832: 829: 823: 820: 815: 812: 806: 803: 798: 794: 788: 785: 780: 776: 770: 767: 762: 758: 752: 749: 744: 740: 734: 731: 726: 722: 716: 713: 708: 704: 698: 695: 690: 686: 680: 677: 672: 668: 662: 659: 654: 650: 644: 641: 636: 632: 626: 623: 618: 614: 608: 605: 600: 599:Berita Harian 596: 590: 587: 582: 578: 572: 569: 564: 560: 554: 551: 546: 542: 536: 533: 528: 524: 518: 515: 510: 506: 500: 497: 492: 488: 482: 479: 474: 470: 464: 461: 456: 452: 446: 443: 436: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 394: 392: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:Wee Chong Jin 364: 363:Chief Justice 360: 355: 353: 349: 344: 340: 332: 330: 328: 322: 318: 314: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 288: 283: 276: 274: 272: 271:Cheng Geok Ha 267: 265: 261: 252: 250: 248: 244: 238: 236: 232: 224: 222: 220: 216: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 187: 183: 180:Murder victim 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 153: 149: 145: 141: 138: 134: 131: 128: 126:Resting place 124: 121: 120:strangulation 117: 113: 108: 102: 98: 94: 77: 73: 66: 61: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 1178: 1169: 1160: 1151: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1098: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1028: 1019: 1010: 1001: 992: 983: 974: 965: 956: 947: 938: 929: 920: 911: 902: 893: 884: 875: 866: 857: 848: 839: 830: 822: 813: 805: 796: 787: 778: 769: 760: 751: 742: 733: 724: 715: 706: 697: 688: 679: 670: 661: 652: 643: 634: 625: 616: 607: 598: 589: 580: 571: 562: 553: 544: 535: 526: 517: 508: 499: 490: 481: 472: 463: 454: 445: 384: 382: 359:Lai Kew Chai 356: 336: 323: 319: 315: 304: 292: 268: 256: 239: 228: 210: 208: 195: 193: 118:Murdered by 47: 35: 339:Choor Singh 327:malingering 296:Choor Singh 140:Singaporean 136:Nationality 109:, Singapore 34:, the name 32:Indian name 1193:Categories 1145:: 232–239. 473:New Nation 437:References 374:Adrian Lim 305:Professor 264:High Court 188:N. Ganesan 169:Occupation 44:given name 40:patronymic 1118:cite book 370:death row 235:Deepavali 231:Toa Payoh 204:void deck 200:Deepavali 161:Education 107:Toa Payoh 93:Singapore 395:See also 219:to death 48:Usharani 36:Ganaison 30:In this 376:of the 172:Student 84: ( 1106:  361:, and 185:Father 144:Indian 38:is a 1143:2002 1124:link 1104:ISBN 341:and 298:and 100:Died 86:1970 82:1970 75:Born 1195:: 1177:. 1159:. 1141:. 1120:}} 1116:{{ 1081:. 1063:. 1045:. 1027:. 1009:. 991:. 973:. 955:. 937:. 919:. 901:. 883:. 865:. 847:. 795:. 777:. 759:. 741:. 723:. 705:. 687:. 669:. 651:. 633:. 615:. 597:. 579:. 561:. 543:. 525:. 507:. 489:. 471:. 453:. 46:, 1126:) 1112:. 146:) 142:( 88:) 50:. 20:)

Index

Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy
Indian name
patronymic
given name

Singapore
Toa Payoh
strangulation
Choa Chu Kang cemetery
Singaporean
Indian
Deepavali
void deck
Singapore Armed Forces
to death
Toa Payoh
Deepavali
Chao Tzee Cheng
Choa Chu Kang cemetery
Singapore Armed Forces
High Court
Cheng Geok Ha

Singapore Armed Forces
Choor Singh
T. S. Sinnathuray
Chao Tzee Cheng
National University of Singapore
malingering
Choor Singh

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.