390:. After skirmishing with a group of Kalkatungu, they managed to corral a number, who appeared to give no resistance, into a gully nearby and post a guard over them for the night. Queensland historian Arthur Laurie suggests Beresford's error lay in "stupidly treat(ing) them like cattle". It is presumed that they had a stash of arms prepared for the occasion, and rose up, and killed Beresford and three of his men. One, though speared in his side, managed to escape and cover the distance, some 20 miles, to Farleigh station the following day. For a year, the Kalkatungu managed to hold sway over their tribal lands, as both settlers and the police felt intimidated by their unbeaten territorial ascendancy. According to an anonymous person writing for the
261:
319:. Decades later, he described them as a peculiar people of whom little was known. Palmer was critical of the use of native police, and interested in indigenous tribes. His station lands did not cover any Kalkatungu sacred sites, he did not object to their presence in the vicinity, and found no problem in his relations with the Kalkatungu. He tried to learn their language.
155:. The idea of a large kangaroo, for example, was indicated by joining the tip of the forefinger to the thumb, with all other fingers remaining extended, while flicking the wrist forward (suggestive of the hopping motion). A land snake was indicated by pointing the forefinger, while rotating the wrist and extending one's arm outwards.
248:
found to be tastier. An old woman was sent to track the fire and fetch it back, and brought back a blazing stick. Charged with being the fire-keeper, she loyally watched over it for years, until a flood washed out the camp-fire. She was exiled until she could retrieve the secret of fire and, failing to do so, in rage
522:
Henry
Reynolds p.43, adduces such coinages in native language as evidence that, contrary to many reports regarding coastal peoples, for the aboridgines of the hinterland, such a domesticated foreign terminology suggests the presence of whites there was not considered as representing ancestors, ghosts
459:
was speared to death in the foothills of the
Argylla Ranges, and it was rumoured he had been eaten by "cannibals". Soon afterwards, an estimated 600 Kalkatungu warriors gathered on a rocky outlook to fend off the parties of well-armed settlers, the local constabulary and native troopers. At one point
356:
Over the following years, the
Kalkatungu gained a reputation among graziers for tactical wiliness both in resisting police and settler forays against them, and in harvesting cattle found on their lands. Kennedy pulled strings in Brisbane to get reinforcements that might guarantee greater immunity for
339:
in 1933. According to this version, the
Kalkatungu were by nature a hostile and bellicose tribe, exceptionally brave with "primitive" military cunning and guerilla-like tactics of strategic withdrawals to the mountains to evade reprisals for their savagery, who were vanquished and broken after a last
348:
In
December 1878, a settler called Molvo and three of his men were killed near Cloncurry, at the important Wonomo watering hole on Suleiman Creek near Cloncurry, as they camped with their herd. This was the starting point, in indigenous history, for Kennedy and other settlers in the district joining
247:
Frederic
Urquart, who as a trooper took part in a massacre of Kalkadoon warriors, recounted their myth regarding the origins of fire. It started with a thunderbolt that set the plains on fire, as the tribe were preparing to eat raw meat. The flames swept over the camp site, and the charred meat was
447:
The group responsible was tracked down to a gorge, where they were feasting on the cattle, and most were mowed down. Over the next nine weeks, settlers and
Urquhart's police tracked the Kalkadoons relentlessly in a war of retaliation, killing many. In September, a Chinese shepherd from H.Hopkins's
421:
Urquhart was galvanized into action in August on hearing from a native boy, Jackie, who came in and reported that his employer James White Powell of Calton Hills, some 60 miles west of
Cloncurry, at Mistake Creek, had been speared to death. Powell was a partner of Kennedy's, and the latter,
407:, a Sussex immigrant, employed in the Queensland Native Mounted Police Force to handle the crisis. The Kalkatungu are said to have directly challenged him to fight, via a messenger called Mahoni. Urquhart, though based in Cloncurry, set up a forward camp 25 miles outside of the town, on the
464:
by the
Kalkatungu. 200 are said to have died in this battle. Urquhart himself was knocked out, and this broke the back of organised resistance at a tribal level, and it was often touted that the Kalkatungu had been wiped out. The estimated numbers they lost over six years, from 1878 to 1884, in
147:
there is a 43% overlap in vocabulary existed with
Yalarnnga but with a different grammar and only 10% percent of verbs cognate. Both have bounded pronouns or traces of them unlike all other languages in the surrounding areas suggesting they represented, until their extinction, a larger block of
481:
This obelisk is in memorial to the Kalkatungu tribes, who during September 1884 fought one of Australia's historic battles of resistance against a para-military force of European settlers and the Queensland native Mounted Police at a place known today as Battle Mountain - 20klms south west of
323:
arrived in 1866, discovering, with the assistance of Kalkatungu guides, copper deposits the following year, and founded the Great Australia Mine. He successfully enlisted some Kalkatungu people to work one of these mines. A short attempt at settlement by W. and T. Brown at Bridgewater in 1874
536:
15 November 1884 and continued: "it is bad enough to know that such a cursed stain on the country exists as a Native Police force; but it is diabolical to have its unhallowed work chronicled in idiotic rhyme" that "clothe brutality and cowardice with a mantle of glory and
327:
The Scottish settler Alexander Kennedy then took up land in the area in 1877. He had managed, since his arrival in 1861, to accumulate land holdings of some 4,800 square miles (12,000 km), holding 60,000 cattle, and established himself in a residence he built, called
310:
as "one of that brave band of pioneer squatters who in the early sixties swept across North Queensland with their flocks and herds, settling, as if by magic, great tracts of hitherto unoccupied country", settled on the edge of Kalkatungu country in 1864, at
332:. Kennedy is thought to have begun the troubles with the native peoples of the area by instigating murderous assaults on the Kalkatung. Iain Davidson describes him as "the man who led the destruction of the tribes of North West Central Queensland".
1502:
1006:
460:
the attackers under Urquhart tried a flanking movement, which caused the assembled Aborigines to charge straight down on them, only to fall in waves under the withering fire of the muskets, called
1570:
109:
region of Queensland. Their ancestral tribe has been called "the elite of the Aboriginal warriors of Queensland". In 1884 they were massacred at "Battle Mountain" by settlers and police.
280:
in 1861. Though their journals make no mention of the tribe, their passing through is said to have been recorded in Kalkatungu oral history, and in their language they coined the term
3288:
209:
near Mt Isa, attesting to the intensity of Aboriginal manufacturing of trade goods in this Kalkatungu area, with some axes being traded as far distant as 1,000 kilometres.
220:. A photo exists of their men in full ceremonial raiment, dated 1895, prepared to perform their version of the dance that, within a few decades, would reach across Australia.
143:
Remnants of the language collected from the last native speakers by Barry Blake allowed the rudiments of the grammar and the language to be reconstructed. According to
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3316:
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and Kalkatungu lands from Boulia to Cloncurry, which formed a transit point for exchanges of everything from the native medical anaesthetic and narcotic stimulant,
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is said to have given Kennedy a blank cheque to war down the tribe and to have dispatched the aristocratic Marcus de la Poer Beresford, a nephew of the
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396:, nonetheless, sometime towards the end of 1883, the native police "wilfully murdered eight blackfellows and several gins" in the area.
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to war down the native tribes of the region. Subsequent to this incident, scores of Kalkatungu in the surrounding hills were shot down.
1170:"Challenging the myth of indigenous peoples' 'last stand' in Canada and Australia: public discourse and the conditions of silence"
422:
together with Urquhart and A.F. Mossman from White Hills station buried Powell, with Urquhart composing a poem vowing vengeance:
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1443:
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223:
Extensive rock art, with examples of anthropomorphic paintings, has been recorded in the Kalkatungu's Selwyn Range homeland.
260:
1538:
1177:
391:
284:(from "white feller") to denote Europeans. Three parties sent out to search for Burke and Wills, led respectively by
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stand against men like Kennedy who triumphed heroically in pursuing the moral and economic progress of Queensland.
273:
1479:
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The nearby Mayi-Thakurti tribe occasionally reported that the Kalkatungu were split into two major divisions, the
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and extending south to around Chatsworth, Mount Merlin and Buckingham Downs. To their east and north, were the
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The traditional white heroic narrative version of what then occurred drew on the account provided by Wilmot
320:
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136:, in Queensland. Kalkatungu was spoken around Mount Isa, Queensland. Nothing is known of a third language
125:
42:
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121:
102:
2223:
1400:
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1174:
Rethinking Settler Colonialism: History and Memory in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa
387:
376:
300:, shot 12 natives dead, while wounding several more, just to the north east of Kalkatungu territory.
289:
201:, and ochre to stone knives and axes. Over 800,000 stone axe blanks remain strewn over the 2.4 sq.km
163:
The Kalkatungu's traditional lands began at the heads of the Cloncurry river across the heads of the
85:
491:
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and George Thorpe a Kalkatung elder, at the Kajabbi bush pub north of Cloncurry. It reads in part:
408:
133:
117:
73:
1236:
Johnston, T. Harvey; Cleland, J. Burton (1933). "The History of the Aboriginal Narcotic, Pituri".
449:
3163:
2948:
2636:
1873:
1519:
1255:
1116:
350:
144:
137:
129:
1329:
The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE
473:
In 1984 on the centenary of the massacre a plaque commemorating the Kalkatungu was unveiled by
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counter-attacking incursions and the exercise of expropriation over their lands, runs to 900.
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1414:
The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia
1394:
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Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives
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494:, a bird with a small territorial range confined to the slopes of the Mt Isa region.
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The article, "Native Police", citing this poem "Powell's Revenge", appeared in the
413:
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experienced, like Palmer, no difficulties with the indigenous owners of the land.
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documented in some detail the intensity of indigenous trading passing through the
1200:
Taming the North: The Story of Alexander Kennedy and Other Queensland Pathfinders
454:
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1380:
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106:
1500:
Urquhart, Frederic Charles (1885). "Legends of the Australian Aborigines".
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2013:
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The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1019:
The Kalkadoons: A Study of an Aboriginal Tribe on the Queensland Frontier
212:
The Kalkatungu were an early transmission group for the diffusion of the
1259:
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1992:
1950:
1936:
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1831:
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1467:
Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines
1091:"Ethnological Studies and Archaeology of North West Central Queensland"
483:
296:, passed through the general area, and Walker, former commander of the
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1515:
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sometimes thought to have had a genetic relation to the other two.
3102:
2601:
2524:
2209:
2125:
1859:
375:
On 24 January 1883, Beresford camped with four of his troopers at
259:
2724:
1957:
349:
forces with native troops under Inspector Eglinton stationed at
1552:
1353:(1976). "The chain of connection". In Peterson, Nicolas (ed.).
1439:
The Secret War: A True History of Queensland's Native Police
1543:
151:
Like many other Aboriginal societies, the Kalkatungu had a
1298:
Triumph in the tropics: an historical sketch of Queensland
1095:
The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration
811:
809:
807:
357:
people and property in the area, and the first Queensland
826:
824:
1214:
Monumental Queensland: Signposts on a Cultural Landscape
933:
931:
490:
The Kalkadoon have been commemorated in the name of the
252:, a flame kindled, and she won back entry to the tribe.
906:
904:
771:
769:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
744:
742:
1488:
Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland
985:
855:
853:
851:
633:
631:
555:
553:
272:
The first Europeans to visit the area were explorers
618:
616:
3222:
1590:
1064:Campbell, Iain; Woods, Sam; Leseberg, Nick (2014).
268:, considered a significant Kalkatungu cultural site
79:
66:
49:
29:
1122:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
1480:"An outline of the history of Western Queensland"
1093:. In McDougall, Russell; Davidson, Iain (eds.).
1473:. Brisbane: Edmund Gregory, Government Printer.
649:
424:
1564:
132:which was spoken to its south in the area of
8:
973:
24:
504:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
183:of the Cloncurry district, and next to the
16:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland, Australia
1571:
1557:
1549:
1359:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
23:
1211:Gibson, Lisanne; Besley, Joanne (2004).
1067:Birds of Australia: A Photographic Guide
961:
922:
883:
842:
815:
760:
721:
709:
697:
685:
661:
830:
673:
549:
515:
431:and to their eyes that fresh heap mound
1316:Royal Historical Society of Queensland
1150:The Wild West in Australia and America
937:
859:
775:
733:
637:
595:
1003:"AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia"
949:
910:
895:
871:
798:
748:
583:
571:
436:And one spoke out in deep stern tones
159:Ecology and material/artistic culture
7:
1544:Kalkadoon.org and Pitta Pitta e-news
622:
607:
559:
50:Regions with significant populations
3352:Massacres of Indigenous Australians
1419:University of New South Wales Press
986:Campbell, Woods & Leseberg 2014
1305:Laurie, Arthur (23 October 1958).
1252:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb00101.x
1047:Research School of Pacific Studies
14:
440:For every one of these poor bones
3347:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland
1153:. Vol. 1. Boolarong Press.
1021:. William Brooks & Company.
427:Grimly the troopers stood around
216:(Molonga) ritual dance from the
1382:Notes on some Australian tribes
1292:Lack, Clem (1959). Lack, Clem;
368:, as new head of the Cloncurry
1444:University of Queensland Press
1396:Early Days in North Queensland
1172:. In Coombes, Annie E. (ed.).
433:for vengeance seemed to crave.
1:
1325:"Australasia and the Pacific"
315:, on the western bank of the
1539:Kalkadoon land use agreement
1385:. London: Harrison and Sons.
1327:. In Benjamin, Craig (ed.).
429:that newly made forest grave
187:tribe, according to Palmer.
126:Pama-Nyungan language family
41:population, about 1% of the
1436:Richards, Jonathan (2008).
1308:The Black War in Queensland
1178:Manchester University Press
1168:Furniss, Elizabeth (2006).
650:Johnston & Cleland 1933
438:and raised his hand on high
3373:
1930:Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji
1333:Cambridge University Press
1275:Cambridge University Press
1127:Cambridge University Press
1072:Princeton University Press
250:rubbed two sticks together
3270:
181:Mayi-Thakurti (Mitakoodi)
84:
71:
54:
34:
1323:McNiven, Ian J. (2015).
1219:University of Queensland
974:Gibson & Besley 2004
101:) are descendants of an
3224:Torres Strait Islanders
1713:Bidjara (Warrego River)
1300:. Smith & Paterson.
1089:Davidson, Iain (2016).
1015:Armstrong, Robert E. M.
448:Granada Station on the
442:a Kalkadoon shall die.
344:Massacre at Battle Hill
148:distinctive languages.
1706:Bidjara (Bulloo River)
1478:Towner, A. C. (1962).
488:
445:
359:Commissioner of Police
269:
3357:North West Queensland
3276:By state or territory
2781:Uw Oykangand/Kwantari
1916:Gungganyji/Kongkandji
1888:Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun
1580:Indigenous Australian
1401:Angus & Robertson
1355:Tribes and boundaries
1294:Cilento, Raphael West
1267:Kendon, Adam (1988).
1204:Angus & Robertson
479:
401:Sir Thomas McIlwraith
366:Marquess of Waterford
263:
103:Indigenous Australian
37:(less than 1% of the
1335:. pp. 603–630.
1180:. pp. 172–192.
1101:. pp. 121–132.
1042:A Kalkatungu grammar
298:Dawson native police
290:William Landsborough
105:tribe living in the
86:Aboriginal mythology
1196:Fysh, Wilmot Hudson
1117:Dixon, Robert M. W.
952:, pp. 171–172.
712:, pp. 127–128.
676:, pp. 603–630.
664:, pp. 124–125.
652:, pp. 201–223.
598:, pp. 381–382.
492:Kalkadoon grasswren
239:(western) peoples.
235:(southern) and the
74:Kalkatungu language
26:
3289:Northern Territory
1361:. pp. 72–94.
370:native police unit
276:, who crossed the
270:
145:Robert M. W. Dixon
128:, the other being
122:Kalkatungic branch
72:English, formerly
3334:
3333:
3324:Western Australia
1923:Gunggari/Kunggari
1769:Djabugay/Tjapukai
1453:978-0-702-23639-6
1428:978-1-742-24049-7
1368:978-0-855-75048-0
1351:Mulvaney, John D.
1342:978-1-316-29830-5
1284:978-0-521-36008-1
1228:978-0-702-23465-1
1187:978-0-719-07168-3
1160:978-1-921-92047-9
1136:978-0-521-47378-1
1108:978-1-315-41728-8
1081:978-1-400-86510-9
1056:978-0-858-83197-1
1028:978-0-855-68483-9
976:, pp. 51–53.
925:, pp. 36–37.
898:, pp. 70–71.
724:, pp. 87–88.
700:, pp. 90–92.
534:Queensland Figaro
405:Frederic Urquhart
393:Queensland Figaro
91:
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1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1527:
1496:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1432:
1404:
1386:
1372:
1346:
1319:
1313:
1301:
1288:
1263:
1232:
1207:
1191:
1164:
1140:
1112:
1085:
1060:
1032:
1010:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
926:
920:
914:
908:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
846:
840:
834:
828:
819:
813:
802:
796:
779:
773:
764:
758:
752:
746:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
626:
620:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
538:
530:
524:
520:
458:
417:
385:
330:Buckingham Downs
294:Frederick Walker
227:Social structure
173:Barkly Tableland
171:, including the
120:belonged to the
30:Total population
27:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3303:South Australia
3301:
3294:
3287:
3282:New South Wales
3280:
3275:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1586:
1577:
1535:
1530:
1516:10.2307/2841487
1499:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1435:
1429:
1409:Reynolds, Henry
1407:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1349:
1343:
1322:
1311:
1304:
1291:
1285:
1266:
1235:
1229:
1210:
1194:
1188:
1167:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1125:. Vol. 1.
1115:
1109:
1088:
1082:
1063:
1057:
1035:
1029:
1013:
1009:. 24 June 2022.
1001:
997:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
929:
921:
917:
909:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
849:
841:
837:
829:
822:
814:
805:
797:
782:
774:
767:
759:
755:
747:
740:
732:
728:
720:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
629:
621:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
551:
547:
542:
541:
531:
527:
521:
517:
512:
500:
475:Charles Perkins
471:
452:
444:
441:
439:
437:
435:
434:
432:
430:
428:
411:
399:In March 1884,
379:
377:Fullarton River
346:
317:Cloncurry River
308:George Phillips
306:, described by
278:Cloncurry River
274:Burke and Wills
258:
245:
229:
161:
115:
62:
56:
36:
35:several hundred
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2217:Kugu Nganhcara
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1881:Kutjala/Gudjal
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1533:External links
1531:
1529:
1528:
1497:
1475:
1458:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1405:
1391:Palmer, Edward
1387:
1377:Palmer, Edward
1373:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1320:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1264:
1246:(2): 201–223.
1233:
1227:
1208:
1192:
1186:
1165:
1159:
1141:
1135:
1113:
1107:
1086:
1080:
1061:
1055:
1033:
1027:
1011:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:
988:, p. 240.
978:
966:
954:
942:
940:, p. 802.
927:
915:
913:, p. 171.
900:
888:
876:
864:
847:
845:, p. 127.
835:
833:, p. 177.
820:
818:, p. 122.
803:
780:
765:
753:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
688:, p. 125.
678:
666:
654:
642:
627:
612:
600:
588:
586:, p. 670.
576:
564:
562:, p. 187.
548:
546:
543:
540:
539:
525:
514:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
499:
496:
470:
467:
425:
388:McKinlay Range
345:
342:
264:Rock wells at
257:
254:
244:
241:
228:
225:
218:Georgina River
207:Lake Moondarra
169:Gregory Rivers
160:
157:
114:
111:
89:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
69:
68:
64:
63:
52:
51:
47:
46:
32:
31:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3369:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3213:Yurlayurlanya
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:Wanggeriburra
3161:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:Kuku Nyungkal
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:Kokokulunggur
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:Goreng goreng
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1495:(4): 779–816.
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
964:, p. 24.
963:
962:Reynolds 2006
958:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:Richards 2008
919:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
886:, p. 37.
885:
884:Richards 2008
880:
877:
874:, p. 70.
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
843:Davidson 2016
839:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:Davidson 2016
812:
810:
808:
804:
801:, p. 69.
800:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
781:
778:, p. xi.
777:
772:
770:
766:
763:, p. 43.
762:
761:Reynolds 2006
757:
754:
751:, p. 68.
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
722:Urquhart 1885
718:
715:
711:
710:Davidson 2016
706:
703:
699:
698:Mulvaney 1976
694:
691:
687:
686:Davidson 2016
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
662:Davidson 2016
658:
655:
651:
646:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
625:, p. 42.
624:
619:
617:
613:
610:, p. 77.
609:
604:
601:
597:
592:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
544:
535:
529:
526:
519:
516:
509:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
493:
487:
485:
478:
476:
468:
466:
463:
456:
451:
443:
423:
419:
415:
410:
409:Corella River
406:
402:
397:
395:
394:
389:
383:
378:
373:
372:to that end.
371:
367:
363:
362:D. T. Seymour
360:
354:
352:
343:
341:
338:
333:
331:
325:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
304:Edward Palmer
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:John McKinlay
283:
279:
275:
267:
262:
255:
253:
251:
242:
240:
238:
234:
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
177:Selwyn ranges
174:
170:
166:
158:
156:
154:
153:sign language
149:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
87:
83:
78:
75:
70:
65:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
2676:Rungarungawa
2238:Kuku Yalanji
2189:Kokowalandja
2154:Kokobujundji
2041:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1466:
1438:
1413:
1395:
1381:
1354:
1328:
1307:
1297:
1269:
1243:
1237:
1213:
1199:
1173:
1149:
1121:
1094:
1066:
1041:
1037:Blake, Barry
1018:
981:
969:
957:
945:
918:
891:
879:
867:
838:
831:Furniss 2006
756:
729:
717:
705:
693:
681:
674:McNiven 2015
669:
657:
645:
640:, p. 3.
603:
591:
579:
567:
533:
528:
518:
489:
480:
472:
461:
450:Dugald River
446:
426:
420:
398:
392:
374:
355:
347:
334:
329:
326:
321:Ernest Henry
302:
281:
271:
246:
236:
232:
230:
222:
213:
211:
195:Selwyn Range
189:
162:
150:
142:
116:
98:
94:
92:
21:Ethnic group
18:
3138:Yirrganydji
2998:Wulgurukaba
2977:Wongkadjera
2949:Wik-Mungkan
2837:Wakka Wakka
2802:Wadjabangai
2718:Tjongkandji
2637:Quandamooka
2553:Ngulungbara
2504:Ngandangara
2413:Mayi-Kutuna
2385:Mandandanji
2266:Kungkalenja
2175:Kokonyekodi
2147:Kokobididji
1895:Gugu Rarmul
1874:Gubbi Gubbi
1699:Birri Gubba
1582:peoples in
1462:Roth, W. E.
1145:Drake, Jack
938:Towner 1962
860:Laurie 1958
776:Palmer 1903
734:Palmer 1903
638:Palmer 1884
596:Kendon 1988
453: [
412: [
380: [
337:Hudson Fysh
191:Walter Roth
45:population)
3341:Categories
3296:Queensland
3206:Yungkurara
3168:Kombumerri
3145:Yir-Yoront
3131:Yirandhali
3117:Yintyingka
3082:Yetimarala
3026:Yadhaykenu
2991:Woppaburra
2984:Wongkumara
2963:Winduwinda
2956:Wiknatanja
2690:Taribelang
2669:Ringaringa
2630:Punthamara
2546:Nguburinji
2518:Ngathokudi
2392:Maranganji
2357:Maithakari
2252:Kungadutji
1972:Julaolinja
1944:Injilarija
1797:Djindubari
1671:Barungguan
1643:Bakanambia
1592:Aboriginal
1584:Queensland
950:Drake 2012
911:Drake 2012
896:Drake 2012
872:Drake 2012
799:Drake 2012
749:Drake 2012
584:Dixon 2004
572:Blake 1979
523:or spirits
266:Weengallon
205:quarry at
203:metabasalt
165:Leichhardt
99:Kalkatungu
97:(properly
59:Queensland
43:Aboriginal
39:Australian
3240:Kaurareg
3172:Mununjali
3089:Yetteneru
3075:Yalarnnga
3033:Yagalingu
2921:Wikatinda
2914:Wikapatja
2907:Wikampama
2886:Warakamai
2851:Walmbaria
2844:Walangama
2816:Wakabunga
2809:Wadjalang
2753:Umpithamu
2704:Thaayorre
2588:Nyuwathai
2567:Ngurawola
2532:Ngaygungu
2469:Muluridji
2441:Mimungkum
2329:Madjandji
2301:Lama Lama
2287:Kuungkari
2203:Kongabula
2091:Karingbal
2084:Karendala
2042:Kalkadoon
2000:Kabalbara
1979:Jupangati
1909:Gumakudin
1776:Djagaraga
1748:Bwgcolman
1741:Butchulla
1727:Bugulmara
1720:Biyaygiri
1510:: 87–88.
1119:(2004) .
1099:Routledge
623:Roth 1897
608:Roth 1897
560:Lack 1959
545:Citations
537:heroism".
243:Mythology
237:Roongkari
185:Maigudung
138:Wakabunga
130:Yalarnnga
118:Kalkatung
107:Mount Isa
95:Kalkadoon
67:Languages
55:Australia
25:Kalkadoon
3317:Victoria
3310:Tasmania
3176:Tulgigin
3160:Gugingin
3152:Yugambeh
3019:Wuthathi
2935:Wikianji
2893:Warrongo
2865:Wanamara
2858:Waluwara
2767:Unduyamo
2711:Thereila
2643:Hordes:
2616:Pitapita
2581:Nyawagyi
2560:Ngundjan
2539:Nggamadi
2497:Ngajanji
2420:Mbabaram
2378:Manbarra
2364:Malintji
2350:Maikulan
2336:Maiawali
2259:Kunggara
2245:Kulumali
2196:Kokowara
2182:Kokopera
2168:Kokomini
2140:Kokangol
2133:Koinjmal
2105:Kaurareg
2098:Karuwali
2049:Kambuwal
2035:Kalibamu
2014:Kaiadilt
2007:Kaiabara
1965:Jarowair
1853:Girramay
1783:Djakunda
1762:Darumbal
1685:Bigambul
1664:Baruŋgam
1629:Ayapathu
1622:Ayabakan
1615:Atjinuri
1601:Ankamuti
1464:(1897).
1411:(2006).
1393:(1903).
1379:(1884).
1296:(eds.).
1260:40327460
1198:(1933).
1147:(2012).
1039:(1979).
1017:(1980).
498:See also
469:Memorial
214:Mudlunga
113:Language
80:Religion
3247:Mabuiag
3199:Yukulta
3192:Yuibera
3158:Clans:
3068:Yanggal
3040:Yambina
3012:Wulpura
2942:Wikmean
2879:Wanjuru
2823:Wakaman
2760:Undanbi
2739:Turrbal
2683:Tagalag
2662:Rakkaia
2653:Goenpul
2649:Nunukul
2623:Pontunj
2609:Pakadji
2490:Mutumui
2476:Muragan
2406:Marulta
2399:Marrago
2343:Maijabi
2224:Kukatja
2112:Kawadji
2077:Kareldi
2070:Karanja
2056:Kangulu
1993:Kaantju
1951:Injinoo
1937:Iningai
1902:Gulngai
1832:Geynyon
1804:Dyirbal
1790:Djankun
1734:Buluwai
1636:Badjiri
1524:2841487
1239:Oceania
1007:AIATSIS
995:Sources
484:Kajabbi
386:in the
313:Conobie
282:walpala
256:History
233:Muntaba
124:of the
3254:Meriam
3185:Yugara
3124:Yinwum
3096:Yidiny
3061:Yangga
3005:Wulili
2928:Wikepa
2872:Wangan
2830:Wakara
2788:Waanyi
2774:Unjadi
2746:Umpila
2697:Tepiti
2595:Olkola
2455:Mitaka
2434:Mbewum
2322:Lotiga
2315:Lardil
2308:Lanima
2280:Kutjal
2063:Kanolu
2028:Kalali
1846:Giabal
1825:Garrwa
1818:Ewamin
1692:Bindal
1650:Barada
1522:
1450:
1425:
1365:
1339:
1281:
1258:
1225:
1184:
1157:
1133:
1105:
1078:
1053:
1025:
462:makini
351:Boulia
292:, and
199:pituri
175:, the
134:Djarra
3110:Yiman
3103:Yilba
3054:Yanga
3047:Yanda
2795:Wadja
2732:Tulua
2645:Ngugi
2602:Otati
2574:Nguri
2525:Ngaun
2511:Ngaro
2483:Murri
2462:Miyan
2427:Mbara
2273:Kunja
2210:Kooma
2126:Koamu
2021:Kairi
1860:Goeng
1811:Djiru
1755:Dalla
1678:Bidia
1657:Barna
1608:Araba
1520:JSTOR
1483:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
1256:JSTOR
510:Notes
457:]
416:]
403:sent
384:]
3233:Badu
2970:Wiri
2725:Totj
2371:Mamu
2294:Laia
1986:Juru
1958:Ithu
1448:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1023:ISBN
167:and
93:The
3261:Mua
2900:Wik
2119:Koa
1839:Gia
1512:doi
1248:doi
3343::
3174:,
3170:,
3166:,
3162:,
2651:,
2647:,
1518:.
1508:14
1506:.
1491:.
1485:.
1446:.
1442:.
1421:.
1417:.
1399:.
1357:.
1331:.
1314:.
1277:.
1273:.
1254:.
1242:.
1221:.
1217:.
1202:.
1176:.
1129:.
1097:.
1074:.
1070:.
1049:.
1045:.
1005:.
930:^
903:^
850:^
823:^
806:^
783:^
768:^
741:^
630:^
615:^
552:^
455:de
418:.
414:de
382:de
288:,
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1526:.
1514::
1493:6
1456:.
1431:.
1403:.
1371:.
1345:.
1318:.
1287:.
1262:.
1250::
1244:4
1231:.
1206:.
1190:.
1163:.
1139:.
1111:.
1084:.
1059:.
1031:.
862:.
736:.
574:.
486:.
61:)
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
