40:
196:
362:
180:
522:
With the territorial reforms of the 1990s, Greece has been cited as the first southern
European country to follow a coercive top-down approach for territorial reforms, an approach rather typical for northern European countries. Though strengthened by the 1990s reforms, the prefectural second-tier
1477:
rather than a participant in government. Unnecessary decimation of local community organization led, in several occasions, to further minimization of participation. In the meantime, the hasty manner through which the law came into action paralyzed local authorities' initiative and independent
523:
level however did not meet expectations. Largely subverted by an uncoordinated but convergent anti-reform opposition, the reformed prefectures lost a number of important competences following court decisions. The numerous controversies largely undermined public trust in the prefectural level.
607:
country of the
European Union, with many smaller municipalities, especially rural communities being "extremely understaffed and deprived of any possibility to fulfil their tasks," an emphasis was put on strengthening the remaining authorities in terms of autonomy of
514:
had left small communities literally dying out. With a median of just 4,661.5 inhabitants, a large number of small municipalities and rural communities however remained independent. This included 88 communities with a population of less than 1000, down to
1460:, interaction between national and subnational levels remains relatively weak with the subnational levels remaining strictly separated from the deconcentrated administration of the central government. Also, state supervision remains largely confined to
2197:
2188:
1443:
studies have described the
Kallikratis reform as surprising, as it abolished a great number of prestigious and powerful political posts, which ahead of the looming crisis would have been regarded indispensable for keeping party
1338:
559:
and the requirements of the Fourth
Programming Period (2007–2013). The thirteen regions were planned to be combined to just six major "programmatic supra-regions" that were expected to more successfully compete for
1501:
policies to the local administrations, as the devolution of responsibilities to the subnational levels has not been accompanied by the transfer of the financial resources required to fulfil the responsibilities.
543:
had initially been reluctant to pursue further administrative reforms, as it had opposed the reforms of the 1990s. In a late implementation of a provision that was already part of the
Kapodistrias plan, the 147
564:. Municipalities would be amalgamated from 1034 down to 400, and prefectural governments reduced from 50 down to 16, in order to overcome fragmentation, to facilitate fiscal control by the state, and to create
1511:
487:, which had already been created in 1987, but in the absence of a working budget remained unable to fulfill even their limited responsibilities, now assumed the prefectures' competences in regard to
1288:
612:, public transparency and overall accessibility to citizens. At the same time, the programme aimed at reducing local government employees by 50%, from around 50.000 to 25.000 across the country.
1313:
1486:
Akrivopoulou et al. pointed out that the
Kallikratis program needs to be seen in the context of the general effort to create a smaller state. They point to specific provisions in the
1130:
being reinstated as municipalities. Altogether, Greek municipalities now reached a mean size of 31,000 inhabitants, a level comparable to many other countries in the
European Union.
1843:
1263:
386:
603:
plans, it was not confined to reducing the sheer number of administrative entities and their state accountability. In a country which has been widely regarded as the most
579:. Rather than being opposed by the parliamentary opposition, the plan faced obstruction by the more conservative camp within the governing party and ultimately failed.
1491:
1473:
Howard Elcock suggested that in spite of all efforts, officialdom's reluctance makes securing transparency a continuing struggle, so the Greek citizen remained an
1203:. Under the Kallikratis Programme, these regions became self-governing, separate entities with a regional council and a regional governor, both popularly elected.
1487:
311:
595:, a new attempt at further administrative reforms was started. The Kallikratis plan was presented to the public in January 2010, amidst the beginnings of the
2239:
1145:
were established to help professionalize financial accounting, and to monitor the local administrations. In communities with more than 10,000 residents, a
1388:
1133:
To improve public transparency, local authorities are now generally obliged to make public all their decisions via the internet. Furthermore, a Local
82:
1123:
890:
507:
379:
2031:"The Second Tier of Local Government in the Context of European Multi-Level Government Systems: Institutional Setting and Prospects for Reform"
1373:
1328:
1199:
or "administrative region"). Originally introduced in 1987, the regions had been strengthened in 1993 as intermediate administrative units for
555:
did the
Karamanlis government decide that further reforms were necessary to bring the territorial structure in line with the European Union's
483:
into
Prefectural Self-Government entities (PSGs) with prefects and prefectural councils both being popularly elected. In return, the thirteen
2172:
2147:
2124:
2093:
2070:
1994:
1908:
1867:
1788:
1629:
1413:
1206:
In return, the central tasks of the national administration were transferred to seven larger, newly created "decentralized administrations" (
341:
1240:
1126:
which the
Kapodistrias reform had already amalgamated to just 325 municipalities. Amalgamation of communities led to a number of pre-2007
1516:
561:
540:
492:
432:
372:
1645:
354:
331:
316:
306:
258:
236:
1186:
757:
592:
552:
536:
484:
336:
321:
301:
296:
2229:
2224:
576:
2198:ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, List of primary and secondary organizations of local self-government as a result of the Kallikratis programme
2244:
1452:
to overcome long-standing resistance against reform. While in regard to the massive-scale top-down approach deviating from a
276:
2030:
1217:
693:
1278:
596:
447:
291:
2201:
2192:
2164:
1236:
1232:
744:
624:
620:
616:
455:
2219:
2014:
2234:
2108:
1462:
1119:
827:
619:
comprising the constituting regional elections, which replaced provincial elections as they were held before in
1225:
1178:
796:
571:
Putting administrative efficiency first, the top-down reform plan was criticized as subordinating questions of
250:
121:
2116:
2062:
459:
244:
170:
654:
572:
532:
1457:
1170:
713:
480:
413:
1449:
1343:
158:
1901:
Regional and National Elections in Western Europe: Territoriality of the Vote in Thirteen Countries
1549:
1535:
1158:
1137:
was established to support both citizens and enterprises in coping with local administrations. New
1127:
545:
451:
436:
144:
114:
104:
1951:
476:
1235:
on, subnational elections were held at the regional rather than the prefectural level, and from
1978:
1448:
alive. Bertrana and Heinelt described the Papandreou government's decision as using a singular
195:
2168:
2143:
2135:
2120:
2104:
2089:
2066:
2054:
1990:
1986:
1904:
1863:
1847:
1784:
1625:
1293:
1268:
1221:
1200:
748:
503:
210:
124:
117:
2081:
1770:
1617:
2140:
Local Government in the Member States of the European Union: A Comparative Legal Perspective
2041:
1855:
1776:
565:
2013:
Akrivopoulou, Christina; Dimitropoulos, Georgios; Koutnatzis, Stylianos-Ioannis G. (2012).
1652:
1440:
1378:
1303:
1116:
809:), often corresponding to the former prefectures, and headed by a vice-regional governor (
705:
609:
556:
2086:
Public Administration in the Balkans – from Weberian bureaucracy to New Public Management
1363:
1353:
516:
488:
404:
361:
39:
2213:
179:
1403:
1393:
511:
462:(Law 4555/2018), which was adopted in July 2018 and implemented in September 2019.
1897:"Greece: Five typical second-order elections despite significant electoral reform"
2158:
1896:
2160:
Europeanizing Greece: The Effects of Ten Years of EU Structural Funds, 1989-1999
1445:
1153:
is established. Aimed at improving local allocation of municipal resources, the
443:
17:
67:
New Architecture of Self-governing Entities and Deconcentrated Administration –
1497:
Nicos Souliotis pointed out that the Kallikratis plan fosters the transfer of
604:
58:
1859:
1852:
OECD Regional Outlook 2014 Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet
1780:
1498:
1134:
751:
was further subdivided into four administrative prefectures ("nomarchies").
2142:. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública. pp. 257–282.
2045:
1467:
1318:
496:
2082:"The Impact of local government reforms in Greece: a critical overview"
1182:
1174:
428:
424:
94:
47:
1964:
1418:
615:
The law was adopted in May 2010 and was implemented following the
588:
229:
2189:ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Full text of Law 3852/2010 (Kallikratis programme)
1772:
Institutional and Financial Relations across Levels of Government
1181:. The former prefectures' competences were transferred to the 13
1922:
1920:
1494:
concerning the role of local governance for overall austerity.
1169:
At the same time the programme abolished the 51 self-governing
2113:
The Oxford Handbook of Local and Regional Democracy in Europe
735:) and governed by the popularly elected Prefectural Council (
548:, as subunits of the 51 prefectures, were abolished in 2007.
454:
in May 2010. The programme's implementation started with the
1512:
List of municipalities and communities in Greece (1997–2010)
431:. It brought about the second major reform of the country's
458:, and was completed by January 2011. It was amended by the
783:) and governed by the popularly elected Regional Council (
743:
Some prefectures were grouped into larger administrative
599:. While in terms of figures rather similar to the failed
183:
Subdivisions of Greece after the 2010 Kallikratis reform.
1115:
The Kallikratis Programme further reduced the number of
531:
After the electoral victory of the liberal-conservative
427:
law 3852/2010 of 2010, a major administrative reform in
1854:. OECD Regional Outlook. OECD Publishing. p. 242.
1979:"Athens and the Politics of the Sovereign Debt Crisis"
1220:, the decentralized administration is responsible for
949:
Distribution of municipalities by orders of magnitude
1161:
such as businesses, trade unions, chambers and NGOs.
1667:
1665:
1965:
Akrivopoulou, Dimitropoulos & Koutnatzis (2012)
418:
164:
154:
143:
138:
130:
110:
100:
90:
77:
46:
32:
1216:). Headed by a general secretary appointed by the
587:Following the landslide victory of the socialist
583:Kallikratis: New attempt at administrative reform
1769:OECD; Korea Institute of Public Finance (2012).
1247:Overview: post-Kallikratis subnational entities
1926:
1671:
692:headed by a general secretary appointed by the
446:, the programme was presented by the socialist
2084:. In Lucica Matei; Spyridon Flogaitis (eds.).
1775:. OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies. p. 33.
506:, Law 2539/1997 sharply reduced the number of
1756:
1744:
1683:
1562:
380:
8:
1983:Cities and Crisis: New Critical Urban Theory
1814:
1812:
2202:Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic
2193:Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic
2103:Hlepas, Nikos; Getimis, Panagiotis (2011).
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1709:
1707:
1694:
1692:
1207:
1190:
928:
919:
910:
895:
875:
862:
853:
838:
810:
800:
784:
774:
762:
736:
730:
718:
681:
664:
2111:; Frank Hendriks; Anders Lidström (eds.).
2029:Bertrana, Xavier; Heinelt, Hubert (2013).
510:from 5.823 to 1.033, after the increasing
387:
373:
186:
1938:
1899:. In Régis Dandoy; Arjan Schakel (eds.).
1339:Peloponnese–Western Greece–Ionian Islands
1611:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1245:
947:
773:headed by a popularly elected Governor (
634:
178:
1527:
729:headed by a popularly elected Prefect (
631:Reforms as part of the Kallikratis plan
189:
64:
1882:
1830:
1818:
1803:
1732:
1713:
1698:
203:This article is part of a series about
29:
2088:. Editura Economicǎ. pp. 67–87.
2059:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law
1651:(in Greek and French). Archived from
1456:, compared to federal states such as
1157:consists of representatives of local
342:2011 Greek economy referendum attempt
7:
1470:of a subnational entity's activity.
1239:on, they are held together with the
795:Regions are further subdivided into
442:Named after ancient Greek architect
85:(3852/2010) (in Greek). 7 June 2010.
2240:Mergers of administrative divisions
1903:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 128.
471:Administrative reforms in the 1990s
2134:Hlepas, Nikolaos-Komninos (2013).
2080:Hlepas, Nikolaos-Komninos (2011).
1517:Administrative divisions of Greece
680:("decentralized administrations",
27:Greek administrative reform (2010)
25:
1622:Comparative Public Administration
1177:), leaving them only in place as
1147:Committee for the quality of life
643:Former (Kapodistrias, 1998–2010)
479:turned the largely dysfunctional
475:1994 reforms under the socialist
317:Anti-austerity movement in Greece
2138:. In Ángel Manuel Moreno (ed.).
1952:"Ανάβρα: Το θαύμα που... έσβησε"
485:administrative regions of Greece
360:
194:
38:
2038:Revista Catalana de Drét Public
1122:by compulsory merging the 1033
593:early 2009 legislative election
1646:"Detailed census results 1991"
1252:Decentralized administrations
1165:Regional administrative reform
1124:municipalities and communities
508:municipalities and communities
277:2007 PASOK leadership election
1:
1927:Bertrana & Heinelt (2013)
1672:Bertrana & Heinelt (2013)
1241:European Parliament elections
747:or "hypernomarchies"), while
617:November 2010 local elections
456:November 2010 local elections
2136:"Local government in Greece"
1279:Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
2165:University of Toronto Press
2053:Dacoronia, Eugenia (2012).
2022:Istituzioni del Federalismo
2015:"The "Kallikratis Program""
1757:Hlepas & Getimis (2011)
1745:Hlepas & Getimis (2011)
1684:Hlepas & Getimis (2011)
1620:. In J. A. Chandler (ed.).
1563:Hlepas & Getimis (2011)
944:Local administrative reform
663:("administrative regions",
660:13 administrative districts
562:European structural funding
493:European structural funding
419:
2261:
1981:. In Kuniko Fujita (ed.).
1454:Southern European strategy
1120:local administrative units
677:7 administrative districts
527:The failed Kapodistrias II
519:with just 28 inhabitants.
297:2010 presidential election
1977:Souliotis, Nicos (2013).
1895:Skrinis, Stavros (2013).
1482:Kallikratis and austerity
1387:
1337:
1312:
1287:
1262:
1258:Number of municipalities
1208:
1191:
964:
961:
956:
953:
929:
920:
911:
896:
876:
863:
854:
839:
811:
801:
785:
775:
763:
737:
731:
719:
682:
665:
645:
642:
640:
408:
169:
53:
37:
2157:Vamvakas, Nancy (2012).
2057:. In J. M. Smits (ed.).
1860:10.1787/9789264201415-en
1781:10.1787/9789264167001-en
1490:and even more so in the
1289:Epirus–Western Macedonia
1243:for a five-year period.
1226:environmental protection
831:self-governing entities
646:New (Kallikratis, 2011)
433:administrative divisions
423:) is the common name of
332:Fourth austerity package
307:Second austerity package
285:Prime Minister of Greece
270:Leader of the Opposition
251:Prime Minister of Greece
237:Leader of the Opposition
2117:Oxford University Press
2063:Edward Elgar Publishing
1616:Elcock, Howard (2014).
1314:Thessaly–Central Greece
918:municipal communities (
849:further subdivided in:
655:national administration
502:Part of the subsequent
460:Kleisthenis I Programme
450:and was adopted by the
337:Fifth austerity package
322:Third austerity package
302:First austerity package
292:G.A. Papandreou cabinet
245:Socialist International
171:Kleisthenis I Programme
2230:2010 in Greek politics
2225:Subdivisions of Greece
1209:Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση
1187:administrative regions
1155:Consultation Committee
1151:Consultation Committee
791:perifereiakó symvoúlio
786:Περιφερειακό συμβούλιο
683:Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση
651:decentralized agencies
597:Greek financial crisis
184:
69:Kallikratis programme
2245:Public administration
2105:"Greece: Prefectures"
1450:window of opportunity
1435:Scholarly assessments
1214:Apokendromeni Diikisi
1192:Διοικητική περιφέρεια
852:municipal districts (
688:Apokendromeni Diikisi
666:Διοικητική περιφέρεια
541:Karamanlis government
477:Papandreou government
420:Prógramma Kallikrátis
409:Πρόγραμμα Καλλικράτης
401:Kallikratis Programme
182:
83:Kallikratis programme
33:Kallikratis programme
2119:. pp. 410–433.
2065:. pp. 371–376.
2046:10.2436/20.8030.01.4
1989:. pp. 237–270.
1218:Minister of Interior
1143:Executive Committees
1139:Financial Committees
906:further divided in:
802:περιφερειακή ενότητα
738:Νομαρχιακό συμβούλιο
694:Minister of Interior
349:Later Political Life
159:Government of Greece
1248:
1231:Subsequently, from
1197:Diikitiki periferia
950:
927:local communities (
855:Δημοτικό διαμέρισμα
817:antiperifereiárchis
807:periferiaki enotita
771:) or "peripheries",
671:Diikitiki periferia
637:
452:Hellenic Parliament
437:Kapodistrias reform
435:following the 1997
139:Legislative history
105:Hellenic Parliament
1246:
948:
921:Δημοτική κοινότητα
835:914 municipalities
812:αντιπεριφερειάρχης
635:
566:economies of scale
448:Papandreou cabinet
185:
91:Territorial extent
2220:Greek legislation
2174:978-1-4426-4141-9
2149:978-84-7351-417-0
2126:978-0-19-956297-8
2095:978-973-709-531-2
2072:978-1-84980-415-8
1996:978-1-4462-5219-2
1987:SAGE Publications
1910:978-1-137-02543-2
1869:978-92-64-20140-8
1790:978-92-64-16689-9
1686:, p. 427 f..
1631:978-0-415-56927-9
1565:, p. 425 f..
1492:Second Memorandum
1441:Southern European
1427:
1426:
1294:Western Macedonia
1269:Central Macedonia
1222:regional planning
1201:regional planning
1113:
1112:
941:
940:
909:municipal units (
864:Τοπικό διαμέρισμα
861:local districts (
749:Attica Prefecture
745:super-prefectures
636:Comparison chart
504:Kapodistrias plan
417:
397:
396:
221:
220:
212:George Papandreou
177:
176:
125:George Papandreou
118:Karolos Papoulias
48:Hellenic Republic
16:(Redirected from
2252:
2235:Reform in Greece
2206:
2178:
2153:
2130:
2099:
2076:
2061:(2nd ed.).
2049:
2035:
2025:
2019:
2001:
2000:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1939:Dacoronia (2012)
1936:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1613:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1264:Macedonia–Thrace
1249:
1211:
1210:
1194:
1193:
951:
932:
931:
930:Τοπική κοινότητα
923:
922:
914:
913:
912:Δημοτική ενότητα
899:
898:
879:
878:
866:
865:
857:
856:
842:
841:
814:
813:
804:
803:
788:
787:
778:
777:
766:
765:
740:
739:
734:
733:
722:
721:
685:
684:
668:
667:
638:
422:
412:
410:
389:
382:
375:
364:
312:First Memorandum
263:
255:
249:
241:
234:
217:
216:
215:
213:
205:
204:
198:
191:
190:
187:
86:
42:
30:
21:
18:Kallikratis plan
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2185:
2175:
2156:
2150:
2133:
2127:
2102:
2096:
2079:
2073:
2052:
2033:
2028:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:, p. 83 f.
1670:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1599:Vamvakas (2012)
1597:
1593:
1587:Vamvakas (2012)
1585:
1581:
1575:Vamvakas (2012)
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1550:"Law 4555/2018"
1548:
1547:
1543:
1536:"Law 3852/2010"
1534:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1508:
1484:
1466:control of the
1437:
1432:
1167:
957:Municipalities
946:
905:
872:120 communities
848:
830:
826:
772:
728:
704:
702:
691:
679:
662:
652:
633:
610:self-governance
585:
557:Lisbon Strategy
553:2007 reelection
551:Only after the
529:
473:
468:
393:
359:
346:
281:
266:
261:
256:
253:
247:
242:
239:
235:
232:
211:
209:
208:
207:
206:
202:
201:
120:
101:Enacted by
81:
73:
70:
68:
63:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2184:
2183:External links
2181:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2131:
2125:
2100:
2094:
2077:
2071:
2050:
2026:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1969:
1967:, p. 664.
1957:
1943:
1941:, p. 373.
1931:
1916:
1909:
1887:
1885:, p. 265.
1875:
1868:
1835:
1833:, p. 267.
1823:
1808:
1806:, p. 261.
1796:
1789:
1761:
1759:, p. 425.
1749:
1747:, p. 431.
1737:
1718:
1703:
1688:
1676:
1661:
1658:on 2016-03-03.
1637:
1630:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1541:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1483:
1480:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:Ionian Islands
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:Western Greece
1350:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:Central Greece
1325:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1179:regional units
1166:
1163:
1117:self-governing
1111:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1051:up to 100,000
1048:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
985:
984:
979:
976:
971:
967:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
945:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
925:
891:municipalities
886:
869:
868:
859:
832:
822:
821:
797:regional units
781:periferiarchis
776:περιφερειάρχης
753:
709:
706:self-governing
703:regional-level
698:
697:
674:
657:
648:
647:
644:
641:
632:
629:
584:
581:
528:
525:
489:tax collection
472:
469:
467:
464:
395:
394:
392:
391:
384:
377:
369:
366:
365:
358:
357:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
287:
280:
279:
273:
272:
265:
264:
262:(2015–present)
223:
222:
219:
218:
199:
175:
174:
167:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
148:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:Prime minister
112:
111:Signed by
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
79:
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2257:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:John Loughlin
2106:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:(46): 73–89.
2039:
2032:
2027:
2024:(3): 653–693.
2023:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:. 2017-09-23.
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1929:, p. 79.
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:Hlepas (2013)
1879:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:Hlepas (2013)
1827:
1824:
1821:, p. 260
1820:
1819:Hlepas (2013)
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Hlepas (2013)
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:Hlepas (2011)
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:Hlepas (2011)
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Hlepas (2011)
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1624:. Routledge.
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:, p. 31.
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:, p. 29.
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:, p. 26.
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:> 100,000
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:up to 50,000
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:up to 10,000
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
968:
960:
952:
943:
926:
917:
916:
908:
907:
903:
893:
892:
887:
885:
883:
873:
860:
851:
850:
846:
836:
833:
829:
824:
823:
820:
818:
808:
798:
792:
782:
770:
760:
759:
754:
752:
750:
746:
727:) or "nomes",
726:
716:
715:
710:
707:
700:
699:
695:
689:
678:
675:
672:
661:
658:
656:
650:
649:
639:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
606:
602:
601:New Democracy
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
577:participation
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
554:
549:
547:
542:
538:
534:
533:New Democracy
526:
524:
520:
518:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
415:
406:
402:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
368:
367:
363:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
282:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
260:
257:President of
252:
246:
243:President of
238:
231:
228:President of
227:
226:
225:
224:
214:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
181:
172:
168:
163:
160:
157:
155:Introduced by
153:
149:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
65:
61:
60:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2159:
2139:
2112:
2085:
2058:
2037:
2021:
1982:
1972:
1960:
1946:
1934:
1900:
1890:
1878:
1851:
1838:
1826:
1799:
1771:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1735:, p. 84
1716:, p. 77
1701:, p. 76
1679:
1653:the original
1640:
1621:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1544:
1530:
1496:
1485:
1474:
1472:
1463:a posteriori
1461:
1453:
1439:Scholars of
1438:
1404:South Aegean
1394:North Aegean
1230:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1168:
1159:stakeholders
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1086:
1078:
1065:
1057:
1044:
1036:
1023:
1015:
1002:
994:
988:up to 5,000
981:
973:
962:Before 2010
901:
888:
881:
871:
870:
844:
834:
816:
806:
794:
790:
780:
768:
755:
742:
724:
711:
687:
676:
670:
659:
614:
600:
586:
570:
550:
530:
521:
512:urbanization
501:
474:
441:
400:
398:
348:
347:
326:
284:
269:
57:
1552:(in Greek).
1538:(in Greek).
1446:clientelism
1344:Peloponnese
1171:prefectures
965:After 2011
954:Population
828:local-level
714:prefectures
481:prefectures
444:Callicrates
327:Kallikratis
248:(2006–2022)
134:4 June 2010
2214:Categories
2205:(in Greek)
2007:Literature
1523:References
1475:administré
764:Περιφέρεια
701:secondary,
605:centralist
573:legitimacy
165:Amended by
59:Long title
1499:austerity
1478:funding.
1430:Reactions
1135:Ombudsman
1128:provinces
877:Κοινότητα
769:Periferia
708:entities
546:provinces
535:party in
414:romanized
254:(2009–11)
240:(2004–09)
233:(2004–12)
150:3852/2010
115:President
2055:"Greece"
1848:"Greece"
1846:(2014).
1618:"Greece"
1506:See also
1468:legality
1319:Thessaly
1255:Regions
882:kinotita
825:primary,
732:Νομάρχης
497:treasury
78:Citation
2200:in the
2191:in the
1458:Germany
1185:-level
758:regions
591:in the
466:History
416::
2171:
2146:
2123:
2092:
2069:
1993:
1907:
1866:
1787:
1628:
1389:Aegean
1379:Attica
1374:Attica
1304:Epirus
1183:NUTS 2
1175:NUTS 3
1149:and a
1093:Total
978:Number
970:Number
539:, the
517:Gramos
429:Greece
355:KIDISO
259:KIDISO
173:(2019)
131:Signed
95:Greece
2107:. In
2034:(PDF)
2018:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1649:(PDF)
1488:First
1419:Crete
1414:Crete
1096:1034
982:Share
974:Share
902:Dimos
897:Δήμος
845:Dimos
840:Δήμος
720:Νομοί
589:PASOK
425:Greek
405:Greek
230:PASOK
147:title
2169:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2067:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1844:OECD
1785:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1237:2014
1233:2010
1224:and
1141:and
1108:100%
1104:325
1100:100%
1041:192
1033:186
1012:259
991:548
889:325
858:) or
725:Nomi
625:2006
623:and
621:2002
575:and
537:2004
495:and
399:The
145:Bill
2042:doi
1856:doi
1777:doi
1423:24
1408:34
1383:66
1358:19
1348:26
1333:25
1323:25
1308:19
1298:12
1283:38
1273:22
1083:13
1075:10
1066:15%
1062:49
1054:31
1045:59%
1037:18%
1020:28
1016:25%
1003:14%
999:45
995:53%
819:).
793:).
756:13
741:).
712:51
653:of
2216::
2167:.
2163:.
2115:.
2036:.
2020:.
1985:.
1919:^
1862:.
1850:.
1811:^
1783:.
1721:^
1706:^
1691:^
1664:^
1606:^
1398:8
1368:7
1228:.
1212:,
1195:,
1087:4%
1079:1%
1058:3%
1024:8%
915:)
904:),
900:,
884:)
880:,
847:),
843:,
815:,
805:,
789:,
779:,
767:,
723:,
696:.
686:,
673:)
669:,
627:.
568:.
499:.
491:,
439:.
411:,
407::
2177:.
2152:.
2129:.
2098:.
2075:.
2048:.
2044::
1999:.
1913:.
1872:.
1858::
1793:.
1779::
1634:.
1189:(
1173:(
933:)
924:)
894:(
874:(
867:)
837:(
799:(
761:(
717:(
690:)
403:(
388:e
381:t
374:v
20:)
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