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552:. Its decoration often depicted mythological stories and scenes of daily life. The inscriptions provide information such as the potter's name, date and purpose of the hydria. Inscriptions can increase scholarly understanding of Ancient Greek culture, and its development over time, as well as help create a chronological timeline of the development of pottery in Ancient Greece. Decorations can also highlight the particular use of the hydria. For example, bronze hydrias decorated with figures relating to love were gifts to brides, whilst those decorated with Dionysus, were used by men at gala dinner parties.
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also highlighted which can fill information that written sources cannot provide. For example, on one hadra hydria, the inscription translates to "Year 9; Sotion son of Kleon of Delphi, Member of the Sacred
Embassy announcing the Soteria; by Theodotos, agorastes". From this inscription, a date can be approximated, which was 212 BC. insight into the political offices that existed is also provided, as well as the names of government officials.
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shape of the hydria was altered in the 5th century BC from having a wide body and broadly rounded shoulders, to a design that incorporated flatter shoulders that met the body at an angle. This was done to ease the task of carrying water to and from the home and places of gathering. The vessel itself could be carried, and the vertical handle allowed the person to pour it easily, which aided in tasks such as diluting wine in a
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437:. This clay ball would be formed into a tall cylinder and then expanded outwards through the use of the potter's hands. With one hand on the outside and one on the inside, the potter's hands would press together and form the upward curve of the hydria. At the shoulder level, the potter would smooth the clay inwards, forming the base of the neck. The shoulder was then smoothed out with a
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Beginning with two sheets of bronze, the thin walls of the bronze hydria are hammered and shaped. Bronze hydrias with a pronounced shoulder were hammered in two parts. First, a metal disk was shaped to form a neck. Then, a tube flaring at both ends was welded to where the shoulder met the neck of the
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The hydria has three handles, two horizontal ones at its sides and a vertical one on its back. The horizontal handles were pulled from balls of clay which were then attached below the shoulder on the hydria. The handles were cylindrical and upturned. The vertical handle was also pulled from a ball of
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contain the names of artists, potters, important historical figures and dates. These inscriptions are important as they provide contextual information that helps to establish the date of the pottery which contributes to its chronological timeline. Important figures that existed during that time are
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The Caputi hydria provides insight into the role of working women in classical Athens. Due to the lack of written sources surrounding working women in Athens during the 5th century BC, it was noted that women in trades were non-existent and confined to household duties. However, the Caputi hydria
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The neck, mouth and lip were thrown right side up, through a similar process of expanding a smaller lump of clay which was then thinned out and shaped. Once a short cylinder was formed, the clay was then angled outward to form the lip of the hydria. The lip was rounded with a sponge and the neck,
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Originally, the hydria's purpose was for the collection of water, but it also held oil and the votes of judges. The design of the hydria allowed for the efficient collecting and pouring of liquids as it possessed three handles: two horizontal ones at its sides and a vertical one on its back. The
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It is a type of water-carrying vessel, but it had many other purposes. As time progressed the hydria developed into many forms, some of which were smaller or of a different material. These variants were decorated with detailed figures to represent Greek mythological stories, as well as scenes of
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depicts women decorating a vase in a pottery workshop, although scholars have debated whether it was a metal workshop. Notwithstanding the academic debate, scholar such as G. M. A. Richter and J. D. Beazley agree this proved the existence of female painters, and women in trades.
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between the shoulder and the neck. The potter would place his hand inside the hydria where the shoulder joined the neck and apply the slip which bonded both the neck and the shoulder. The joining was smoothed out to remove any signing that the sections had been joined.
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and competitions. This is evident from the painted scenes on vases that illustrate victors carrying a hydria as a reward and inscriptions that identified the bronze hydria as a prize. The high value of a bronze hydria meant it could also function as a dedication to
369:. The second class of hadra hydria are named "Clay Ground". These differed from whitewashed hadra hydria as they used dark brown or black paint for decoration, which was directly applied to the vessel's surface. "Clay Ground" hadra hydria were produced in
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680:. The central figure represents the herald Idaios, who tries to interrupt the battle. The reliefs on the Friedlaender hydria and its shape help to place it chronologically in the 6th century BC and establish a timeline for different series of hydrias.
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painters. The kalpis differed from the hydria as it was typically smaller in size, ranging from 25 cm to 42 cm, and its body, shoulder and neck had a continuous curve. Another term associated with a small hydria is hydriske (also called
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and consisted of a wide squat neck, low pedestal and flaring base. Rather than being cylindrical, the hadra hydria's vertical handle was ribbed and its side handles were gently curved. They were named hadra hydria after the suburb "Hadra" in
307:) lip. The hydria was manufactured with three handles: two horizontal ones at its sides and a vertical one on its back. It ranged from 33 cm to 50 cm in height and it was glossed on the outside and not on the inside.
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and the presence of rivet holes found on its rim. Having a lid meant the bronze hydria could act as a funerary urn. There are over three hundred and thirty bronze hydria known, including both complete and incomplete vessels.
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containing ashes. This function was primarily associated with the hadra hydria. The funerary ceremony was conducted by a royal official who recorded the name of the deceased, their origin, the date of burial and a general
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The foot was thrown upside down, through a small ball of clay which was spread outwards. The potter would use his thumbs to shape the walls of the foot whilst using his fingers to round the edge of the foot, giving it a
530:. For its decoration, the bronze hydria was polished, as it created a bright sheen and lustre, but silver inlays were also used for its decoration. Its handles were sometimes decorated with patterns or objects, such as
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336:) which is a diminutive for small hydria. Its vertical handle was cylindrical, attached at the lip rather than the rim, and possessed an in-curved rim compared to the torus lip of the earlier hydria.
660:, longtime companions of Hercules. On its shoulder, five figures are about to engage in battle. The central figure of the five is a herald, whilst the figures on either side are dressed with
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Developed from the 4th century BC onwards, the bronze hydria was a prized form of the hydria. It had a shallow neck and a capacious body. It was highly polished and was often decorated with
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shape. It was cut off the potter's wheel and left to dry. Once dried, it was attached to the rest of the hydria through the application of a slip.
230:(3rd century BC). The etymology of the word hydria was first noted when it was stamped on a hydria itself, its direct translation meaning 'jug'.
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during the 6th century BC. Its characteristics included a well-delineated shoulder, an articulated neck and an overhanging ring-shaped (
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hydria. The other parts of the hydria; the foot, handles and mouth were not hammered, but instead cast and attached through
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clay but it was centre-ridged and oval shaped. It was attached at the lip and shoulder of the hydria. The handles were then
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Mythological stories were often painted onto the hydria, as well as scenes of daily life, such as the collection of water.
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The earliest form of the hydria was a large, round shouldered, full-bodied vessel. This shape was commonly used for
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Once the body and neck had dried, they had to be joined. This was completed through the application of a
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The kalpis became popular during the 5th century BC and became the preferred vessel of choice for
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Medium-volume container varying from 25cm to 50 cm, able to be carried by one or more people.
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hydria is decorated with multiple mythological reliefs. On the body of the hydria, it shows
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Venit, Marjorie Susan (1988). "The Caputi Hydria and
Working Women in Classical Athens".
782:. Elston, Maya., Hart, Mary Louise. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 114β116.
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History of
Ancient Pottery... Illustrated with coloured plates and numerous engravings
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watching on the side. Two more figures reside on the left of
Hercules, identified as
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stage, the potter inverted the hydria and began to turn it to form its base into its
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Tzachou-Alexandri, Olga E. (2002). "A kalpis from
Piraeus Street by Polygnotos".
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1019:. J. Paul Getty Museum. Malibu, Calif.: J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 114β125.
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Callaghan, P.J. (1983). "Three Hadra
Hydriae in the Merseyside County Museums".
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mouth and lip were cut off the wheel and left to harden. Similar to the neck
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Richter, Gisela M. A. (1946). "A Fourth-Century Bronze Hydria in New York".
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1267:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). pp. 20β30.
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Understanding Greek vases : a guide to terms, styles, and techniques
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The contribution of the hydria is displayed through its decoration and
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behind
Amymone suggests that the scene was probably inspired by a
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Bothmer, Dietrich (1974). "Two Bronze Hydriai in Malibu".
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Typical design of the kalpis, a shorter variant of the hydria
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Painters would sometimes inscribe their name onto the hydria.
1178:"Why On Earth Do They Call It Throwing? | Contractor Quotes"
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which means to twist or turn,) the body of the hydria on a
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Pedley, John
Griffiths (1970). "The Friedlaender Hydria".
723:"Greek Hydriai (Water Jars) and Their Artistic Decoration"
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Athenian vase construction : a potter's analysis
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1353:Glass hydriske at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1358:Glass hydriske at the Art Institute of Chicago
867:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
222:) is a form of Greek pottery from between the
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234:daily life, providing extensive insight into
27:Type of Greek pottery used for carrying water
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1097:. Abingdon, U. K.: Routledge. p. 237.
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1363:Glass hydriske at the Toledo Museum of Art
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421:The process began by "throwing" (from the
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879:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1983.tb00441.x
620:List of Greek mythological figures
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813:Classical World: All That Matters
1176:Krueger, Dennis (12 June 2019).
931:The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal
580:between them. The presence of a
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344:This style developed during the
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479:Once the vessel had dried to a
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754:. J. Murray. pp. 80β82.
290:Earliest design of the hydria
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811:Blanshard, Alastair (2015).
179:Bronze hydria / kalpis with
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538:Contribution and examples
408:Glossary of pottery terms
226:(7th century BC) and the
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1759:Ancient Greek pot shapes
1015:Schreiber, Toby (1999).
192:Vassil Bojkov Collection
30:For the moth genus, see
610:The Friedlaender hydria
441:to remove any throwing
1634:Funerary and religious
1263:Cook, Brian F (1966).
778:Clark, Andrew (2002).
750:Birch, Samuel (1873).
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1368:4 March 2016 at the
1091:Cook, R. M. (1997).
721:Hemingway, Colette.
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636:(otherwise known as
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815:. : John Murray.
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1723:Band skyphos
1651:Loutrophoros
1605:Loutrophoros
1495:
1413:Wine vessels
1306:
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1185:. Retrieved
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626:black-figure
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550:inscriptions
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481:leather hard
478:
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357:applied for
343:
340:Hadra hydria
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133:19th century
47:
1625:Stirrup jar
1056:: 297β308.
544:Ceramic art
423:Old English
276:sanctuaries
271:tournaments
263:inscription
1748:Categories
1580:Alabastron
1435:Karkhesion
701:References
690:Aquamanile
650:Amphitrite
614:See also:
586:satyr play
542:See also:
443:striations
406:See also:
359:Polychrome
351:Alexandria
325:red-figure
198:, Bulgaria
154:Red-figure
130:Discovered
64:A hydria,
1728:Epinetron
1585:Aryballos
1557:Tableware
1430:Kantharos
1323:0073-0688
1309:: 45β53.
1231:0009-8418
1163:193102013
1147:0002-9114
1078:177582456
1070:0068-2454
937:: 15β22.
887:0076-0730
831:953851954
532:palmettes
528:soldering
511:burnished
395:soldering
355:whitewash
334:hydriskai
332:, plural
330:hydriskos
163:BC, from
1677:Calathus
1646:Lekythos
1600:Lekythos
1564:Pinakion
1536:Cookware
1501:Hydriske
1460:Oenochoe
1366:Archived
1035:38179875
798:48131752
684:See also
646:Poseidon
630:Hercules
590:Atalanti
570:Poseidon
568:Hydria.
439:rib tool
427:thrownاا
387:Dionysus
242:Function
156:hydria,
77:Material
1733:Luchnos
1707:Stamnos
1672:Amphora
1665:Storage
1480:Skyphos
1470:Psykter
1450:Lakaina
1440:Kyathos
1420:Amphora
1239:4350194
943:4166307
760:1358252
644:) with
640:or the
588:. From
576:, with
574:Amymone
524:welding
504:Handles
475:Turning
462:Joining
456:amphora
412:Pottery
220:hydriai
165:Paestum
138:Culture
109:Created
101:Symbols
93:Writing
1702:Situla
1697:Pithos
1692:Pelike
1656:Phiale
1641:Kernos
1615:Pelike
1610:Lydion
1527:Krater
1506:Kalpis
1496:Hydria
1475:Rhyton
1465:Pelike
1455:Mastos
1425:Kotyle
1331:310997
1329:
1321:
1273:747044
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732:22 May
670:Hector
658:Athena
654:Hermes
638:Nereus
634:Triton
389:and a
319:Kalpis
295:Hydria
267:bronze
265:. The
250:krater
204:hydria
169:Louvre
53:Hydria
43:Calpis
1716:Other
1687:Lebes
1682:Chuta
1620:Pyxis
1590:Askos
1548:Lebes
1543:Chuta
1522:Dinos
1445:Kylix
1327:JSTOR
1235:JSTOR
1159:S2CID
1151:JSTOR
1074:S2CID
939:JSTOR
678:Iliad
582:Satyr
498:Torus
425:word
391:satyr
371:Crete
367:tombs
363:Egypt
305:torus
282:Types
212:α½Ξ΄ΟΞ―Ξ±
208:Greek
196:Sofia
181:siren
1319:ISSN
1269:OCLC
1227:ISSN
1189:2020
1143:ISSN
1099:ISBN
1066:ISSN
1031:OCLC
1021:ISBN
883:ISSN
827:OCLC
817:ISBN
794:OCLC
784:ISBN
756:OCLC
734:2020
695:Olla
674:Ajax
672:and
656:and
648:and
618:and
578:Eros
572:and
491:Foot
468:slip
435:clay
417:Body
410:and
202:The
85:Size
1311:doi
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875:doi
526:or
258:urn
216:pl.
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