443:, spending some of its life in salt water but most of its life in freshwater. Kalugas are one of the four species of sturgeons to exist in the Amur River. The Amur River is one of the largest rivers in East Asia and for part of its length forms the border between China and Russia. There are two populations of Kaluga that exist in this river. One group of Kalugas spawn in the main stem of the river, while others spawn downstream and work their way to the middle of the river. In the early life of a Kaluga, the offspring prefer to live in a clear habitat setting. They prefer the point of the river where there is an illuminated white bottom and open space for them to swim way above the bottom of the river. The Kaluga also prefers to avoid any cover from the river. Observations suggest that the Kaluga embryos might do this to avoid predators near the bottom of the river. The Kaluga sturgeon are currently endangered now because of human interaction. However, environmental factors such as warm water temperatures pose risk for fungus over free embryos and could be a cause of death also. The migration intensity of Kaluga is also a big factor in the life of a Kaluga. Water velocity in the stream has a great effect on the migration of the free embryos, meaning that the greater the force of the stream of water is the more likely the embryo migrates. Migration plays a big role in Kaluga's early life. The migration of baby Kaluga is considered a passive migration because the embryos have no control over where the river flow takes them. However, when grown the Kaluga constantly migrates back and forth between upstream and downstream. The generation length of the species is not less than 20 years, comparable to humans.
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of 6–10 feet (2–3 m). Spawning peaks from the end of May to July. Adults spawn many times during their life cycle. Spawning periodicity is 4–5 years in females and 3–4 years in males. Water temperature affects the onset of maturity of females. Females spawn a year earlier during warm years than they would during cold years. Females are only able to breed every four years. Their spawning season begins in May and ends in July. Adult Kaluga
Sturgeons travel in small groups of between 3 and 20 individuals to the shallow gravel beds to spawn. Sometimes if the Kaluga Sturgeon is too large it may die from getting stuck in the shallow water. The Kaluga Sturgeon can hybridize with the
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size. They are extremely vulnerable to extinction by poaching because they have late sexual maturity, which only occurs after around 6 to 25 years of age. Sturgeon Caviar output, including the Kaluga, from 1957 to 2005, averaged about 117 tons per year. The animals are being hunted down for their unfertilized eggs because sturgeon roe is considered a delicacy to people all across the world. This market cuts down on the Kaluga population and only hastens the process of their extinction. Another reason for the endangerment is river pollution, especially near spawning grounds. This has led to deformed eggs and has caused defects in birth. Hybrids between
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scutes) between rows of small bony scutes grains and rarely more large plate. Lateral scutes are smaller than the dorsal and ventral scutes. The mouth takes up the entire lower surface of the snout, it is lateral, crescent-shaped, and extremely large. Parts of the mouth can move to the side of the head. Under the snout and in front of the mouth there is a transverse row of four flattened laterally barbels. The inner two barbels are more anterior than the outer ones, but they are similar in length. The snout of the kaluga sturgeon is short and sharply pointed. It has very small eyes, located immediately behind its nostrils.
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19th century, annual catches were around 500 tons, mainly in lower river sections, but by 1992, this had dropped to 92 tons. In 2012, the lower river's stock size was estimated at 7,100 tons. While no commercial fisheries currently target this species, it faces severe threats from illegal fishing, particularly in Russia. This combination of factors has led to an estimated decline of over 90% in just 90 years, equivalent to roughly three generations of the species.
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1973 and entered into force in 1975. The Kaluga is protected by
Appendix II of CITES, which includes species that although currently not threatened with extinction, may become so without trade controls. Regulated trade is allowed provided that the exporting country issues a permit based on findings that the specimens were legally acquired, and the trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species or its role in the ecosystem.
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The
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement signed by 180 nations designed to ensure that international trade in animals and plants does not threaten their survival in the wild. The treaty was drafted in Washington, D.C. In
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There are a few reasons as to why exactly this species is declining. To begin with, they are being severely overfished. Ever since the 1900s, they have been poached at an alarming rate. After World War II, in 1948, 61 metric tons of Kaluga was caught, an unbelievable number for a species of their
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Kaluga spends at least part of its life in salt water and returns to rivers to breed. The Kaluga
Sturgeon spawns in lower reaches of the Amur River in strong-current habitats in the mainstream of the river on gravel or sandy-gravel bottom at water temperatures of 70 °F (12-20 °C) in depths
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Kaluga
Sturgeon hatch in shallow gravel beds in the freshwater estuaries of the Amur River. Their parents play no role in their lives. They remain in the egg from 83 to 295 hours and hatch with a yolk sac that feeds them for up to 8 or 9 days. After that, the Kaluga sturgeon are forced to hunt. They
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In addition, national laws have been passed to protect the Kaluga sturgeon. Commercial sturgeon fishing was prohibited in the Soviet Union during the periods 1923–1930, 1958-1976 and from 1984 to the present (Vaisman and
Fomenko 2007). The Kaluga sturgeon was listed in Appendix II of the Convention
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Data regarding the population trends of the Kaluga sturgeon is primarily based on various catch methods and efforts. The species has experienced a significant decline in catches since the late 19th century. Notably, China observed an 80% reduction in mature fish between 2008 and 2018. In the late
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The kaluga sturgeon is a massive fish, also known as the “river beluga”. It has a triangular head with several bony plates. Its body is an elongated fusiform body with five rows of bony scutes: dorsal with 10-16 beetles (the first is largest), two laterals (32-46 scutes), and two ventral (8-12
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punishable by law. However, kalugas are known to have an aggressive nature, and instances of them toppling fishing boats and drowning fishermen have been reported, although no concrete evidence exists of them assaulting or hunting people.
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Adult Kaluga
Sturgeon have enormous appetites. They eat pike, carp, herring, chum salmon, keta, and most other fish or shellfish that can fit into their mouths. A Kaluga Sturgeon can live up to 55 years.
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hunt for tiny zooplankton, insects, and shrimp. They reach the sea with the help of the current and remain there until they are ready to breed, between the ages of 10 and 14.
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and other fish in the Amur with its nail like teeth in its jaws. They have gray-green to black backs with a yellowish green-white underbelly.
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A 3.7 m (12 ft)-long, 500 kg (1,100 lb), 70 year old Kaluga fish which stored around 4 million eggs
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729:"Status and Conservation of Sturgeons in Amur River, China: A Review Based on Surveys since the Year 2000"
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Krikhtin, Mikhail L.; Victor G. Svirskii (1997). "Endemic
Sturgeons of the Amur River: Kaluga,
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on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1998.
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Khabarovsk Krai
Government site - Tourism and Recreation - Kaluga fish (with picture)
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Kaluga Sturgeon fish identification, its habitats, characteristics, fishing methods
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The kaluga has been hunted to near extinction for its valuable
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The Amur river, an important habitat for the Kaluga sturgeon.
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890:Kaluga and Amur sturgeon habitat map (from WWF)
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885:Khabarovsk Regional Lore Museum (with picture)
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:This article includes a list of general
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38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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652:Deeplyfish- fishes of the world
733:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
672:Fisheries, NOAA (2021-07-20).
615:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
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540:Qiwei, W.; Mugue, N. (2022).
727:Wang, Yamin; Jianbo Chang.
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1782:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
842:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
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1834:European sea sturgeon (
1615:sturgeon and paddlefish
856:. October 2007 version.
358:, is a large predatory
300:Acipenser mantschuricus
53:more precise citations.
2380:Fish described in 1775
678:www.fisheries.noaa.gov
558:: e.T10268A146104292.
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1999:American paddlefish (
1953:Shovelnose sturgeon (
1773:A. oxyrinchus desotoi
710:Environ. Biol. Fishes
704:, and Amur sturgeon,
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354:), also known as the
125:Critically Endangered
2023:Chinese paddlefish (
1920:Amu Darya sturgeon (
1902:Syr Darya sturgeon (
1690:Shortnose sturgeon (
1525:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
706:Acipenser schrenckii
592:"Appendices | CITES"
492:Acipenser schrenckii
324:Ichthyocolla daurica
308:Acipenser orientalis
1780:Atlantic sturgeon (
1753:Adriatic sturgeon (
1744:Japanese sturgeon (
1735:Sakhalin sturgeon (
1681:Siberian sturgeon (
1518:Protoscaphirhynchus
761:"River Stories #49"
332:Acipenser kaluschka
110:Conservation status
16:Species of sturgeon
1962:Alabama sturgeon (
1816:Chinese sturgeon (
1789:Persian sturgeon (
1762:Bastard sturgeon (
1719:A. gueldenstaedtii
1717:Russian sturgeon (
1699:Dabry's sturgeon (
1135:Bobasatraniiformes
869:: "Russian Killer"
674:"| NOAA Fisheries"
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2049:Taxon identifiers
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816:"How CITES works"
624:version (02/2017)
498:Population Trends
488:Japanese sturgeon
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1911:Dwarf sturgeon (
1845:A. transmontanus
1843:White sturgeon (
1746:A. multiscutatus
1726:Green sturgeon (
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1692:A. brevirostrum
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771:. 2 June 2023
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739:(s1): 44–52.
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1701:A. dabryanus
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1646:Osteichthyes
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1394:Crossopholis
1392:
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1355:Stichopterus
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1339:
1332:
1309:
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1297:Chondrosteus
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1103:Errolichthys
1101:
1090:
1047:
975:
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823:. Retrieved
819:
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773:. Retrieved
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681:. Retrieved
677:
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620:
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595:
569:. Retrieved
555:
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543:
514:
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491:
484:
481:Conservation
475:
454:
450:
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396:
356:river beluga
355:
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335:Steller 1814
331:
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247:
246:
234:
80:
65:
59:October 2014
56:
37:
2207:iNaturalist
2081:Wikispecies
2001:P. spathula
1964:S. suttkusi
1913:P. hermanni
1869:H. dauricus
1818:A. sinensis
1800:A. ruthenus
1791:A. persicus
1755:A. naccarii
1652:Chondrostei
1644:Superclass
1348:Spherosteus
1195:Condorlepis
1125:Neochallaia
1071:Chondrostei
1049:Chondrostei
1023:Chondrostei
980:Actinopteri
941:Chondrostei
895:Appendix II
861:Jeremy Wade
410:Description
366:basin from
311:Pallas 1814
295:Georgi 1775
143:Appendix II
51:introducing
2359:Categories
2025:P. gladius
1737:A. mikadoi
1640:Vertebrata
1638:Subphylum
1209:Morrolepis
1188:Coccolepis
1181:Barbalepis
1114:Gualolepis
1032:see below↓
683:2024-05-07
601:2022-01-14
520:References
507:Protection
447:Life cycle
441:anadromous
364:Amur River
34:references
2370:Sturgeons
2014:Psephurus
1836:A. sturio
1798:Sterlet (
1683:A. baerii
1672:Acipenser
1650:Subclass
1471:Acipenser
1441:Psephurus
1362:Yanosteus
1334:Liaosteus
1304:Gyrosteus
1223:Sunolepis
957:Kingdom:
820:CITES.org
795:CITES.org
775:23 August
596:CITES.org
571:23 August
374:and near
242:Species:
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
2324:Species+
2225:10937683
2181:FishBase
2108:BioLib:
2066:Wikidata
1990:Polyodon
1946:S. albus
1891:Pseudo-
1876:Beluga (
1867:Kaluga (
1634:Chordata
1628:Animalia
1626:Kingdom
1421:Polyodon
1202:Iyalepis
1092:Birgeria
965:Chordata
963:Phylum:
959:Animalia
853:FishBase
622:FishBase
376:Hokkaido
360:sturgeon
283:Synonyms
220:Family:
194:Chordata
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
130:IUCN 3.1
2316:1064121
2199:2402100
2072:Q201177
1878:H. huso
1632:Phylum
1617:species
1613:Recent
969:Class:
435:Habitat
230:Genus:
210:Order:
200:Class:
145: (
128: (
86:Kaluga
47:improve
2342:271700
2303:271700
2251:550557
2212:102974
2173:124532
2157:ECOS:
2111:139571
900:Kaluga
657:18 May
629:18 May
403:felony
392:salmon
388:scutes
384:beluga
368:Russia
346:kaluga
274:Georgi
36:, but
2337:WoRMS
2277:55293
2264:10268
2238:79862
2220:IRMNG
2168:EUNIS
2137:3MV26
2124:50219
976:Clade
825:5 May
800:5 May
648:(PDF)
380:Japan
372:China
276:1775)
147:CITES
141:CITES
2329:7270
2298:OBIS
2285:NOAA
2272:NCBI
2259:IUCN
2246:ITIS
2194:GBIF
2186:4633
2160:9748
2119:BOLD
1858:Huso
1498:Huso
1009:see
827:2024
802:2024
777:2024
659:2017
631:2017
573:2024
556:2022
464:Diet
344:The
235:Huso
2233:ISC
2145:CMS
2132:CoL
2096:ADW
863:'s
769:WWF
741:doi
708:".
560:doi
399:roe
378:in
370:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
