1595:
267:), Farisi also saved the latest advancements in color theory by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi on color ordering. In contrast to Aristotle (d. 322 BCE), who had suggested that all colors can be aligned on a single line from black to white, Ibn-Sina (d. 1037) had described that there were three paths from black to white, one path via grey, a second path via red and the third path via green. Al-Tusi (ca. 1258) elaborated on this by stating that there are no less than five of such paths, via lemon (yellow), blood (red), pistachio (green), indigo (blue) and grey. No less than 23 intermediate colors on these paths were explicitly mentioned in this text. Fortunately this text was saved since Farisi included it in his
167:
275:), which was copied numerous times until at least the nineteenth century as part of the textbook Revision of the Optics (Tanqih al-Manazir). Tusi's description of the relations between various colors effectively made color space two-dimensional. Robert Grosseteste (d. 1253) proposed an effectively three-dimensional model of color space.
151:
783:
The famous physicist and mathematician Kamal al-Din al-Farisi compiled a paper in which he set out deliberately to prove the theorem of Ibn Qurra in an algebraic way. This forced him to an understanding of the first arithmetical functions and to a full preparation which led him to state for the first
239:
that has a controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deducted through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colors of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light. His research
170:
The colophone of Al-Basa'ir fi 'ilm al-Basa'ir, copied in 731 H.E. from Kamal al-Din's original manuscript, states that Kamal al-Din's real name is al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn al-Hasan and he has completed the work in 708 H.E. The scribe states also that Kamal al-Din died on 19 Dhu al-Qa'dah 718 H.E. (12
324:
Asas al-qawa'id fi usul al-fawa'id (The base of the rules in the principles of uses) which comprises an introduction and five chapters dealing with arithmetic, notarial and sales rules, and the areas of surfaces and solids, while the last two essays are on algebra. The book is a commentary on the
332:
Tanqih al-Manazir (Arabic: تنقيح المناظر; The
Revision of Ibn al-Haytham's Optics). He completed the writing of this book in Ramadan 708 H.E. (Feb-Mar 1309 A.D.). The autograph manuscript of this work has newly discovered. Before the discovery, the completion date of the Tanqih had been
204:. Farisi also "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." He verified this through extensive experimentation using a transparent sphere filled with water and a
339:
Al-Basa'ir fi 'ilm al-manazir (Insights Into the
Sciences of Optics), a textbook for students of optics, presenting the conclusion of the Tanqih without the proofs or experiments. He completed the writing of this book in 708 H.E. (1309
755:"One could say that Euclid takes the first step on the way of to the existence of prime factorization, and al-Farisi takes the final step by actually proving the existence of a finite prime factorisation in his first proposition"
1614:
235:), Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a
1603:
1649:
1018:
185:(Alhacen), and Farisi made such a deep study of this treatise that Shirazi suggested that he write what is essentially a revision of that major work, which came to be called the
1310:
1001:
1883:
1878:
1048:
766:
395:
1594:
1735:
1010:
291:("Memorandum for friends on the proof of amicability") introduced a major new approach to a whole area of number theory, introducing ideas concerning
968:
350:
1656:
947:, 2 vols, Hyderabad (Deccan), 1347–48/1928–30 (this edition did not use the Topkapı manuscript and contains errors in both text and diagrams).
1488:
530:
1898:
1514:
370:
333:
controversial, placed from sometime before 1290 (M. Nazif) to after 1302, but before Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī's death in 710/1311 (Wiedemann).
1392:
311:
took the first step on the way to the existence of prime factorization, al-Farisi took the final step and stated for the first time the
1575:
1539:
1043:
994:
776:
502:
474:
312:
256:
in dioptrics (for instance, Newton conducted a similar experiment at
Trinity College, though using a prism rather than a sphere).
1893:
1818:
1534:
175:
His work on optics was prompted by a question put to him concerning the refraction of light. Shirazi advised him to consult the
893:
l' Algèbre de Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, présentée par
Moustafa Mawaldi sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Roshdi Rashed
752:
1437:
1493:
1452:
1628:
1305:
880:
Roshdi Rashed, "Le modèle de la sphère transparente et l'explication de l'arc-en-ciel : Ibn al-Haytham – al-Farisi",
1315:
1249:
987:
1033:
1750:
1154:
1073:
1720:
1699:
1447:
1417:
1194:
1108:
283:
Farisi made a number of important contributions to number theory. His most impressive work in number theory is on
1888:
1402:
858:
Roshdi Rashed, "Materials for the Study of the
History of Amicable Numbers and Combinatorial Analysis (Arabic)",
1159:
1473:
1432:
1184:
973:
577:, Grosseteste’s Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham', in
220:
1300:
619:, eds. Thomas F. Glick, Steven J. Livesey, and Faith Wallis (New York — London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 237–240.
1842:
1837:
1827:
1134:
1129:
907:
Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S
571:
Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S
211:
His research in this regard was based on theoretical investigations in dioptrics conducted on the so-called
136:
940:
Tanqīḥ al-manāẓer, MS Istanbul, Topkapı Kütüphanesi, Ahmet III 3340 (copied at Nīšāpūr, 15 Šaʿbān 716/1316)
326:
1797:
1766:
1442:
1427:
1361:
1290:
154:
125:
1580:
1407:
1371:
241:
869:
Roshdi Rashed, "Nombres amiables, parties aliquotes et nombres figurés aux XIIIème et XIVème siècles",
795:
Tanqih al-Manazir, Farisi's
Autograph manuscript, dated Ramadan 708 H.E./1309 A.D., Adilnor Collection.
592:
374:
1873:
1868:
1745:
1694:
1570:
1549:
1422:
1330:
704:
Smithson, H.E.; Dinkova-Bruun, G.; Gasper, G.E.M.; Huxtable, M.; McLeish, T.C.B.; Panti, C. (2012).
435:
Ahmad Fuad Basha, Ahammiyat al-Makhtutat al-Ilmiyyah al-Sharihah (Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir
Namuzajan)
1715:
1642:
1164:
1103:
1068:
963:
959:
1847:
1802:
1776:
1725:
1366:
1244:
1179:
921:
444:
1792:
1771:
1209:
1098:
772:
735:
526:
498:
470:
389:
129:
121:
1670:
1544:
1519:
1224:
1204:
1113:
1093:
1078:
979:
915:, 'Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after
725:
717:
686:
98:
579:
Robert
Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages
1831:
1823:
1730:
1483:
1346:
1265:
1149:
284:
336:
Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb (Memorandum for friends on the proof of amicability)
200:, and an explication of the nature of colours that reformed the theory of Ibn al-Haytham
448:
1663:
1635:
1376:
1275:
1270:
1219:
1088:
1058:
916:
912:
902:
898:
826:
A.G. Agargün and C.R. Fletcher, "al-Farisi and the
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic",
730:
705:
667:, ed. Oliver Leaman (London — New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006), Vol. I, pp. 248–255.
660:
644:
628:
612:
574:
566:
245:
236:
224:
205:
182:
177:
140:
106:
651:, ed. Oliver Leaman (London — New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006), Vol. I, pp. 131–135
17:
1862:
1478:
1397:
1351:
1038:
296:
292:
117:
196:
Farisi is known for giving the first mathematically satisfactory explanation of the
157:'s autograph manuscript in Optics, Tanqih al-Manazir, 1309 A.D., Adilnor Collection.
1509:
1325:
1083:
813:
E. Wiedemann, “Eine
Zeichnung des Auges, ”Zentralblatt für Augenheilkunde 34, 1910a
481:...of the Persian mathematician and astronomer, Kamal al-Din al-Farasi (d. 1320)...
304:
253:
853:
Entre arithmétique et algèbre: Recherches sur l'histoire des mathématiques arabes
677:
Kirchner, E. (2013). "Color theory and color order in medieval Islam: A review".
1621:
1565:
1320:
1285:
1214:
549:
1529:
1356:
1229:
1199:
1174:
1169:
635:, ed. Josef W. Meri (New York – London: Routledge, 2005), Vol. II, pp. 578–580
299:
methods. In fact Farisi's approach is based on the unique factorization of an
581:, eds. J. Cunningham and M. Hocknull (Dordrecht: Springer, 2016), pp. 21-39 .
1524:
1412:
1280:
1239:
1189:
1144:
1139:
1063:
721:
249:
31:
739:
166:
1295:
1234:
1053:
509:
Towards the end of the 13th century, the Persian Kamal al-Dm al-FarisT...
190:
924:
and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages
1740:
926:, eds. J. Cunningham and M. Hocknull (Dordrecht: Springer, 2016), 21-39
300:
201:
197:
690:
189:. Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi himself was writing a commentary on works of
846:
The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra
308:
144:
113:
109:
417:
Tanqih al-Manazir, autograph manuscript, Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
244:(without any contacts between them; even though they both relied on
150:
149:
1615:
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
983:
1677:
112:
scientist. He made two major contributions to science, one on
753:
A Historical Survey of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
523:
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
617:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
426:
Library of the Madrasa Ali Shahid Mutahhari, Tehran: MS 554
408:
Library of the Madrasa Ali Shahid Mutahhari, Tehran: MS 554
449:"Arab Origins of the Discovery of the Refraction of Light"
804:
M. Naẓīf, al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayṯam, 2 vols., Cairo, 1942–43.
706:"A three-dimensional color space from the 13th century"
1650:
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
325:
treatise of Al-Baha'i uses in the arithmetic rules of
945:
Ketāb Tanqīḥ al-manāẓer le-ḏawī al-abṣār wa’l-baṣāʾer
665:
The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy
649:
The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy
240:
had resonances with the studies of his contemporary
1811:
1785:
1759:
1708:
1687:
1602:
1558:
1502:
1466:
1385:
1339:
1258:
1122:
1026:
1017:
591:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999).
467:
The biographical encyclopedia of Islamic philosophy
97:(1267– 12 January 1319, long assumed to be 1320)) (
76:
61:
46:
39:
895:. 1989, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris.
569:, 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur',
30:For other individuals bearing the same name, see
525:(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 1922.
633:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
495:The Encyclopaedia of Islam: MAHK-MID, Volume 6
248:'s legacy), and later with the experiments of
91:Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi
995:
964:"Kamal al-Din Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi"
768:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
593:"Kamal al-Din Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi"
227:(d. ca. 1041) after him. As he noted in his
8:
469:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 188.
784:time the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
1023:
1002:
988:
980:
36:
1736:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
1011:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
929:E. Wiedemann, "Eine Zeichnung des Auges,
729:
493:Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (1991).
573:. Vol. 7 (2009), pp. 201–226; see also:
165:
969:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
362:
351:List of Iranian scientists and scholars
65:12 January 1318 (aged 52–53)
1657:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
537:Persian scholar Kamal al-Din al-Farisi
394:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
387:
871:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
139:, Kamal al-Din was the most advanced
80:Optics, physics, mathematics, science
7:
289:Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb
1884:14th-century Iranian mathematicians
1879:13th-century Iranian mathematicians
102:
25:
663:, "Ibn al-Haytham, al-Hasan", in
313:fundamental theorem of arithmetic
27:Persian mathematician (1265–1318)
1593:
679:Color Research & Application
647:, "Al-Farisi, Kamal al-Din," in
550:"OPTICS – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
307:. While the Greek mathematician
931:Zentralblatt für Augenheilkunde
905:et le problème de la couleur',
1:
1629:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
882:Revue d'histoire des sciences
765:Rashed, Roshdi (2002-09-11).
128:, who in turn was a pupil of
120:. Farisi was a pupil of the
95:Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan
1899:Scholars from the Ilkhanate
1819:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
1751:University of al-Qarawiyyin
595:. University of St. Andrews
1915:
1721:Al-Mustansiriya University
1700:Islamic geometric patterns
1448:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
841:, 2 vols., Cairo, 1942–43.
771:. Routledge. p. 385.
273:The Revision of the Optics
265:The Revision of the Optics
233:The Revision of the Optics
29:
1591:
521:Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009).
455:, October 2007, pp. 22–23
453:Optics and Photonics News
84:
69:
1474:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1433:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
974:University of St Andrews
1894:13th-century physicists
1843:History of trigonometry
1838:Trigonometric functions
1832:Western Arabic numerals
1828:Eastern Arabic numerals
1393:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
722:10.1364/josaa.29.00A346
615:, "Ibn al-Haytham", in
465:Leaman, Oliver (2015).
269:Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir
261:Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir
229:Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir
1767:Babylonian mathematics
1458:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
1443:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1438:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1362:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1291:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
1034:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
497:. Brill. p. 377.
219:) in the tradition of
172:
158:
155:Kamal al-Din al-Farisi
126:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
41:Kamal al-Din al-Fārisī
18:Kamal al-Din al-Farisi
1793:Byzantine mathematics
1581:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
1408:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1372:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
839:al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayṯam
554:www.iranicaonline.org
327:Al-Khawam al-Baghdadi
242:Theodoric of Freiberg
169:
153:
1798:European mathematics
1746:Maragheh observatory
1571:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
1550:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
1423:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1331:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
960:Robertson, Edmund F.
909:. 7 (2009), 201–226.
860:J. Hist. Arabic Sci.
828:Historia Mathematica
137:Encyclopædia Iranica
1716:Al-Azhar University
1643:The Book of Healing
1049:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
958:O'Connor, John J.;
1848:History of algebra
1803:Indian mathematics
1777:Indian mathematics
1726:House of Knowledge
1180:Brethren of Purity
1074:Banū Mūsā brothers
922:Robert Grosseteste
891:Moustafa Mawaldi,
710:J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
223:(d. ca. 1000) and
217:al-Kura al-muhriqa
173:
159:
124:and mathematician
1856:
1855:
1772:Greek mathematics
1695:Alhazen's problem
1589:
1588:
1210:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1160:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
691:10.1002/col.21861
532:978-3-540-68831-0
445:Sameen Ahmed Khan
130:Nasir al-Din Tusi
88:
87:
71:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
1906:
1889:Number theorists
1671:Tabula Rogeriana
1597:
1545:Sibt al-Maridini
1205:Sinan ibn Thabit
1114:Abu Said Gorgani
1104:Thābit ibn Qurra
1094:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
1079:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
1024:
1004:
997:
990:
981:
976:
888:(1970), 109–140.
877:(1983), 107–147.
866:(1982), 278–209.
834:(1994), 162–173.
814:
811:
805:
802:
796:
793:
787:
786:
762:
756:
750:
744:
743:
733:
716:(2): A346–A352.
701:
695:
694:
674:
668:
658:
652:
642:
636:
626:
620:
610:
604:
603:
601:
600:
588:
582:
564:
558:
557:
546:
540:
539:
518:
512:
511:
490:
484:
483:
462:
456:
442:
436:
433:
427:
424:
418:
415:
409:
406:
400:
399:
393:
385:
383:
382:
373:. Archived from
367:
285:amicable numbers
104:
103:كمالالدين فارسی
57:
55:
37:
21:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1824:Arabic numerals
1807:
1781:
1755:
1731:House of Wisdom
1704:
1683:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1554:
1498:
1484:Ibn al-Durayhim
1462:
1381:
1347:Jabir ibn Aflah
1335:
1266:Abu Nasr Mansur
1254:
1150:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1118:
1013:
1008:
957:
954:
851:Roshdi Rashed,
848:(London, 1994).
844:Roshdi Rashed,
823:
821:Further reading
818:
817:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
790:
779:
764:
763:
759:
751:
747:
703:
702:
698:
676:
675:
671:
659:
655:
643:
639:
631:, "Optics", in
627:
623:
611:
607:
598:
596:
590:
589:
585:
565:
561:
548:
547:
543:
533:
520:
519:
515:
505:
492:
491:
487:
477:
464:
463:
459:
443:
439:
434:
430:
425:
421:
416:
412:
407:
403:
386:
380:
378:
371:"Archived copy"
369:
368:
364:
359:
347:
321:
303:into powers of
281:
164:
116:, the other on
53:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1664:Toledan Tables
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1636:Book of Optics
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1377:Ibn al-Yasamin
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Kushyar Gilani
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Nazif ibn Yumn
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Na'im ibn Musa
1096:
1091:
1089:Yusuf al-Khuri
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:Qusta ibn Luqa
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1019:Mathematicians
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
978:
977:
953:
952:External links
950:
949:
948:
941:
938:
927:
917:Ibn al-Haytham
913:Nader El-Bizri
910:
903:Ibn al-Haytham
899:Nader El-Bizri
896:
889:
878:
867:
856:
855:(Paris, 1984).
849:
842:
835:
822:
819:
816:
815:
806:
797:
788:
777:
757:
745:
696:
669:
661:Nader El-Bizri
653:
645:Nader El-Bizri
637:
629:Nader El-Bizri
621:
613:Nader El-Bizri
605:
583:
575:Nader El-Bizri
567:Nader El-Bizri
559:
541:
531:
513:
503:
485:
475:
457:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
361:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
346:
343:
342:
341:
337:
334:
330:
320:
317:
280:
277:
246:Ibn al-Haytham
237:camera obscura
225:Ibn al-Haytham
213:Burning Sphere
206:camera obscura
183:Ibn al-Haytham
178:Book of Optics
163:
160:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
48:
44:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1911:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Ibn al-Shatir
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Ibn al-Banna'
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Ahmad al-Buni
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Sanad ibn Ali
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
956:
955:
951:
946:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
923:
918:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
825:
824:
820:
810:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
785:
780:
778:9781134977246
774:
770:
769:
761:
758:
754:
749:
746:
741:
737:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
634:
630:
625:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
594:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
555:
551:
545:
542:
538:
534:
528:
524:
517:
514:
510:
506:
504:9789004081123
500:
496:
489:
486:
482:
478:
476:9781472569455
472:
468:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
438:
432:
429:
423:
420:
414:
411:
405:
402:
397:
391:
377:on 2010-11-27
376:
372:
366:
363:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
338:
335:
331:
328:
323:
322:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:prime numbers
302:
298:
297:combinatorial
294:
293:factorization
290:
286:
279:Number theory
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
193:at the time.
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
171:January 1319)
168:
161:
156:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:According to
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:number theory
115:
111:
108:
100:
96:
92:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
49:
45:
38:
33:
19:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:Mathematical
1559:16th century
1510:Ibn al-Majdi
1503:15th century
1467:14th century
1457:
1386:13th century
1340:12th century
1326:Omar Khayyam
1259:11th century
1155:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1123:10th century
1084:Al-Khwarizmi
967:
944:
934:
930:
920:
906:
892:
885:
881:
874:
870:
863:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
827:
809:
800:
791:
782:
767:
760:
748:
713:
709:
699:
682:
678:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
597:. Retrieved
586:
578:
570:
562:
553:
544:
536:
522:
516:
508:
494:
488:
480:
466:
460:
452:
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
379:. Retrieved
375:the original
365:
288:
282:
272:
268:
264:
260:
258:
232:
228:
216:
212:
210:
195:
186:
176:
174:
134:
94:
90:
89:
70:
1874:1319 deaths
1869:1260 births
1622:De Gradibus
1576:Taqi ad-Din
1566:Al-Birjandi
1540:al-Qalaṣādī
1321:Al-Isfizari
1286:Ibn al-Samh
1215:Al-Isfahani
1195:al-Uqlidisi
1165:al-Khojandi
1130:Abu al-Wafa
1069:al-Dinawari
1027:9th century
685:(1): 5–16.
1863:Categories
1786:Influenced
1760:Influences
1530:Ali Qushji
1489:Al-Khalili
1357:Al-Khazini
1352:Al-Kharaqī
1311:al-Zarqālī
1301:al-Jayyānī
1245:al-Majriti
1230:Abu al-Jud
1200:Al-Battani
1175:Al-Saghani
1170:Al-Nayrizi
1109:al-Marwazi
1044:al-Jawharī
837:M. Naẓīf,
599:2007-06-07
381:2010-04-21
143:author on
122:astronomer
1535:al-Wafa'i
1525:Ulugh Beg
1428:al-Abhari
1413:Ibn Adlan
1403:Ibn Munim
1367:al-Hassar
1306:al-Nasawī
1281:Al-Biruni
1250:al-Jabali
1240:Al-Karaji
1190:Ibn Yunus
1145:Abu Kamil
1140:Al-Qabisi
1135:al-Khazin
1064:Al-Mahani
250:Descartes
32:al-Farisi
1688:Concepts
1520:al-Kāshī
1494:al-Umawi
1296:Avicenna
1235:Al-Sijzi
1185:Ibn Sahl
1054:Al-Kindi
740:22330399
390:cite web
345:See also
221:Ibn Sahl
191:Avicenna
105:) was a
1812:Related
1741:Madrasa
1709:Centers
1515:al-Rūmī
1418:al-Urdi
1316:ibn Hud
1271:Alhazen
1225:al-Qūhī
943:ed. as
937:(1910).
731:3287286
301:integer
259:In his
202:Alhazen
198:rainbow
141:Persian
107:Persian
99:Persian
52: (
919:', in
775:
738:
728:
529:
501:
473:
340:A.D.).
309:Euclid
254:Newton
187:Tanqih
162:Optics
145:optics
114:optics
110:Muslim
77:Fields
1606:works
451:, in
357:Notes
319:Works
287:. In
773:ISBN
736:PMID
527:ISBN
499:ISBN
471:ISBN
396:link
295:and
252:and
62:Died
54:1265
50:1265
47:Born
1678:Zij
901:, '
726:PMC
718:doi
687:doi
181:of
93:or
1865::
1830:,
972:,
966:,
962:,
935:34
933:,
886:22
884:,
875:28
873:,
862:,
832:21
830:,
781:.
734:.
724:.
714:29
712:.
708:.
683:40
681:.
552:.
535:.
507:.
479:.
447:,
392:}}
388:{{
315:.
208:.
147:.
132:.
101::
1834:)
1826:(
1003:e
996:t
989:v
864:6
742:.
720::
693:.
689::
602:.
556:.
398:)
384:.
329:.
271:(
263:(
231:(
215:(
56:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
