317:, WMC or Western Mining in short, had carried out sporadic nickel exploration in the 1950s, but soon decided to turn their attention to other minerals. The discovery of nickel at Kambalda dates back to 1954, when, at the former Red Hill Gold Mine, nickel was discovered during uranium exploration. The discovery aroused no interest for another decade until the information was passed on to the Western Mining geology department in 1964. Eventually, a drilling program was carried out that intercepted high-grade nickel at a depth of 133 metres on 28 January 1966. The discovery was officially announced on 21 February 1966.
299:
54:
61:
1749:
29:
379:
Industrial action mainly evolved from the plan to permit seven-day around-the-clock mining, which the unions opposed but the state government supported. When WMC threatened, however, to scrap a A$ 105 million expansion at
Kambalda, the state government responded by threatening to withdraw its support.
432:
took over Mincor
Resources in a A$ 760 million deal, with the latter suffering from cash flow problems and being unsure as to whether it would be able repay its dept. In January 2024 it was announced that the mine would be placed into care and maintenance by May because of falling nickel prices. This
421:
the mine in care and maintenance. During this time, the company produced 180,000 tonnes of nickel-in-ore from
Kambalda workings. Mincor resumed mining nickel in May 2022, now from a new deposit, the Cassini mine, 70km south of Kambalda, and its Northern Operations, located within former WMC workings.
408:
In 2018, BHP planned to convert the concentrator at
Kambalda into a gold plant after the last supplier of toll-treated ore, the Long nickel mine, ceased operations, with two other suppliers having closed their operations earlier. The plan did not eventualise as no gold supplier for the plant could be
310:
was not listed as a major commodity in the annual reports of the
Department of Mines and received little attention in annual publications. This changed in 1966, when the report described the discovery of high-grade nickel at Kambalda as a "momentous event", while the 1967 report hailed it as "marking
468:
Arranging shipping for the waste proved difficult and its potential arrival in
Western Australia led to protests, strikes and demonstrations. The original plan, to store the waste in a shed in Kambalda, was subsequently abandoned after a strike action at the WMC mines and, instead, a concrete bunker
420:
The mining leases are predominantly with Mincor
Resources which has intermittently mined the former WMC workings but also holds tenements with new discoveries. Mincor resources continued mining the former WMC assets for a period of 14 years until low nickel prices in 2016 forced the company to place
282:
BHP, through its Nickel West operations, continues to operate the
Kambalda Nickel Concentrator, with the facility having been shut down from 2018 to 2022. The mining leases were predominantly with Mincor Resources which had intermittently mined the former WMC workings. In 2023, Wyloo Metals acquired
382:
In June 1992, the
Kambalda concentrator reached the milestone of 30 million processed tonnes, with 930,000 tonnes of nickel contained in it. At this point, operations began to turn around and production to increase, with the operation having its name changed to Kambalda Nickel Mines, while the gold
378:
In 1986, during a nickel downturn, the original Silver Lake Shaft was closed, down, Australia's first nickel mine. In late 1987, nickel prices rebounded but production at
Kambalda declined because of industrial actions, lack of forward planning because of the need of cost savings and lower grades.
460:
The resident manager at Kambalda, Barry Paterson, was charged and fined A$ 100 in May 1979 over the incident for breaches of the Radiation Safety Act. The incident however made national news initially and, again, when the issue became an international matter between the Australian and Singaporean
416:
to build a solar farm and a battery storage system in the Northern Goldfields, designed to power the Kalgoorlie smelter, the Kwinana refinery and the Kambalda concentrator, the later having been in care and maintenance since 2018 but being recommissioned in May 2022 to process ore from Mincor's w
397:
By 2000, WMC started to divest some of the Kambalda assets and, in 2003, ceased mining operations there while continuing to operate the Kambalda concentrator. The largest sale of assets at Kambalda took place in November 2000, when a group consisting of Mincor Resources, Clough Mining and Donegal
367:
in the following years to further process the Kambalda ore. By the mid-1970s however, nickel sales declined, as did the company's profits, and some of the work force at Kambalda had to be laid off. Despite this, production and stockpiles increased, which only reduced again when the nickel market
464:
The issue arose over 119 drums of slightly contaminated waste, holding bricks and sludge from the Singapore furnace, which Singapore demanded that Australia accept and dispose of. Both WMC and Sims lobbied the Australian government to permit the waste to be removed from Singapore to Western
324:. To save costs and to speed up development, equipment was sourced from other mines and, by June 1967, a 155 metre shaft had been sunk. A competition was held to name the new shaft, with the name "Silver Lake" chosen, suggested by Mary Norman, wife of the Services Officer.
375:, south-east of Kambalda. For a time, in the early 1980s, the Kambalda Nickel Concentrator had gravity circuit added, which allowed for the recovery of gold. The gold production during another nickel downturn in the 1980s helped the town of Kambalda through this era.
401:
The Kambalda concentrator subsequently was used to treat third-party ore from divested former WMC operations around Kambalda, like the Blair open pit and underground operations by the Australian Mines company, and new nickel deposits in the area.
347:
Further nickel discoveries in the area allowed for an expansion of the operation as well as the concentrator, which reached an annual capacity of 1.4 million tonnes by 1972. The town constructed to serve as residence for the mine workers,
456:
that one of their furnaces had been contaminated with caesium-137. Sims, who had transported a cargo of scrap metal from Kambalda, was held responsible by NISM, but Sims in turn held WMC responsible for the contamination.
327:
Construction of the concentrator plant with a name plate capacity of 130,000 tonnes per annum progressed rapidly, with production of nickel concentrate commencing in June 1967. The nickel concentrate was sent by road to
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On 14 November 1978 it was found that a gauge measuring pulp density in the Kambalda Mill could not be located. The gauge contained a small amount of radioactive caesium 137.
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1242:
911:
896:
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866:
825:
53:
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Kambalda was the first nickel mine in Western Australia. The mine also caused an international dispute between Singapore and Australia over nuclear waste disposal when a
1778:
489:, where it arrived on 7 December 1981. From there, the waste was transported to Kambalda, where it arrived the following day, and was buried in the designated bunker.
548:
1162:
1771:
1969:
119:
1994:
405:
By 2007, 40 years after the opening of the Western Australia's first nickel mine at Kambalda, nickel in the state had become a A$ 8 billion industry.
1183:
1979:
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950:
320:
On the bases of a global nickel shortage, WMC immediately proceeded with the development of the mine and a shaft was sunk at the shore of
1974:
92:
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980:
433:
decision was followed by an announcement by BHP that the Kampalda Nickel Concentraor would go into care and maintenance in June 2024.
279:
in 2005. Prior to this, between 2001 and 2003, WMC ceased mining operations at Kambalda and divested itself of the mining assets.
368:
recovered from 1979 onwards. By 1983, Durkin was the first of the nickel shafts to have to be closed down, having been mined out.
528:
353:
349:
336:, where it was loaded on to ships. The official opening of the operations took place on 15 September 1967 in the presence of the
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264:
85:
1129:
517:
394:. Eventually, the solution selected to solve this problem was to transport the tailings back to Kambalda and store them there.
638:
The Western Mining Corporation has increased security at its Dambalda mine to prevent any more radioactive devices being lost.
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1265:
1984:
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1384:
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337:
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1934:
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On 14 November 1978, a density gauge at the Kambalda mill was discovered to be missing. The gauge, which contained
390:. Of great concern was seepage from the tailings into the ground water, which posed a direct thread to the near-by
1905:
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908:
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356:. Kambalda East's location was actually the proposed site for the township of the original Red Hill Gold Mine.
1915:
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352:, was soon restricted in growth by further ore discoveries and a second town was established further west,
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on 9 June 1972, authorised the construction of a 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) spur railway line from the
371:
In 1974, gold was discovered in one of the nickel shafts, which ultimately led to WMC establishing the
1889:
1818:
1547:
1476:
1373:
1358:
628:. Vol. 53, no. 15789. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 14 December 1978. p. 12
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1218:
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1828:
1578:
1531:
1194:
1068:
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outside of Kambalda was selected for storage. The waste was eventually transported by ship, the
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was closed because of strike action at the time. Instead, the ship had to continue on to
477:. This led to protest by the local dock workers who demanded the ship to be unloaded in
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1963:
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272:
1989:
1940:
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1009:"Andrew Forrest's Wyloo Metals to shutter Kambalda nickel mines after prices slump"
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520:
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34:
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271:. The deposit was discovered in 1954 and the mine opened in 1967, operated by
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The Kwinana refinery had originally established a tailings disposal area at
290:
density gauge lost at Kambalda contaminated a furnace in Singapore in 1978.
107:
344:. The construction cost of the mine at this point stood at A$ 5.9 million.
1258:"Guide to the Records relating to the history of Western Mining 1931-2005"
398:
Resources purchased four of the seven available assets for A$ 38 million.
359:
The operational success at Kambalda allowed WMC to subsequently build the
28:
1526:
409:
found and the concentrator was therefore placed in care and maintenance.
778:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 14 November 1991. p. 240
1573:
1072:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 15 September 1981. p. 3
1044:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 27 January 1979. p. 11
531:
to the Kambalda nickel concentrator. This spur line, now operated by
1557:
307:
260:
257:
159:
198:
1967–2003 (WMC)2002–2016 (Mincor)2022–present (Mincor, Wyloo Metals)
412:
In 2021–22, BHP signed an agreement with renewable energy provider
909:
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2021-22
894:
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2017-18
879:
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2006-07
864:
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2003-04
823:
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2002-03
500:
until clearance of all radioactive contamination was established.
297:
37:, with the Kambalda Nickel Operations on the north-western shore
1767:
1276:
1303:
481:, where the scrap metal had originally been shipped from, but
276:
211:
1233:
311:
another important mineral development in Western Australia".
448:
Shortly afterwards, National Iron and Steel Mills (NISM) in
1152:"Public Transport Authority: Railway System: April 2019"
1228:
226:
1272:
799:
Group Historical Information: Kwinana Nickel Refinery
706:(Report). Department of Mines Western Australia. 1967
681:(Report). Department of Mines Western Australia. 1966
656:(Report). Department of Mines Western Australia. 1965
229:
586:
Sir Arvi Parbo Recollections: Book 2 - Vol 2: Nickel
1898:
1852:
1801:
1694:
1628:
1602:
1498:
1424:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1252:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
1243:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
912:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
897:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
882:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
867:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
826:
Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
473:, as its only cargo and destined to be unloaded in
235:
222:
207:
202:
194:
186:
181:
173:
165:
155:
150:
113:
103:
91:
81:
42:
981:"Mincor board backs Forrest's $ 760m takeover bid"
549:Western Australian radioactive capsule incident
465:Australia, and permission was granted in 1981.
1779:
1288:
8:
1064:"Strike ends after radioactive-waste pledge"
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
496:subsequently was not allowed to dock in the
60:
21:
770:"AWU strike shuts down WMC's Kambalda mine"
636:– via National Library of Australia.
600:– via National Library of Australia.
1786:
1772:
1764:
1321:
1314:
1295:
1281:
1273:
1080:– via National Library of Australia.
1052:– via National Library of Australia.
812:– via National Library of Australia.
786:– via National Library of Australia.
755:– via National Library of Australia.
27:
20:
1521:Cockatoo Docks & Engineering Company
764:
762:
614:
612:
610:
1224:Kambalda magmatic sulphide nickel mines
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
560:
263:as well as a nickel concentrator, near
1484:(17% LNG phase, 8% domestic gas phase)
445:, had been removed for recalibration.
383:operations became St Ives Gold Mines.
951:"Mincor Resources Annual Report 2022"
797:Gilbert M. Ralph (29 November 1994).
7:
1036:"Radiation measuring device charge"
1795:Nickel mining in Western Australia
1248:MINEDEX website: Kambalda / Mincor
740:Gilbert M. Ralph (15 March 2005).
620:"Radiation forces furnace closure"
239:2023 (Wyloo Metals)June 2005 (BHP)
14:
1970:Nickel mines in Western Australia
1234:Mincor Resources official website
1995:1967 establishments in Australia
1748:
1747:
1122:"West Kambalda Railway Act 1972"
1007:Jarrod Lucas (22 January 2024).
537:Kambalda to Redmine railway line
59:
52:
16:Nickel mine in Western Australia
1239:MINEDEX website: Kambalda / BHP
1219:Kambalda Deposit Summary Report
1130:Government of Western Australia
845:. WMC Limited. 21 November 2000
518:Parliament of Western Australia
461:governments in September 1979.
302:WMC's Silver Lake shaft in 1969
1980:Underground mines in Australia
1718:BHP Group Limited v Impiombato
1712:Ok Tedi environmental disaster
979:Brad Thompson (4 April 2023).
510:West Kambalda Railway Act 1972
1:
1266:National Library of Australia
256:is a surface and underground
73:Location in Western Australia
1911:Kambalda Nickel Concentrator
1456:Kambalda Nickel Concentrator
742:Chronological History of WMC
338:Premier of Western Australia
332:and, from there, by rail to
1935:Mining in Western Australia
1506:Australian Iron & Steel
2011:
1975:Surface mines in Australia
1163:Public Transport Authority
839:"WMC Sells Kambalda Mines"
250:Kambalda Nickel Operations
22:Kambalda Nickel Operations
1924:
1906:Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter
1885:Emily Ann and Maggie Hays
1727:
1590:Yeelirrie uranium project
1451:Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter
1385:Orebodies 18, 23 & 25
1126:www.legislation.wa.gov.au
914:, accessed: 13 March 2023
899:, accessed: 13 March 2023
884:, accessed: 13 March 2023
869:, accessed: 13 March 2023
828:, accessed: 13 March 2023
454:Sims Consolidated Limited
365:Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter
243:
47:
26:
1563:Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine
1482:North West Shelf Venture
535:, is referred to as the
525:Esperance Branch Railway
306:Up until the mid-1960s,
275:which was taken over by
1916:Kwinana Nickel Refinery
1733:BHP Mitsubishi Alliance
1461:Kwinana Nickel Refinery
1100:Parliament of Australia
361:Kwinana Nickel Refinery
303:
1568:Richards Bay Minerals
301:
1548:Newcastle Steelworks
1477:Mount Newman railway
1229:BHP official website
437:Open source incident
254:Kambalda Nickel Mine
230:Wyloo Metals website
135:31.1856°S 121.6731°E
67:Kambalda Nickel Mine
1985:Shire of Coolgardie
1446:Goldsworthy railway
1349:Goonyella Riverside
1096:parlinfo.aph.gov.au
1092:"Question No. 3836"
236:Year of acquisition
131: /
33:Satellite image of
23:
1899:Process facilities
1739:between BHP &
1702:BHP Billiton Tower
1579:Whyalla Steelworks
1532:Ekati Diamond Mine
1195:Arc Infrastructure
1069:The Canberra Times
1041:The Canberra Times
960:. Mincor Resources
931:. Mincor Resources
775:The Canberra Times
701:Annual Report 1967
676:Annual Report 1966
651:Annual Report 1965
625:The Canberra Times
592:. pp. 129–131
533:Arc Infrastructure
304:
283:Mincor Resources.
140:-31.1856; 121.6731
1957:
1956:
1761:
1760:
1641:James Balderstone
1598:
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1494:
1493:
1466:Mad Dog oil field
1184:"Arc Map Network"
958:www.mincor.com.au
929:www.mincor.com.au
498:Port of Melbourne
492:The bulk carrier
373:St Ives Gold Mine
269:Western Australia
247:
246:
98:Western Australia
2002:
1929:Related articles
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1102:. 10 March 1982
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1941:Nickel Queen
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1839:Ravensthorpe
1813:
1802:Active mines
1716:
1636:Philip Aiken
1603:Acquisitions
1553:Ok Tedi Mine
1511:BHP Shipping
1455:
1432:
1369:Mount Arthur
1264:– via
1198:. Retrieved
1190:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
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1134:. Retrieved
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1104:. Retrieved
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169:1,404 tonnes
18:
1824:Mount Keith
1809:Forrestania
1610:Oz Minerals
1380:Olympic Dam
1364:Mount Keith
1020:26 February
992:26 February
582:Parbo, Arvi
521:assented to
443:caesium-137
342:David Brand
322:Lake Lefroy
288:caesium-137
227:BHP website
138: /
126:121°40′23″E
114:Coordinates
35:Lake Lefroy
1964:Categories
1865:Black Swan
1741:Mitsubishi
1735:, a 50/50
1731:Assets of
1686:Colin Syme
1396:Resolution
1391:Peak Downs
801:(Report).
744:(Report).
588:(Report).
555:References
166:Production
151:Production
123:31°11′08″S
1860:Beta Hunt
1615:Petrohawk
1516:BlueScope
1354:Jimblebar
1343:Escondida
1200:31 August
1168:31 August
1136:31 August
487:Esperance
479:Fremantle
475:Geraldton
452:informed
450:Singapore
424:In 2023,
414:TransAlta
334:Esperance
108:Australia
1890:Windarra
1844:Savannah
1819:Leinster
1814:Kambalda
1753:Category
1527:Comsteel
1433:Atlantis
1359:Leinster
1337:Cerrejón
1106:14 March
1076:14 March
1048:14 March
964:14 March
935:13 March
849:13 March
808:12 March
782:13 March
751:13 March
710:13 March
685:13 March
660:13 March
543:See also
428:-backed
388:Baldivis
363:and the
156:Products
82:Location
43:Location
1574:South32
1543:Lysaght
1318:Current
632:30 July
596:30 July
516:by the
504:Railway
294:History
223:Website
208:Company
182:History
177:2021–22
104:Country
1880:Cosmos
1870:Bulong
1629:People
1499:Former
1487:VF2388
1413:Yarrie
1402:Saraji
1332:Area C
1311:Assets
308:nickel
258:nickel
195:Active
187:Opened
160:Nickel
1875:Cawse
1695:Other
1586:(40%)
1570:(37%)
1534:(80%)
1523:(38%)
1468:(24%)
1437:(44%)
1425:Other
1415:(85%)
1409:(85%)
1407:Yandi
1398:(50%)
1387:(85%)
1376:(85%)
1345:(58%)
1339:(33%)
1325:Mines
1187:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
954:(PDF)
704:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
654:(PDF)
512:, an
203:Owner
93:State
1834:Nova
1202:2024
1170:2024
1138:2024
1108:2023
1078:2023
1050:2023
1022:2024
994:2024
966:2023
937:2023
851:2023
810:2023
784:2023
753:2023
712:2023
687:2023
662:2023
634:2023
598:2023
508:The
261:mine
190:1967
1990:BHP
1304:BHP
527:at
514:act
277:BHP
252:or
212:BHP
1966::
1435:PQ
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