256:
to differences in opinion regarding the estate system and, behind these differing opinions, to the different bureaucracies controlled by
Takauji and Tadayoshi. On the whole Takauji was the innovator, while Tadayoshi played the conservative, wanting to preserve the policies of the past. In his capacity as a military leader of vassal bands, Takauji did two things that conflicted with Tadayoshi: he appointed vassals to
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17:
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the opposition. Both of the pillars of the
Muromachi regime, Tadayoshi and Takauji, enacted token submissions to the Southern Court to push their own agendas: Tadayoshi in his desire to destroy the Kō brothers, and Takauji in his desire to defeat Tadayoshi. Ironically, even though the Southern Court was the enemy, it was used as the justification by regime members to attack each other.
215:). The following year his fortunes turned and he was defeated by Takauji at Sattayama. A reconciliation between the brothers proved to be brief. Tadayoshi fled to Kamakura, but Takauji pursued him there with an army. In March 1352, shortly after an ostensible second reconciliation, Tadayoshi died suddenly, according to the
255:
In the 1350s, the Kannō Incident and its aftermath divided and nearly destroyed the early regime. On the surface the incident looks like a factional struggle pitting
Ashikaga Tadayoshi, Takauji's brother, against the Kō brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu backed by Takauji. The conflict can be pinpointed
158:
but, having proved not to be up to the task of ruling the country, for more than ten years
Tadayoshi governed in his stead. The relationship between the two brothers was however destined to be destroyed by an extremely serious episode called the Kannō Incident, an event which takes its name from the
293:
One of the main effects of the
Disturbance was the re-invigoration of the war effort of the Southern Court. To a large extent its renewed offensive was made possible by turncoats from the Muromachi regime. The imperialist offensive of 1352 directed against Takauji in Kamakura was made possible by
284:
Conflict can thus be said to have emerged as a result of having two heads of state whose policies contradicted each other. The events which followed the incident testify to the extent to which the regime began to lose its support. Deep divisions between members of the
Ashikaga family strengthened
239:
The Board of
Retainers was used as a disciplinary organ towards house vassals; brigandage and other crimes were prosecuted. The Office of Rewards was used to hear the claims of and to give fiefs to deserving vassals. The Office of Rewards was used to enroll new warriors who were potential
227:
The extremely divisive Kannō Incident that divided the
Muromachi regime put a temporary hold on the new shogunate's integration. Before the incident, the bureaucratic organs of the early regime were under the separate jurisdiction of the Ashikaga brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi, creating a
280:
as a reward for battlefield service. He also opposed any sort of outright division of estate lands in his capacity as the leader of the Board of
Coadjutors. There was therefore a clear division between the policies of Takauji and his brother Tadayoshi.
311:
The end of the
Disturbance on the other hand eliminated the sharing of power between the two Ashikaga brothers putting it all into Takauji's hands, strengthening his position and ultimately that of the early Muromachi shogunate as a whole.
179:), after every effort to get rid of him failed, he tried to have him assassinated. Tadayoshi in 1349 was forced by Moronao to leave the government, shave his head and become a Buddhist monk with the name Keishin under the guidance of
308:. Tadayoshi's adopted son Ashikaga Tadafuyu is an outstanding example of defection: he became the leader of the western armies of the Southern Court during the imperialist offensives against Kyoto in 1353 and 1354.
240:
adversaries of the regime. The major judicial organ, the Board of Coadjutors, decided on all land dispute cases and quarrels involving inheritance. All judicial functions are
163:
era (1350–1351) during which it took place and which had grave consequences for the entire country. Trouble between the two started when Takauji made
687:
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715:
20:
Ashikaga Tadayoshi, main cause of the Kannō disturbance. Recent research suggests that this portrait, traditionally believed to be of
236:), while Tadayoshi was the bureaucratic leader controlling the Board of Inquiry's administration of the regime's judicial functions.
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regime before its fall. They were valuable because they knew how to read and write, a task beyond the reach of most warriors.
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bifurcated administration. Takauji was the leader of the house vassals, and thus controlled the Board of Retainers (the
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Papinot, E. (1910). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan." 1972 Printing. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo,
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105:'s war effort due to the flow of renegades from Kyoto who followed Tadayoshi to the Southern capital of
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21:
74:
298:. The imperialist offensive against Kyoto in 1353 was made possible through the defection of the
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the vast numbers of former adherents of Tadayoshi who became supporters of the imperialist leader
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used to resolve conflicts and disputes legally, within an institutional framework. Bureaucrats (
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of Japanese history. One of the main effects of the Disturbance was the re-invigoration of the
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173:, or deputy. Tadayoshi did not like Moronao and his policies so (at least according to the
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Arnesen, P.J. The Medieval Japanese Daimyo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
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674:. Ed. John W. Hall and Jeffrey P. Mass. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
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appointed him general of all his troops. In 1351 he defeated Takauji, occupied
272:. Tadayoshi strenuously contested these policies through the drafting of the
187:. In 1350 he rebelled and joined his brother's enemies, the supporters of the
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were in relatively close proximity, but geographically distinct. They were:
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588:
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Grossberg, K. Japan's Renaissance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
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Sato, S. "The Ashikaga Shogun and the Muromachi Bakufu Administration", in
248:) for the new regime were recruited from the ranks of those who served the
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79:
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Weapons & Fighting Techniques Of The Samurai Warrior 1200-1877 AD
632:. Eds. John W. Hall and Toyoda Takeshi. Berkeley: U.C. Press, 1977.
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203:. During the same year he captured and executed the Kō brothers,
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posts as a reward for battlefield heroics, and he divided the
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Wintersteen, P.B. "The Early Muromachi Bakufu in Kyoto" in
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Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed on August 11, 2009
60:, was a civil war which developed from antagonisms between
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estates, giving half of them to his vassals in fief or as
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Wintersteen, P.B. "The Muromachi Shugo and Hanzei" in
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Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
571:
Fukaku Aruku - Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku Vol. 1 & 2
595:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).
435:Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron, p.329.
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573:(in Japanese). Kamakura: Kamakura Shunshūsha.
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8:
97:during the years 1350 through 1351 in the
667:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
450:. Stanford University Press. p. 83.
515:Wintersteen 1974:215; Arnesen 1979:53-54
73:, thus dividing and weakening the early
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411:
409:
407:
7:
470:Sato 1977:48; Grossberg 1981:21-24
14:
232:) and the Office of Rewards (the
682:. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha.
680:Kamakura, Muromachi Jinmei Jiten
276:that opposed the appointment of
183:master, poet, and old associate
117:Resurgence of the Southern Court
645:Annales des empereurs du Japon.
550:University of Queensland Press
375:Annales des empereurs du japon
130:The Imperial seats during the
24:, is instead likely to be his.
1:
448:A History of Japan, 1334-1615
381:era (1350-1351) comes after
322:Glossary of Japanese history
93:which was proclaimed by the
77:. These events are labeled
48:
752:
630:Japan in the Muromachi Age
569:Kamiya, Michinori (2008).
542:Lessons from History: The
716:Military history of Japan
373:Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
356:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
347:accessed on June 24, 2009
42:
678:Yasuda, Motohisa (ed.).
601:Harvard University Press
377:, p. 298-302; n.b., the
327:List of Japanese battles
638:, Isaac, ed. (1834). ,
446:Sansom, George (1961).
433:Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982)
154:Takauji was nominally
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25:
479:Grossberg 1981:88,107
129:
19:
721:Wars involving Japan
641:Nipon o daï itsi ran
399:"Ashikaga-Tadayoshi"
22:Minamoto no Yoritomo
597:Japan Encyclopedia.
524:Grossberg 1981:23-4
362:Japan encyclopedia
152:
144:Southern capital:
138:Northern capital:
99:Nanboku-chō period
75:Ashikaga shogunate
71:Ashikaga Tadayoshi
26:
689:978-4-404-01757-4
661:John Whitney Hall
609:978-0-674-01753-5
558:978-0-7022-1485-1
506:Sansom 1961:78-95
497:Grossberg 1981:90
488:Grossberg 1981:88
415:Papinot (1972:29)
132:Kannō disturbance
69:and his brother,
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32:disturbance or
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242:par excellence
230:Samurai-dokoro
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199:, and entered
189:Southern court
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103:Southern Court
95:Northern Court
58:Kannō no juran
56:, also called
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34:
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29:
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599:Cambridge:
385:and before
193:Go-Murakami
185:Musō Soseki
83:after the
50:Kannō Jōran
710:Categories
548:Brisbane:
531:References
457:0804705259
234:Onshō-kata
122:The events
589:169992721
364:, p. 474.
698:24654085
636:Titsingh
360:(2005).
316:See also
246:bugyōnin
217:Taiheiki
209:Moroyasu
201:Kamakura
176:Taiheiki
170:shitsuji
37:incident
648:Paris:
538:Ackroyd
289:Effects
205:Moronao
146:Yoshino
109:, near
107:Yoshino
696:
686:
659:. Ed.
643:; ou,
621:
607:
587:
577:
556:
454:
358:et al.
156:shōgun
63:shōgun
387:Bunna
379:Kannō
333:Notes
304:lord
301:shugo
278:shugo
265:shōen
259:shugo
197:Kyoto
161:Kannō
140:Kyoto
90:nengō
80:Kannō
35:Kannō
30:Kannō
694:OCLC
684:ISBN
663:and
619:ISBN
605:ISBN
585:OCLC
575:ISBN
554:ISBN
452:ISBN
383:Jōwa
250:Hōjō
207:and
167:his
111:Nara
43:観応擾乱
28:The
552:.
181:Zen
87:or
712::
692:.
611:;
603:.
583:.
406:^
113:.
46:,
700:.
652:.
625:.
591:.
546:.
460:.
389:.
54:)
40:(
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