362:, he conquered Kalinga. A hundred and fifty thousand persons were captured and deported, and a hundred thousand others were killed, and almost as many died otherwise. Thereafter, piety and compassion seized him and he suffered grieviously. In the same manner wherewith he ordered abstention from living thing, he has displayed zeal and effort to promote piety. And at the same time the king has viewed this with displeasure: of Brahmins and Sramins and others practicing piety who live there - and these must be mindful of the interests of the king and must revere and respect their teacher, their father and their mother, and love and faithfully cherish their friends and companions and must use their slaves and dependents as gently as possible - if, of those thus engaged there, any has died or been deported and the rest have regarded this lightly, the king has taken it with exceeding bad grace. And that amongst other people there are..."
353:"...piety and self-mastery in all the schools of thought; and he who is master of his tongue is most master of himself. And let them neither praise themselves or disparage their neighbors in any matter whatsoever, for that is vain. In acting in accordance with this principle, they exalt themselves and win their neighbors; in transgressing in these things they misdemean themselves and antagonize their neighbors. Those who praise themselves and denigrate their neighbors are self-seekers, wishing to shine in comparison with the others but in fact hurting themselves. It behoves to respect one another and to accept one another's lessons. In all actions it behoves to be understanding, sharing with one another all that which one comprehends. And to those who strive thus let there be no hesitation to say these things in order that they may persist in piety in everything.
528:
540:
252:
130:
555:
509:
475:
376:
40:
267:
137:
297:
The Greek language used in the inscription is of a very high level and displays philosophical refinement. It also displays an in-depth understanding of the political language of the
Hellenic world in the 3rd century BCE. This suggests the presence of a highly cultured Greek presence in Kandahar at
201:
The extant edicts are found in a plaque of limestone, which probably belonged to a building, and its size is 45 by 69.5 centimetres (17.7 in × 27.4 in) and it is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) thick. These are the only Ashoka inscriptions thought to have belonged to a stone
501:
Two other inscriptions in Greek are known at
Kandahar. One is a dedication by a Greek man who names himself "son of Aristonax" (3rd century BCE). The other is an elegiac composition by Sophytos son of Naratos (2nd century BCE).
318:
in their 305 BCE peace agreement. The Edict also shows the presence of a sizable Greek population in the area where great efforts were made to convert them to
Buddhism. At the same epoch, the Greeks were established in the
206:
in Greek, as in several other locations in India. The plaque with the inscription was bought in the
Kandahar market by the German doctor Seyring, and French archaeologists found that it had been excavated in
527:
282:
The Edict is a Greek version of the end of the 12th Edict (which describes moral precepts) and the beginning of the 13th Edict (which describes the King's remorse and conversion after the war in
508:
663:
Une nouvelle inscription grecque d'Açoka, Schlumberger, Daniel, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 1964 Volume 108 Numéro 1 pp. 126-140
2395:
961:
833:
202:
building. The beginning and the end of the fragment are lacking, which suggests the inscription was original significantly longer, and may have included all 14 of
539:
2119:
1009:
129:
785:
Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 1: The Roman
Republic and the Augustan Revolution, Fergus Millar, Univ of North Carolina Press, 2003, p.45
2272:
1143:
2374:
554:
494:, discovered in 1958, is the other well-known Greek inscription by Ashoka in the area of Kandahar. It was found on the mountainside of the
755:
2329:
954:
910:
591:
514:
491:
291:
2054:
2324:
1325:
1735:
807:
733:
637:
145:
984:
414:αμείνωσιν διὰ παντὸς εὐσεβοῦντες. Ὀγδόωι ἔτει βασιλεύοντος Πιοδάσσου
1604:
2369:
2314:
1564:
947:
1858:
1320:
545:
287:
159:
243:
around 323 BCE. These communities therefore were significant in the area of
Afghanistan during the reign of Ashoka.
2319:
283:
2410:
1584:
675:
2400:
1820:
1114:
2267:
1840:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1134:
1124:
1089:
596:
306:
The proclamation of this edict in
Kandahar is usually taken as proof that Ashoka had control over that part of
240:
2364:
2252:
2129:
2034:
1878:
1760:
1169:
1119:
970:
195:
251:
2344:
2104:
1129:
1064:
320:
271:
2179:
2154:
2064:
1695:
1529:
2288:
2114:
1961:
1496:
1294:
270:
The
Kandahar Greek Inscription was located at the edge of the Indian realm, near the border with the
2354:
2144:
1569:
1559:
1289:
1214:
457:
315:
191:
797:
705:
2304:
2257:
2124:
2039:
2024:
1981:
1936:
1800:
1589:
1375:
1264:
1224:
1149:
994:
586:
576:
311:
830:
When the Greeks
Converted The Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures
203:
856:
762:
664:
2405:
2359:
1468:
1310:
1284:
1279:
1179:
1164:
1054:
1049:
1019:
999:
889:
843:
803:
729:
723:
633:
627:
601:
17:
786:
2349:
2277:
1898:
1785:
1594:
1579:
1428:
1274:
1234:
1189:
1174:
864:
571:
474:
375:
183:
171:
39:
2339:
2282:
2222:
2212:
2174:
1916:
1609:
1408:
1365:
1347:
1184:
1154:
1059:
1034:
989:
432:βραμεναι ἢ σραμεναι ἢ καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς οἱ περὶ τὴν εὐσέβειαν διατρίβοντες, τοὺς ἐκεῖ οἰκοῦ-
423:τοι ἐτελεύτησαν. Ἀπ’ ἐκείνου τοῦ χρόνου ἔλεος καὶ οἶκτος αὐτὸν ἔλαβεν· καὶ βαρέως ἤνεγκεν·
215:, but its current location is unknown following the looting of the museum in 1992–1994.
2299:
2262:
2084:
2019:
1893:
1745:
1730:
1700:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1418:
1269:
1259:
1219:
1004:
894:
581:
167:
72:
2389:
2294:
2247:
2139:
1971:
1956:
1888:
1647:
1413:
1385:
1370:
1330:
1229:
1084:
1069:
1024:
429:περὶ εὐσεβείας. Καὶ τοῦτο ἔτι δυσχερέστερον ὑπείληφε ὁ βασιλεύς· καὶ ὅσοι ἐκεῖ ωἴκουν
290:. This inscription does not use another language in parallel, contrary to the famous
2217:
2184:
2164:
2069:
1976:
1931:
1908:
1825:
1720:
1637:
1627:
1519:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1139:
1104:
1029:
479:
256:
212:
208:
187:
175:
110:
1199:
444:μένων εἴ τις τέθνηκεν ἢ ἐξῆκται, καὶ τοῦτο ἐμ παραδρομῆι οἱ λοιποὶ ἥγεινται, ὁ δὲ
399:πέλας ἀπέχθονται. Οἳ δ’ ἂν ἑαυτοὺς ἐπαινῶσιν, τοὺς δὲ πέλας ψέγωσιν φιλοτιμότερον
2309:
2242:
2194:
2159:
2134:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2029:
2009:
2001:
1830:
1815:
1765:
1755:
1710:
1667:
1662:
1443:
1438:
1403:
1204:
1159:
1099:
898:
435:ντας ἔδει τὰ τοῦ βασιλέως συμφέροντα νοεῖν, καὶ διδάσκαλον καὶ πατέρα καὶ μητέρα
426:δι’ οὗ τρόπου ἐκέλευεν ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἐμψύχων σπουδήν τε καὶ σύντα(σ)ιν πεποίηται
411:ἕκαστος αὐτῶν ἐπίσταται. Καὶ τοῖς ταῦτα ἐπσκοῦσι ταῦτα μὴ ὀκνεῖν λέγειν ἵνα δει-
307:
266:
118:
2189:
2014:
1946:
1941:
1868:
1850:
1810:
1795:
1775:
1740:
1725:
1687:
1677:
1652:
1619:
1506:
1433:
1393:
1209:
1109:
1039:
441:δούλοις καὶ μισθωτοῖς ὡς κουφότατα χρᾶσθαι, τούτων ἐκεῖ τῶν τοιαῦτα διαπρασσο-
420:μυριάδες δεκαπέντε καὶ ἀναιρέθησαν ἄλλαι μυριάδες δέκα καὶ σχεδὸν ἄλλοι τοσοῦ-
324:
275:
925:
912:
447:ασιλεὺς σφόδρα ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐδυσχέρανεν. Καὶ ὅτι ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσίν εἰσιν
223:
Greek communities lived in the northwest of the Mauryan empire, currently in
2109:
2059:
1991:
1926:
1873:
1863:
1835:
1770:
1715:
1705:
1642:
1632:
1478:
1355:
1315:
1244:
1094:
868:
495:
438:ἐπαισχύνεσθαι καὶ θαυμάζειν, φίλους καὶ ἑταίρους ἀγαπᾶν καὶ μὴ διαψεύδεσθαι,
396:πέλας ἀνακτῶνται· παραβαίνοντες δὲ ταῦτα, ἀκ(λ)εέστεροί τε γίνονται καὶ τοῖς
359:
232:
861:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
405:ἑαυτούς. Πρέπει δὲ ἀλλήλους θαυμάζειν καὶ τὰ ἀλλήλων διδάγματα παραδέχεσθα.
402:διαπράτονται, βουλόμενοι παρὰ τοὺς λοιποὺς ἐγλάμψαι, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον βλάπτου
390:περὶ μηδενός· κενὸγ γάρ ἐστιν· καὶ πειρᾶσθαι μᾶλλον τοὺς πέλας ἐπαινεῖν καὶ
387:ὃς ἂν γλώσης ἐγκρατὴς ἦι. Καὶ μήτε ἑαυτοὺς ἐπανῶσιν, μήτε τῶν πέλας ψέγωσιν
939:
533:
Inscription in Greek by the "son of Aristonax", 3rd century BCE, Kandahar.
2169:
2149:
1750:
1574:
1488:
1423:
1194:
483:
236:
228:
224:
114:
45:
682:
393:μὴ ψέγειν κατὰ πάντα τρόπον. Ταῦτα δὲ ποιοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς αὔξουσι καὶ τοὺς
384:σέβεια καὶ ἐγκράτεια κατὰ πάσας τὰς διατριβάς· ἐγκρατὴς δὲ μάλιστά ἐστιν
2049:
2044:
1986:
1921:
1805:
1790:
1657:
1534:
1524:
1473:
1079:
417:κατέστρ(α)πται τὴν Καλίγγην. Ἦν ἐζωγρημένα καὶ ἐξηγμένα ἐκεῖθεν σωμάτων
259:
482:(red) and Chil Zena mountainous outcrop (blue) on the western side of
1951:
1883:
1514:
1448:
1360:
1074:
518:
179:
163:
844:"Afghanistan", Louis Dupree, Princeton University Press, 2014, p.286
408:Ταῦτα δὲ ποιοῦντες πολυμαθέστεροι ἔσονται, παραδιδόντες ἀλλήλοις ὅσα
294:
in Greek language and Aramaic, discovered in the same general area.
1780:
1672:
1599:
1549:
1398:
1044:
802:. McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited. 2006. p. 1:183.
473:
265:
250:
2204:
1966:
1014:
943:
241:
conquest and the colonization efforts of Alexander the Great
194:, who gave it the Ancient Greek name Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἀραχωσίας (
149:
Location of the Kandahar Greek Inscription in Afghanistan.
64:
45 by 69.5 centimetres (17.7 in × 27.4 in)
262:("Zor Shar") where the Greek inscription was discovered
239:, and presently in Southern Afghanistan, following the
136:
498:
outcrop on the western side of the city of Kandahar.
2235:
2203:
2000:
1907:
1849:
1686:
1618:
1505:
1487:
1384:
1346:
1339:
1303:
977:
106:
94:
86:
78:
68:
60:
52:
32:
27:Edict of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in Afghanistan
166:(reigned 269-233 BCE), which were written in the
706:Archaeology "Museum Under Siege" April 20, 1998
44:Greek inscription by king Ashoka, discovered in
381:
349:
955:
890:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion
8:
728:. Princeton University Press. p. 286.
659:
657:
655:
632:. Princeton University Press. p. 287.
560:Plan of ancient fortifications of Kandahar.
1343:
962:
948:
940:
857:"Une nouvelle inscription grecque d'Açoka"
334:
186:) in Kandahar in 1963. It is thought that
29:
2396:Archaeological discoveries in Afghanistan
2273:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
621:
619:
617:
323:, and particularly in the border city of
174:. They were found in the ancient area of
717:
715:
713:
372:
340:
2120:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1010:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
613:
504:
470:Other inscriptions in Greek in Kandahar
327:, in the northern part of Afghanistan.
2375:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
231:near the current Pakistani capital of
190:was founded in the 4th century BCE by
211:. The plaque was then offered to the
7:
2330:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
863:(in French). 108 année, N. 1: 131.
592:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
515:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
492:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
292:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
2325:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1326:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
1736:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
517:in Greek and Aramaic, by Emperor
286:), which makes it a portion of a
255:An 1881 photo showing the ruined
553:
538:
526:
507:
374:
135:
128:
38:
2335:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1605:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
901:, Oxford University Press, 2015
336:Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka
156:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
33:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2370:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2315:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
367:Translation by R.E.M. Wheeler.
358:In the eighth of the reign of
18:Kandahar Greek Edict of Ashoka
1:
1321:Silk Road transmission of art
855:Schlumberger, Daniel (1964).
546:Kandahar Sophytos Inscription
2320:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
548:, 2nd century BCE, Kandahar.
521:, 3rd century BCE, Kandahar.
314:had ceded this territory to
2427:
832:Leiden: Brill, pp. 65-116
356:(Beginning of Edict No 13)
348:
1821:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
37:
2268:Mogao Christian painting
1841:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
1555:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
1545:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
597:List of Edicts of Ashoka
2365:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2253:Hephthalite silver bowl
2130:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1170:Second Turkic Khaganate
971:History of Central Asia
869:10.3406/crai.1964.11695
756:"Asoka, Romilla Thapar"
196:Alexandria of Arachosia
2345:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2105:Alexandria Prophthasia
1130:First Turkic Khaganate
1065:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
487:
463:
370:
321:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
279:
272:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
263:
178:(known as Zor Shar in
162:of the Indian Emperor
2155:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1530:Karsakpay inscription
985:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
926:31.60250°N 65.65889°E
477:
269:
254:
235:and in the region of
182:, or Shahr-i-Kona in
1962:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1497:Noin-Ula burial site
1295:Chinese Central Asia
828:Halkias, G. (2014),
351:(End of Edict No 12)
344:Original Greek text
146:class=notpageimage|
2355:Siberian Ice Maiden
2145:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
1560:Petrovka settlement
1290:Soviet Central Asia
1215:Great Seljuq Empire
922: /
722:Dupree, L. (2014).
626:Dupree, L. (2014).
458:Daniel Schlumberger
456:Transliteration by
341:English translation
337:
316:Chandragupta Maurya
310:, presumably after
192:Alexander the Great
2411:Greek inscriptions
2305:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2258:Chilek silver bowl
2125:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1801:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
1590:Talapty Settlement
1376:Filippovka kurgans
1265:Khanate of Bukhara
1225:Khwarazmian Empire
1150:Ikhshids of Sogdia
995:Afanasievo culture
931:31.60250; 65.65889
676:"Kabul Museum p.9"
587:Indo-Greek Kingdom
577:Gandharan Buddhism
488:
335:
280:
264:
227:, notably ancient
2383:
2382:
2360:Ai-Khanoum plaque
2231:
2230:
2035:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1311:Central Asian art
1285:Russian Turkestan
1280:Chinese Turkestan
1180:Abbasid Caliphate
1144:Anxi Protectorate
1090:Kushano-Sasanians
1055:Macedonian Empire
1050:Achaemenid Empire
1020:Andronovo culture
1000:Sintashta culture
799:Indian Hist (Opt)
602:Pillars of Ashoka
467:
466:
160:Major Rock Edicts
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2418:
2401:Edicts of Ashoka
2350:Seal of Khingila
2278:Penjikent murals
1899:Kalai Kafirnigan
1786:Koi Krylgan Kala
1595:Turkistan (city)
1580:Steppe Geoglyphs
1344:
1275:Khanate of Khiva
1235:Chagatai Khanate
1190:Saffarid dynasty
1175:Uyghur Khaganate
964:
957:
950:
941:
937:
936:
934:
933:
932:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
902:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
852:
846:
841:
835:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
794:
788:
783:
777:
776:
774:
773:
767:
761:. Archived from
760:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
719:
708:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
687:
681:. Archived from
680:
672:
666:
661:
650:
649:
647:
646:
623:
572:Edicts of Ashoka
557:
542:
530:
511:
478:Ancient city of
461:
378:
368:
338:
288:Major Rock Edict
172:Prakrit language
139:
138:
132:
56:Sandstone tablet
42:
30:
21:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2340:Afrasiab murals
2283:Sampul tapestry
2227:
2223:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2213:Bandian complex
2199:
2175:Musalla Complex
2055:Tapa-i Kafariha
1996:
1917:Cave of Dzhebel
1903:
1845:
1682:
1614:
1610:Araltobe kurgan
1501:
1483:
1409:Kizilgaha caves
1380:
1366:Pazyryk burials
1348:Southern Russia
1335:
1299:
1185:Tahirid dynasty
1155:Tokhara Yabghus
1060:Seleucid Empire
1035:Pazyryk culture
990:Yamnaya culture
973:
968:
930:
928:
924:
921:
916:
913:
911:
909:
908:
906:
905:
887:
883:
873:
871:
854:
853:
849:
842:
838:
827:
823:
814:
812:
810:
796:
795:
791:
784:
780:
771:
769:
765:
758:
754:
753:
749:
740:
738:
736:
721:
720:
711:
704:
700:
691:
689:
685:
678:
674:
673:
669:
662:
653:
644:
642:
640:
625:
624:
615:
610:
568:
561:
558:
549:
543:
534:
531:
522:
512:
472:
462:
455:
451:
379:
369:
366:
357:
352:
333:
304:
249:
221:
204:Ashoka's Edicts
152:
151:
150:
148:
142:
141:
140:
90:3rd Century BCE
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Bimaran Casket
2297:
2292:
2289:Sogdian Daēnās
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Gardez Ganesha
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Takht-e Rostam
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Dilberjin Tepe
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:Takht-i Sangin
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Guldursun-Kala
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Dalverzin Tepe
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1701:Akchakhan-Kala
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Dunhuang Caves
1456:
1454:Bezeklik Caves
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Subashi Temple
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Durrani Empire
1267:
1262:
1260:Timurid Empire
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Vakhsh culture
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
979:
975:
974:
969:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
904:
903:
895:Esther Eidinow
881:
847:
836:
821:
808:
789:
778:
747:
734:
709:
698:
667:
651:
638:
612:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
582:Greco-Buddhism
579:
574:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
552:
550:
544:
537:
535:
532:
525:
523:
513:
506:
471:
468:
465:
464:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
371:
364:
346:
345:
342:
332:
329:
303:
300:
248:
245:
220:
217:
168:Greek language
158:are among the
144:
143:
134:
133:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:Period/culture
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2423:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Oxus Treasure
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Orlat plaques
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Dasht-e Nawar
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Monjukli Depe
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Konye-Urgench
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Takht-i Kuwad
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Koshoy Korgon
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Kumtura Caves
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1386:Western China
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Salbyk kurgan
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Arzhan kurgan
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1331:Serindian art
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Mongol Empire
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Ghurid Empire
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Western Turks
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Kushan Empire
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Guiyi Circuit
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Median Empire
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Tagar culture
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
976:
972:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
938:
935:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
882:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
845:
840:
837:
834:
831:
825:
822:
811:
809:9780070635777
805:
801:
800:
793:
790:
787:
782:
779:
768:on 2017-05-17
764:
757:
751:
748:
737:
735:9781400858910
731:
727:
726:
718:
716:
714:
710:
707:
702:
699:
688:on 2016-11-28
684:
677:
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668:
665:
660:
658:
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641:
639:9781400858910
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614:
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588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
556:
551:
547:
541:
536:
529:
524:
520:
516:
510:
505:
503:
499:
497:
493:
485:
481:
476:
469:
459:
452:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
380:
377:
363:
361:
354:
347:
343:
339:
330:
328:
326:
322:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
277:
273:
268:
261:
258:
253:
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
205:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
147:
131:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:circa 258 BCE
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2334:
2287:
2218:Mount Khajeh
2185:Qala-i-Jangi
2165:Khair Khaneh
2070:Khair Khaneh
1977:Namazga-Tepe
1932:Anau culture
1909:Turkmenistan
1826:Tavka Kurgan
1721:Balalyk Tepe
1638:Burana Tower
1628:Aigyr-Zhal 2
1520:Issyk kurgan
1255:Kart dynasty
1250:Sufi dynasty
1240:Golden Horde
1165:Oghuz Yabgus
1140:Tang dynasty
1105:Hephthalites
1030:Uyuk culture
907:
888:
884:
874:25 September
872:. Retrieved
860:
850:
839:
829:
824:
813:. Retrieved
798:
792:
781:
770:. Retrieved
763:the original
750:
739:. Retrieved
724:
701:
690:. Retrieved
683:the original
670:
643:. Retrieved
628:
500:
489:
480:Old Kandahar
450:
373:
355:
350:
305:
302:Implications
296:
281:
257:Old Kandahar
222:
213:Kabul Museum
209:Old Kandahar
200:
188:Old Kandahar
176:Old Kandahar
155:
153:
111:Old Kandahar
99:
2310:Kabul hoard
2243:Sokh snakes
2195:Surkh Kotal
2160:Haji Piyada
2135:Darra-e Kur
2100:Yemshi Tepe
2095:Tillya Tepe
2090:Tepe Fullol
2080:Tepe Narenj
2075:Tapa Sardar
2065:Fondukistan
2030:Tapa Shotor
2010:Tepe Fullol
2002:Afghanistan
1831:Toprak-Kala
1816:Shahrukhiya
1766:Kampir Tepe
1756:Itchan Kala
1711:Ancient Pap
1668:Shakh Fazil
1540:Krasnyi Yar
1444:Mogao Caves
1404:Kizil Caves
1340:Archaeology
1205:Farighunids
1160:Turk Shahis
1100:Alchon Huns
929: /
899:Julia Kindt
725:Afghanistan
629:Afghanistan
331:Translation
308:Afghanistan
298:that time.
119:Afghanistan
2390:Categories
2190:Rag-i-Bibi
2015:Ai-Khanoum
1947:Gonur Depe
1942:Dev-Kesken
1879:Kafir-kala
1869:Ajina tepe
1851:Tajikistan
1811:Sarmishsay
1796:Kyzyl-Kala
1776:Khalchayan
1761:Kafir-kala
1741:Fayaz Tepe
1726:Burchmulla
1688:Uzbekistan
1678:Tash Rabat
1653:Manas Ordo
1620:Kyrgyzstan
1507:Kazakhstan
1210:Ghaznavids
1115:Ustrushana
1110:Tocharians
1040:Massagetae
917:65°39′32″E
914:31°36′09″N
815:2016-11-27
772:2016-11-29
741:2016-11-27
692:2016-11-29
645:2016-11-27
608:References
325:Ai-Khanoum
312:Seleucus I
276:Ai-Khanoum
219:Background
100:N 65°39′32
95:Discovered
2236:Artifacts
2110:Aq Kupruk
2060:Mes Aynak
1992:Ulug Depe
1927:Altyndepe
1874:Cyropolis
1864:Penjikent
1836:Varakhsha
1771:Kara Tepe
1716:Ayaz-Kala
1706:Akhsikath
1696:Afrasiyab
1643:Issyk-Kul
1633:Balasagun
1479:Beshbalik
1356:Sintashta
1316:Silk Road
1245:Ilkhanate
1200:Ma'munids
1095:Kidarites
496:Chil Zena
360:Piodasses
233:Islamabad
2406:Kandahar
2170:Mundigak
2150:Firozkoh
2040:Shotorak
1859:Bunjikat
1751:Hazorasp
1575:Shilikty
1565:Boralday
1489:Mongolia
1424:Dunhuang
1195:Samanids
1125:Farghana
978:Polities
566:See also
484:Kandahar
454:—
365:—
237:Gedrosia
229:Gandhara
225:Pakistan
115:Kandahar
98:31°36′09
53:Material
46:Kandahar
2115:Asqalan
2050:Bimaran
2045:Paitava
1987:Togolok
1922:Abiward
1806:Poykent
1791:Koktepe
1658:Navekat
1535:Kerderi
1525:Jankent
1474:Kashgar
1449:Tumshuq
1394:Bulayïq
1304:Culture
1120:Khuttal
1080:Xiongnu
284:Kalinga
260:citadel
247:Content
184:Persian
79:Created
69:Writing
2180:Nagara
1952:Jeitun
1884:Sarazm
1570:Sawran
1515:Begash
1469:Khotan
1464:Loulan
1075:Yuezhi
806:
732:
636:
519:Ashoka
180:Pashto
164:Ashoka
2025:Hadda
1781:Khiva
1673:Suyab
1663:Özgön
1600:Urpek
1585:Sumbe
1550:Otrar
1439:Rawak
1429:Miran
1399:Kucha
766:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
686:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
107:Place
73:Greek
2205:Iran
1982:Nisa
1967:Merv
1937:Anau
1434:Niya
1015:Saka
876:2018
804:ISBN
730:ISBN
634:ISBN
490:The
274:and
170:and
154:The
61:Size
865:doi
198:).
2392::
897:,
893:,
859:.
712:^
654:^
616:^
117:,
113:,
1146:)
1142:(
963:e
956:t
949:v
878:.
867::
818:.
775:.
744:.
695:.
648:.
486:.
460:.
278:.
102:E
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
