48:
595:
2081:
458:
Every time I read widely in the commentaries on the classics, the pronunciations and meanings are complex and obscure, and each person protects his own explanations according to his individual view, so that it is not likely that any will communicate everything without gaps. Thus I have ordered the
557:, the most extreme form of capital punishment. However, as was fairly typical in such cases with literary inquisition, the emperor commuted the sentence by pardoning all of Wang's relatives, and his grandsons given only a procedural sentence of execution at the autumn assizes (
534:
The imperial edict required that the project be completed within a five-year span. As such, errors were inevitable. Although the emperor's preface said "each and every definition is given in detail and every single pronunciation is provided". The scholar-official
471:
himself—at the time not having a meaning of 'dictionary', but rather something like a 'compendium' or 'standard' or 'model' characters, as to show their correct forms and authoritative pronunciations. The compendium was generally referred to simply as
2585:
424:
in 1710, from whom the compendium gets its name. The dictionary was the largest of its kind, containing 47,043 character entries. Around 40% of them were graphical variants, while others were dead, archaic, or found
2649:
420:. Wanting an improvement upon earlier dictionaries, as well as to show his concern for Confucian culture and to foster standardization of the Chinese writing system, its compilation was ordered by the
2483:
3244:
1968:
3205:
2578:
511:(1639–1712), and a further staff of thirty men. However, both Zhang and Chen died within a year of their appointment to the task, and the work was taken up by scholars of the
3249:
3085:
1519:
1174:
2924:
898:
894:
2664:
2280:
3069:
3040:
2659:
2115:
1908:
478:, which later became a standard Chinese word for 'dictionary' in the 19th century, and used to title practically every Chinese dictionary published since then.
2741:
1898:
659:
1776:
1938:
845:
2729:
2714:
2416:
3452:
2791:
613:, and further sorted by the number of additional strokes in the character. Although this particular set of 214 radicals was first used in the
3483:
2724:
1167:
490:, meaning that most individual characters represented independent words. As such, the compilers did not make a distinction between senses of
2341:
2953:
2704:
2617:
2356:
1948:
1888:
2622:
2526:
634:, as well as example quotations from the Chinese corpus, and lists of any variants and differing meanings. The compendium also contains
1978:
3169:
2538:
2411:
2235:
3458:
3299:
3174:
2531:
2108:
953:
913:
1918:
3524:
3269:
1160:
1132:
3514:
3386:
2629:
2316:
2202:
441:
2351:
2290:
2250:
2970:
2836:
2604:
2260:
919:
Vedal, Nathan (2013), ""Preferring
Omission over Falsity": The politics of compilation in the Kangxi Classic of Characters",
416:, considered from the time of its publishing until the early 20th century to be the most authoritative reference for written
287:
152:
2451:
2391:
444:, to Western-style hardcovers including revisions and ancillary essays, to a digitized version accessible via the internet.
563:), during which the case would be reviewed and usually spared actual execution. Wang's own sentence would be commuted from
3519:
3404:
3179:
3035:
2719:
2709:
2694:
2689:
2521:
2471:
2225:
944:
3163:
2941:
2808:
2674:
2568:
2178:
2168:
2101:
2084:
1928:
554:
3080:
3063:
2573:
2548:
2511:
2421:
2381:
2133:
1574:
610:
500:
as 'characters' versus as 'words'; this distinction would only begin to be clearly made during the late 19th century.
433:
corpus. In today's vernacular written
Chinese, fewer than a quarter of the dictionary's characters are commonly used.
3463:
2909:
1809:
671:
131:
47:
2371:
2158:
3473:
3192:
3121:
2914:
2446:
2240:
1853:
606:
3394:
3214:
2948:
2919:
2669:
1820:
564:
855:
3529:
2990:
2456:
2441:
2275:
2173:
1958:
815:
620:
3371:
3259:
3140:
2965:
2183:
1872:
976:
553:—Kangxi's grandson—was informed of this insult in 1777, he sentenced Wang's entire family to death by the
3264:
2326:
2230:
301:
3445:
3304:
2931:
2893:
2781:
2761:
2679:
2478:
2461:
2295:
654:
3376:
3343:
3309:
3254:
3134:
3116:
2826:
2756:
2563:
2346:
2032:
1756:
1552:
1116:
361:
1152:
1137:
3429:
3279:
3219:
3151:
2831:
2684:
2639:
2386:
2265:
2245:
2153:
1620:
213:
190:
3314:
3025:
3020:
2846:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2590:
2436:
2255:
2061:
1541:
1437:
1187:
1183:
939:
829:
801:
417:
409:
3324:
3319:
3294:
3239:
3234:
3157:
3010:
2841:
2746:
2644:
2543:
2506:
2431:
2361:
2331:
2285:
2022:
1448:
1426:
1382:
949:
909:
479:
430:
609:, giving a total of 49,030 different characters. They are grouped according to a list of 214
605:
The supplemented dictionary contains 47,035 distinct character entries, in addition to 1,995
3478:
3361:
3284:
3224:
3030:
2751:
2612:
2558:
2401:
2366:
2270:
2195:
2163:
2042:
1831:
1719:
928:
794:
568:
550:
391:
89:
66:
3493:
3439:
3289:
3274:
3098:
2553:
2516:
2466:
2426:
2376:
2321:
2190:
1798:
1642:
1589:
1563:
1459:
872:
808:
487:
863:
Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992), "Lexicography and the history of the
Chinese language", in
459:
scholar officials to acquire all the old documents, then to arrange them and revise them.
110:
3356:
3229:
2995:
2958:
2406:
2396:
2336:
1765:
1470:
688:
647:
643:
594:
512:
483:
437:
426:
421:
3508:
3468:
3434:
3399:
3015:
3005:
2821:
2212:
1327:
1272:
639:
575:(1766–1834) and a review board to compile an officially sanctioned supplement to the
508:
227:
3488:
3185:
3127:
2816:
2798:
2654:
2124:
1741:
1730:
1708:
1697:
821:
516:
180:
96:
1686:
1110:
626:
The character entries provide definitions and pronunciations in both traditional
3424:
3145:
2866:
2861:
2052:
1404:
1349:
1250:
1221:
572:
527:
504:
3092:
2936:
2886:
2856:
2699:
635:
536:
124:
17:
2881:
2871:
1305:
1261:
1129:
932:
631:
413:
145:
1147:
3366:
3111:
3058:
3000:
2876:
2851:
1653:
1598:
338:
166:
3351:
1675:
1631:
1360:
1294:
1283:
1119:
860:, Occasional paper with translation of Kangxi Emperor's preface 御製康熙字典序
675:
591:), correcting 2,588 mistakes mostly found in quotations and citations.
187:
2093:
1138:
in
English, with brief history of the dictionary, on Chinaknowledge.de
1998:
1609:
1508:
1338:
627:
623:, and remain popular as a method of categorizing Chinese characters.
399:
246:
893:
Medhurst, Walter Henry (1842), , 2 vols., Parapattan. Google Books:
890:, ed. by William H. Nienhauser Jr., et al., SMC Publishing, 165–172.
3075:
2634:
1664:
1530:
1393:
1316:
888:
The
Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (Volume 2)
615:
593:
521:
324:
260:
2734:
1371:
1232:
2097:
1156:
1124:
908:, 3rd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
754:
Appendix contents (No–source–characters): pp. 1577–1583 (
906:
An
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works
195:
3245:
Convention
Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
663:(1842–1843) in two volumes, with Chinese sourced from the
657:, an early translator of the Bible into Chinese, compiled
1143:
The
Chinese Language Dictionary Homepage, in Chinese only
998:
996:
171:
157:
977:"重啟康熙字典字頭校對工作 - 康熙字典論壇 - 康熙字典与倉頡之友 - Powered by Discuz!"
452:
In his preface to the 1716 printing, the emperor wrote:
136:
1969:
Lin Yutang's
Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
436:
The text is available in many forms, from Qing dynasty
1142:
366:
580:
558:
544:
473:
466:
115:
101:
306:
292:
3417:
3385:
3342:
3335:
3250:
Convention for the
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
3204:
3049:
2981:
2902:
2807:
2603:
2494:
2304:
2211:
2141:
2132:
2014:
1991:
1880:
1871:
1845:
1790:
1755:
1588:
1484:
1201:
1194:
360:
355:
337:
323:
318:
300:
286:
281:
259:
245:
240:
226:
212:
207:
186:
179:
165:
151:
144:
130:
123:
109:
95:
88:
83:
65:
60:
34:
1520:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
948:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
232:
218:
2650:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
343:
329:
3070:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3041:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2109:
1909:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1168:
778:
769:
755:
743:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
670:The dictionary is one of several used by the
586:
71:
8:
904:Teng, Ssu-yü and Biggerstaff, Knight. 1971.
267:
265:
251:
1777:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
3339:
2138:
2116:
2102:
2094:
2080:
1988:
1877:
1198:
1175:
1161:
1153:
567:, to merely death by beheading. The later
515:. The compilation was based partly on two
352:
278:
80:
46:
2730:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1899:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
1095:
1038:
1026:
1002:
660:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
2579:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1014:
812:(Great Compendium of Chinese Characters)
736:The dictionary proper: pp. 75–1631
3186:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
968:
742:Addendum contents: pp. 1539–1544 (
865:History, Languages, and Lexicographers
825:(Rhyme Storehouse of Esteemed Phrases)
777:Textual research: pp. 1637–1683 (
31:
3484:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2725:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
804:(Korean hanja-to-hangul dictionaries)
727:Index of characters: pp. 50–71 (
579:, which was published in 1831 as the
7:
2705:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1949:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1889:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
619:, they are now largely known as the
3453:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1939:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
798:(Great Chinese–Japanese Dictionary)
718:Table of contents: pp. 41–49 (
3170:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2539:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2532:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2412:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2236:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
25:
3459:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3300:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3175:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2327:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
763:Appendix text: pp. 1585–1631
751:Addendum text: pp. 1545–1576
3270:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2586:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2342:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2079:
844:Billings, Timothy (April 2007),
768:Postscript: pp. 1633–1635 (
2317:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2203:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1133:Bibliothèque numérique mondiale
442:traditional Chinese bookbinding
196:
172:
158:
137:
27:18th-century Chinese dictionary
2971:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2261:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1979:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
1497:
1492:
1488:
1210:
779:
770:
756:
744:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
587:
503:The original editors included
496:
404:
367:
307:
293:
233:
116:
102:
72:
1:
3405:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3180:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3036:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2720:Provincial military commander
2710:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2695:Imperial Household Department
2522:Preparative Constitutionalism
2226:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1239:
1115:(Tongwen Shuju edition) with
1086:Teng and Biggerstaff 1971:130
945:Chinese History: A New Manual
525:by Mei Yingzuo, and the 1627
412:published in 1716 during the
3164:Researches on Manchu Origins
2569:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2179:Transition from Ming to Qing
2169:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2085:List of Chinese dictionaries
1929:The Five Thousand Dictionary
1919:A Chinese–English Dictionary
555:nine familial exterminations
440:editions, to reprints using
3064:Changzhou School of Thought
2574:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2549:Railway Protection Movement
2527:1909 Parliamentary election
2512:British expedition to Tibet
2422:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2382:Self-Strengthening Movement
2357:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1575:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
921:Historiographia Linguistica
871:, Series maior 41), ed. by
739:Main text: pp. 75–1538
709:Phonology: pp. 13–40 (
638:with characters ordered by
630:spelling and with a modern
581:
559:
545:
539:(1713–1777) criticized the
474:
467:
465:The emperor chose the term
3546:
3464:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2352:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2291:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2281:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2251:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1810:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
940:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter
833:(Chinese Great Dictionary)
672:Ideographic Research Group
543:in the preface of his own
3474:Names of the Qing dynasty
3122:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2452:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2447:Gongche Shangshu movement
2392:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2241:Chinese Rites controversy
2077:
1854:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
1205:
878:Mair, Victor H. (1998), "
491:
395:
378:
351:
344:
330:
277:
268:
266:
252:
79:
45:
41:
3395:Great Qing Treasure Note
3215:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2925:Administrative divisions
2742:Administrative divisions
2670:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1821:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
847:Making Friends with the
565:death by a thousand cuts
3525:Qing dynasty literature
2991:Chengde Mountain Resort
2792:Three Eastern Provinces
2442:First Sino-Japanese War
2417:Northern Chinese Famine
2276:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2174:Qing invasion of Joseon
1959:Grammata Serica Recensa
1130:Japanese online edition
933:10.1075/hl.40.1-2.02ved
886:字典 (dictionaries)," in
816:List of Kangxi radicals
598:An 1827 version of the
519:dictionaries: the 1615
3515:1716 non-fiction books
3372:Great Qing Copper Coin
3260:Convention of Tientsin
3193:Annotated Bibliography
3141:Qing official headwear
2184:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2027:(Tangut; 12th century)
1227:(first millennium BCE)
1050:Tr. Creamer 1992: 117.
700:Notes: pp. 7–12 (
602:
219:
3446:Draft History of Qing
3305:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3086:performance criticism
2690:Imperial Commissioner
2680:Great Qing Legal Code
2479:Eight-Nation Alliance
2462:Third plague pandemic
2372:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2296:White Lotus Rebellion
1243: 3rd century BC
1077:李雪涛《一位传教士记载的王锡侯〈字贯〉案》
655:Walter Henry Medhurst
646:, as well as initial
597:
549:dictionary. When the
3520:Chinese dictionaries
3377:Great Qing Gold Coin
3310:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3255:Convention of Peking
3135:Pentaglot Dictionary
3117:Literary inquisition
2827:Ever Victorious Army
2660:Deliberative Council
2564:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2517:1905 Batang uprising
2457:Hundred Days' Reform
2347:Small Swords Society
2033:Pentaglot Dictionary
1553:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1148:Revised EPUB Version
1117:Chinese Text Project
875:, Niemeyer, 105–135.
288:Revised Romanization
3430:Anti-Qing sentiment
3280:Treaty of the Bogue
3220:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3152:Complete Tang Poems
2832:Green Standard Army
2715:Provincial governor
2685:Imperial Clan Court
2665:Diplomatic missions
2640:Consultative Bureau
2387:Tongzhi Restoration
2266:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2246:Ten Great Campaigns
2154:Jurchen unification
1621:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
214:Vietnamese alphabet
173:Hong1 hei1 zi6 din2
3315:Treaty of Tientsin
3026:Western Qing tombs
3021:Eastern Qing tombs
2847:Peking Field Force
2591:Manchu Restoration
2484:Declaration of war
2437:Jindandao incident
2256:Lhasa riot of 1750
2062:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
2015:In other languages
1542:Zhongwen Da Cidian
1438:Zhonghua Da Zidian
1188:Chinese characters
1186:for scripts using
1068:Creamer 1992: 117.
830:Zhonghua Da Zidian
802:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
607:graphical variants
603:
418:Chinese characters
410:Chinese dictionary
117:K'ang-hsi Tzu-tien
3502:
3501:
3413:
3412:
3325:Treaty of Whampoa
3320:Treaty of Wanghia
3295:Treaty of Nanking
3265:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3240:Chefoo Convention
3235:Burlingame Treaty
3106:Kangxi Dictionary
3011:Old Summer Palace
2842:Firearm Battalion
2645:Cup of Solid Gold
2599:
2598:
2544:Manchurian plague
2507:Late Qing reforms
2498:(1901–1912)
2432:Sikkim expedition
2362:Panthay Rebellion
2332:Taiping Rebellion
2308:(1801–1900)
2286:Sino-Nepalese War
2231:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2217:(1683–1799)
2145:(1616–1683)
2091:
2090:
2073:
2072:
2023:Pearl in the Palm
2010:
2009:
1867:
1866:
1703:(c. 12th century)
1449:Xinhua Dictionary
1427:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
1416:Kangxi Dictionary
1377:(c. 11th century)
1120:dictionary lookup
981:www.chinesecj.com
665:Kangxi Dictionary
600:Kangxi Dictionary
480:Classical Chinese
431:Classical Chinese
387:Kangxi Dictionary
382:
381:
374:
373:
314:
313:
302:McCune–Reischauer
203:
202:
153:Yale Romanization
90:Standard Mandarin
53:Kangxi Dictionary
36:Kangxi Dictionary
16:(Redirected from
3537:
3479:New Qing History
3362:Qianlong Tongbao
3340:
3285:Treaty of Canton
3225:Unequal treaties
3031:Fuling Mausoleum
2630:Advisory Council
2559:Wuchang Uprising
2499:
2402:Tianjin Massacre
2367:Second Opium War
2309:
2271:Sino-Burmese War
2218:
2196:Battle of Penghu
2164:Seven Grievances
2146:
2139:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2066:
2058:
2048:
2047:(Japanese; 1960)
2043:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
2038:
2028:
2003:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1878:
1860:
1838:
1832:Longkan Shoujian
1827:
1816:
1805:
1783:
1772:
1771:(c. 1st century)
1748:
1737:
1726:
1720:Zhongyuan Yinyun
1715:
1704:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1581:
1570:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1515:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1466:
1455:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1356:
1355:(c. 7th century)
1345:
1334:
1333:(c. 4th century)
1323:
1312:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1099:
1096:Wilkinson (2018)
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:Wilkinson (2018)
1036:
1030:
1027:Wilkinson (2018)
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1003:Wilkinson (2018)
1000:
991:
990:
988:
987:
973:
959:
935:
859:
854:, archived from
795:Dai Kan-Wa jiten
782:
781:
773:
772:
759:
758:
747:
746:
732:
731:
723:
722:
714:
713:
705:
704:
696:
695:
691:: pp. 1–6 (
590:
589:
584:
569:Daoguang Emperor
562:
551:Qianlong Emperor
548:
531:by Zhang Zilie.
498:
493:
477:
470:
406:
397:
370:
369:
353:
347:
346:
333:
332:
310:
309:
296:
295:
279:
273:
272:
271:
270:
255:
254:
236:
235:
222:
220:Khang Hi tự điển
199:
198:
197:Khong-hi Jī-tián
175:
174:
161:
160:
140:
139:
119:
118:
105:
104:
81:
75:
74:
55:, 3rd ed. (1827)
50:
32:
21:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3494:Willow Palisade
3440:Chuang Guandong
3409:
3381:
3331:
3290:Treaty of Kulja
3275:Treaty of Aigun
3208:
3200:
3099:History of Ming
3051:
3045:
2983:
2977:
2903:Special regions
2898:
2837:Imperial Guards
2803:
2595:
2554:1911 Revolution
2500:
2497:
2490:
2467:Boxer Rebellion
2427:Sino-French War
2377:Amur Annexation
2322:First Opium War
2310:
2307:
2300:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2191:Great Clearance
2147:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2092:
2087:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2006:
2001:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1881:Chinese–English
1863:
1858:
1841:
1836:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1799:Jingdian Shiwen
1786:
1781:
1770:
1751:
1746:
1735:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1643:Yunhai jingyuan
1636:
1625:
1614:
1603:
1584:
1579:
1568:
1564:Hanyu Da Cidian
1557:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1464:
1460:Hanyu Da Zidian
1453:
1442:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1255:
1242:
1237:
1226:
1203:
1190:
1181:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:Mair 1998: 169.
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1015:Billings (2007)
1013:
1009:
1001:
994:
985:
983:
975:
974:
970:
966:
956:
938:
918:
873:Ladislav Zgusta
843:
840:
809:Hanyu Da Zidian
790:
687:Preface by the
684:
653:The missionary
648:syllable onsets
621:Kangxi radicals
582:Zidian kaozheng
488:bound morphemes
450:
362:Revised Hepburn
208:Vietnamese name
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3530:Kangxi Emperor
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Kangxi Tongbao
3354:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Boxer Protocol
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Forbidden City
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:General of Ili
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:List of ambans
2939:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Margary Affair
2404:
2399:
2397:Mudan incident
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Nian Rebellion
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2057:(French; 2001)
2053:Le Grand Ricci
2049:
2039:
2037:(Manchu; 1794)
2029:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1817:
1806:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1736:(17th century)
1727:
1716:
1714:(14th century)
1705:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1617:
1606:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1527:
1516:
1504:
1502:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:Zhonghua Zihai
1467:
1456:
1445:
1434:
1423:
1412:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1368:
1357:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1269:
1258:
1247:
1229:
1217:
1215:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1125:Online version
1122:
1106:
1105:External links
1103:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
992:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
954:
936:
916:
902:
891:
876:
869:Lexicographica
861:
839:
836:
835:
834:
826:
818:
813:
805:
799:
789:
786:
785:
784:
775:
766:
765:
764:
761:
752:
749:
740:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:Kangxi Emperor
683:
680:
513:Hanlin Academy
486:with very few
484:morphosyllabic
463:
462:
461:
460:
449:
446:
422:Kangxi Emperor
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
364:
358:
357:
356:Transcriptions
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:Kanghŭi Chajŏn
304:
298:
297:
294:Ganghui Jajeon
290:
284:
283:
282:Transcriptions
275:
274:
263:
257:
256:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
230:
224:
223:
216:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
200:
193:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
163:
162:
159:Hōnghēi Jihdín
155:
149:
148:
146:Yue: Cantonese
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
121:
120:
113:
107:
106:
99:
93:
92:
86:
85:
84:Transcriptions
77:
76:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
51:
43:
42:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3542:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Manchu people
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Canton System
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:Hubu Guanpiao
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:Society &
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Summer Palace
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Mukden Palace
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:Palaces &
2980:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Eight Banners
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Grand Council
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2495:20th century
2493:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2305:19th century
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:(before 1161)
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1341:
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1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
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1314:
1311:(3rd century)
1308:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1292:
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1281:
1278:(2nd century)
1275:
1274:
1273:Shuowen Jiezi
1270:
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1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:Kangxi Zidian
1109:
1108:
1104:
1098:, p. 89.
1097:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1041:, p. 85.
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 34.
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
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1005:, p. 84.
1004:
999:
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982:
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972:
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955:9780998888309
951:
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926:
922:
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914:0-674-03851-7
911:
907:
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885:
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877:
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870:
866:
862:
858:on 2012-02-07
857:
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849:Kangxi zidian
848:
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640:syllable rime
637:
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583:
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577:Kangxi Zidian
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541:Kangxi Zidian
538:
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509:Chen Tingjing
507:(1642–1711),
506:
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405:Kāngxī zìdiǎn
401:
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365:
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342:
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100:
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44:
40:
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33:
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19:
18:Kangxi Zidian
3489:Treaty ports
3451:
3444:
3418:Other topics
3191:
3184:
3162:
3150:
3133:
3128:Peiwen Yunfu
3126:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3068:
2817:Beiyang Army
2799:Zongli Yamen
2655:Da-Qing Bank
2472:Red Lanterns
2125:Qing dynasty
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1852:
1846:Biographical
1830:
1819:
1808:
1797:
1775:
1764:
1742:Peiwen Yunfu
1740:
1731:Qi Lin Bayin
1729:
1718:
1709:Menggu Ziyun
1707:
1698:Pingshui Yun
1696:
1685:
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1326:
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1220:
1209:
1184:Dictionaries
1111:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
984:. Retrieved
980:
971:
943:
924:
920:
905:
887:
883:
879:
868:
864:
856:the original
850:
846:
828:
822:Peiwen Yunfu
820:
807:
793:
669:
664:
658:
652:
625:
614:
604:
599:
576:
540:
533:
526:
520:
517:Ming dynasty
502:
495:
464:
451:
435:
403:
386:
385:
383:
181:Southern Min
132:Romanization
97:Hanyu Pinyin
61:Chinese name
52:
35:
29:
3425:Aisin Gioro
3387:Paper money
3146:Qing poetry
2867:Wuwei Corps
2862:Shuishiying
2623:Family tree
1824:一切經音義 (慧琳)
1813:一切經音義 (玄英)
1405:Zhengzitong
1350:Ganlu Zishu
1256:(c. 220 BC)
1251:Cangjiepian
1222:Shizhoupian
1195:Monolingual
636:rime tables
573:Wang Yinzhi
528:Zhengzitong
505:Zhang Yushu
482:is largely
448:Compilation
438:block print
241:Korean name
138:Khansi Zydi
3509:Categories
3093:Four Wangs
2984:mausoleums
2937:Golden Urn
2910:Inner Asia
2887:Xiang Army
2857:Hushenying
2782:Liangguang
2762:Liangjiang
2700:Lifan Yuan
2605:Government
1791:Exegetical
1780:現代漢語方言大詞典
1267:(c. 40 BC)
1202:Characters
986:2023-03-28
838:References
678:standard.
571:appointed
537:Wang Xihou
368:Kōki Jiten
111:Wade–Giles
2915:Manchuria
2882:Huai Army
2872:Yong Ying
2757:Shaan-Gan
2213:High Qing
2159:Later Jin
1873:Bilingual
1757:Varieties
1687:Qiyin lüe
1578:现代汉语规范词典
1306:Xiao Erya
1262:Jijiupian
899:Volume II
682:Structure
642:classes,
632:homophone
427:only once
414:High Qing
3367:Hongqian
3336:Currency
3206:Treaties
3112:Kaozheng
3059:Booi Aha
3001:Hetu Ala
2954:Timeline
2949:Xinjiang
2920:Mongolia
2877:Chu Army
2852:New Army
2809:Military
2747:Viceroys
2065:(Korean)
1857:中國人名大辭典
1826:(c. 807)
1815:(c. 649)
1804:(c. 583)
1654:Guangyun
1604:(c. 230)
1599:Shenglei
1523:教育部國語辭典
1344:(c. 543)
1322:(c. 350)
1300:(c. 230)
1289:(c. 200)
942:(2018).
927:: 3–37,
895:Volume I
884:tzu-tien
788:See also
674:for the
611:radicals
339:Hiragana
167:Jyutping
3352:Zhiqian
3344:Coinage
3081:Economy
3052:culture
2787:Yun-Gui
2777:Min-Zhe
2772:Sichuan
2767:Huguang
2613:Emperor
2134:History
1766:Fangyan
1676:Yunjing
1632:Tangyun
1624:刊謬補缺切韻
1556:现代汉语词典
1361:Leipian
1295:Guangya
1284:Shiming
880:Tzu-shu
676:Unicode
560:qiushen
429:in the
408:) is a
392:Chinese
228:Hán-Nôm
188:Hokkien
67:Chinese
2966:Taiwan
2142:Early
2127:topics
2002:(1997)
1999:CEDICT
1992:Online
1983:(1996)
1973:(1972)
1963:(1957)
1953:(1947)
1943:(1931)
1933:(1926)
1923:(1892)
1913:(1874)
1903:(1842)
1893:(1823)
1859:(1921)
1782:(2002)
1747:(1711)
1725:(1324)
1681:(1161)
1670:(1037)
1659:(1008)
1610:Qieyun
1580:(2004)
1569:(1994)
1567:漢語大詞典
1558:(1978)
1547:(1968)
1545:中文大辭典
1536:(1938)
1525:(1926)
1514:(1915)
1509:Ciyuan
1476:(1994)
1465:(1989)
1463:漢語大字典
1454:(1957)
1443:(1915)
1441:中華大字典
1432:(1815)
1430:說文解字注
1421:(1716)
1410:(1627)
1399:(1615)
1388:(1254)
1383:Zitong
1366:(1066)
1339:Yupian
1328:Ziyuan
952:
912:
882:字書 or
628:fanqie
546:Ziguan
475:zidian
468:zidian
402::
400:pinyin
394::
345:こうきじてん
247:Hangul
3158:Queue
3076:Dibao
2932:Tibet
2752:Zhili
2635:Amban
1837:(997)
1835:龍龕手鑒
1802:經典釋文
1745:佩文韻府
1734:戚林八音
1723:中原音韻
1712:蒙古字韻
1665:Jiyun
1648:(780)
1646:韻海鏡源
1637:(732)
1626:(706)
1615:(601)
1531:Cihai
1485:Words
1474:中华字海
1452:新华字典
1419:康熙字典
1394:Zihui
1353:干祿字書
1317:Zilin
1276:說文解字
964:Notes
644:tones
616:Zihui
522:Zihui
325:Kanji
261:Hanja
2894:Navy
2735:Ejen
2618:List
1701:平水韻
1690:七音略
1590:Rime
1408:正字通
1372:Piya
1309:小爾雅
1265:急就篇
1254:倉頡篇
1233:Erya
1225:史籀篇
950:ISBN
910:ISBN
851:康熙字典
588:字典考證
396:康熙字典
384:The
331:康熙字典
269:康熙字典
253:강희자전
234:康熙字典
73:康熙字典
1769:方言
1679:韻鏡
1668:集韻
1657:廣韻
1635:唐韻
1613:切韻
1602:聲類
1534:辭海
1512:辭源
1397:字彙
1386:字通
1375:埤雅
1364:類篇
1342:玉篇
1331:字苑
1320:字林
1298:廣雅
1287:釋名
1236:爾雅
929:doi
867:, (
694:御製序
191:POJ
3511::
1498:cí
1495:;
1240:c.
1211:zì
1208:;
995:^
979:.
925:40
923:,
897:,
780:考證
771:後記
757:備考
745:補遺
730:檢字
721:總目
712:等韻
703:凡例
667:.
650:.
497:zì
494:;
398:;
125:Wu
2117:e
2110:t
2103:v
1501:)
1493:词
1491:／
1489:詞
1487:(
1245:)
1238:(
1214:)
1206:字
1204:(
1176:e
1169:t
1162:v
1017:.
989:.
958:.
931::
901:.
783:)
774:)
760:)
748:)
733:)
724:)
715:)
706:)
697:)
585:(
492:字
390:(
20:)
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