1052:
1496:
872:
1323:
38:
495:
1867:
1174:
1353:
964:
1920:
255:康 means 'well-being', 'peaceful,' 'happy;' 'settle', 'stability,' Kangju can be translated as the 'Peaceful Land,' or 'Abode of the Peaceful (People).' ... Even if the name Kangju was originally an attempt to transcribe the sounds of a foreign name, it would still have carried the sense of a peaceful place to Chinese speakers, and the name 'Kang' would have had overtones of a peaceful people.
1159:
260:
975:
The Kangju were in frequent struggles with the Wusun, during which they in the mid 1st century BCE allied themselves with the northern
Xiongnu. The Kangju ruler gave his daughter in marriage to the northern Xiongnu ruler Zhizhi, while the Kangju king married the daughter of the Xiongnu ruler. The
1125:. From the beginning of the Christian era "catacomb graves" (in shaft and chamber tombs) became widespread. This is seen from the burials of the Kaunchi and Dzhun cultures of the 1st to the 4th centuries CE, which are generally accepted as having belonged to the Kangju. The Kangju regarded the
1132:
References from written sources and archaeological finds show that the Kangju reached a considerable level of agricultural sophistication. Much of the population consisted of a sedentary farming population. Wide canals from the Kangju period have been discovered, with the land area under
857:(which covers the period from 206 BCE to 23 CE), Kangju had expanded considerably to a nation of some 600,000 individuals, with 120,000 men able to bear arms. Kangju was clearly now a major power in its own right. By this time it had gained control of Dayuan and
1006:
says in 94 CE that the Yuezhi were arranging a marriage of their king with a Kangju princess. The
Chinese then sent "considerable presents of silks" to the Yuezhi successfully gaining their help in pressuring the Kangju to stop supporting the king of
1215:
Settlements of the
Kaunchi culture were typically located in proximity to water and usually have monumental oval buildings in the center, at times with a defensive wall. The largest settlement was a 150 hectare city known apparently as Kang
893:, 88 (covering the period 25–220 and completed in the 5th century), based on a report to the Chinese emperor c. 125 CE, mentions that, at that time, Liyi 栗弋 (= Suyi 粟弋) = Sogdiana, and both the "old" Yancai (which had changed its name to
984:
to the Han court. Nevertheless, the Kangju continued to send embassies to the Han court and pursued an independent policy, which they were able to maintain until the 3rd century CE. Evidence of Kangju independence can be seen in the
250:
can mean: 'seat', 'central place of activity or authority; 'to settle down,' 'residence,' or 'to occupy (militarily).'... The term, therefore, could simply mean "the abode of the Kang," or "territory occupied by the Kang." ... As
1116:
tribes whose customs were very similar to those of the Yuezhi. Kangju burials of the early period have been excavated at Berk-kara and Tamdî, in which the dead were placed in pit-graves, often covered with logs, under
821:"Kangju is situated some 2,000 li northwest of Dayuan. Its people are nomads and resemble the Yuezhi in their customs. They have 80,000 or 90,000 skilled archers. The country is small, and borders Dayuan (
960:
populations. Although their territory was small, the fertility of the land and their sophisticated civilization enabled the Kangju to maintain a large population, becoming a major military power.
940:, their western neighbors. The westward expansion of the Kangju obliged many of the Sarmatians to migrate further west, and it may therefore be concluded that the Kangju played a major in the
847:
at
Beitian). The people are nomads and their customs are generally similar to those of the people of Kangju. The country has over 100,000 archer warriors, and borders a great shoreless lake .
1121:
mounds. These graves often contain hand-made pots, iron swords, arrow-heads and jewellery. The burials show that the traditional culture of the Kangju resembled characteristics of the
1020:
states that Kangju was among a number of countries that "had existed previously and neither grown nor shrunk." The Kangju subsequently declined. Around 270 CE they were subdued by the
2388:"Zhi-zhi allied himself with the king of Kang-ju by means of a bilateral marriage arrangement; Zhizhi married the king's daughter, while Zhi-zhi's own daughter was wed to the king."
1200:
archaeologists as the "Kaunchi
Culture", dating from the 2nd century BCE to the early 8th century CE, and centred on the middle course of the Syr Darya and its tributaries: the
976:
Xiongnu and Kangju were initially successful, besieging the Wusun in 42 BCE. The Han however intervened, defeating and killing the northern
Xiongnu ruler in at Talas in 36 BCE (
1495:
1051:
3162:
1828:
1137:
of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya being four times greater than today. The irrigation systems of
Central Asia reached their highest levels of development under the Kangju-
3446:
1948:
1358:
Genetic makeup of Iron Age
Central Asian Scythians. The three main ancestry components are shown in green, red and violet representing the ancestries maximized in
326:(羯) tribe Qiāngqú (羌渠) might be Kangju people who had been incorporated into the Xiongnu tribal confederation. Pulleyblank further connected Kangju to Kànjié 瞰羯 (*
1241:
The people predominantly practiced cattle husbandry and nonirrigated agriculture (grain cultures of millet, barley, wheat, and rice, cotton, melons, and fruits).
37:
3136:
The Tarim
Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. J. P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair. Thames & Hudson. London. (2000),
1518:
1459:
1448:
3461:
1267:
region along Syr Darya to the south of
Tashkent. The Kaunchi culture significantly impacted the archeological cultures in the vast territories of the
871:
790:
2953:
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC - AD 23 ; an Annotated Transl. of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty
494:
1248:(large bowls for water and produce), pots, pitchers, and cups adorned with ram's head on the handles. In the 1st century CE ceramics made on a
2475:
2381:
1821:
2450:) has: " was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang (康) in Central Asia." (translation after
833:奄蔡 (literally "vast steppe"), which lay north-west of the Kangju. The people of Yancai were said to resemble the Kangju in their customs:
3466:
3421:
1941:
1298:. They complement the existing Chinese historical records about Kangju. Sims-Williams also assigned a likely date to these inscriptions.
488:
and Wusun respectively. Chinese sources state that the Kangju were tributiaries of the Yuezhi in the south and the Xiongnu in the east.
3456:
3451:
3023:
2611:
2354:
1167:
3281:
3141:
3120:
2650:
1212:. The culture was named after an ancient townsite now known as Kaunchi-Tepe, which was first studied by G. V. Grigoriev in 1934–37.
1814:
1475:
916:
Y. A. Zadneprovskiy suggests that the Kangju subjection of Yancai occurred in the 1st century BCE. Yancai is identified with the
1641:
1910:
1896:
468:, the Kangju must have appeared a little later. It is likely that the state of the Kangju emerged during the great upheaval in
404:
246:
It is not clear whether the Chinese name 康居 Kangju was intended to transcribe an ethnic name, or to be descriptive, or both. 居
230:
According to John E. Hill, a historian specialising in ancient Central Asia, "Kangju (W-G: K'ang-chü) 康居" was in or near the "
3431:
3345:
3309:
3301:
3221:
3081:
3045:
2981:
1934:
1846:
288:
3426:
1367:
280:
1279:
Some important inscriptions were discovered recently that provide information about Kangju and its contacts with China.
3333:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
3240:: Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies in:
3069:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
2969:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
1866:
1189:
1876:
1359:
2371:
944:, which played a major role in world history. Through this expansion the Kangju gained control over key parts of the
3213:
3112:
1994:
Schuessler, Axel (2014) "Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words" in Studies in
1322:
3326:
Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In
3273:
1444:
3242:
1235:
864:
In 101 BCE, the Kangju allied themselves with the Dayuan, helping them preserve their independence against the
411:
207:
2734:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 81-82, 84, 120, 128, 131, Individuals DA121, DA 123, DA125, DA206, DA226, DA229.
1260:'s head during the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. At that period weapons started appearing in the kurgans.
1059:, Temple of the Oxus, 1st century BCE- 1st century CE. The design is comparable to the hunting scenes of the
1758:
1747:
1722:
1713:
1588:
1505:
1484:
296:
1795:
1440:
1295:
3062:
Mukhamedjanov, A. R. (1 January 1994). "Economy and Social System in Central Asia in the Kushan Age". In
3102:
2199:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1855:
1412:
1328:
Genetic proximity of Eastern Indo-Europeans: the Wusun had great genetic proximity with the Kangju, the
1227:
and founded in the 1st century CE. Kang had a square layout, encircled by a wall with inner passages.
2887:
2796:
2680:
2542:
2203:
2150:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1102:
1083:
203:
1383:
in May 2018 examined the remains of 6 Kangju buried between ca. 200 CE and 300 CE. The 2 samples of
3441:
2785:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
2562:
1790:
1661:
1163:
461:
303:
161:
2464:
Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019).
2921:
906:
844:
758:
652:
3010:
3436:
3341:
3327:
3305:
3277:
3217:
3184:
3153:
3137:
3116:
3077:
3063:
3041:
3019:
2977:
2963:
2959:
2913:
2822:
2714:
2696:
2607:
2471:
2465:
2377:
2350:
2169:
2116:
1924:
1733:
1651:
1428:
1312:
1308:
1249:
889:
839:
825:). It acknowledges sovereignty to the Yuezhi people in the South and the Xiongnu in the East.
359:
239:
59:
2397:"Trois généraux chinois de la dynastie des Han orientaux," by Édouard Chavannes, p. 230. In:
1290:
A set of Sogdian inscriptions discovered by A. N. Podushkin in his excavations at Kultobe in
500:
188:. According to contemporaneous Chinese sources, Kangju was the second most powerful state in
3174:
3166:
2903:
2895:
2874:
2854:
2812:
2804:
2704:
2688:
2452:
Bathrobe's Days of the Week in Chinese, Japanese & Vietnamese, plus Mongolian and Buryat
1379:
977:
941:
727:
575:
415:
177:
133:
69:
1173:
875:
Kangju coin: obverse: ruler Wanunkhur of Chach; reverse: Kangju tamga. 3rd-6th centuries CE
3033:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
2883:
2859:
2654:
1113:
1087:
1076:
880:
738:
716:
449:
380:
376:
347:
3016:
Through the Jade Gate - China to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
2647:
2315:
242:, Beitian – the summer capital of Kangju – was in or near modern metropolitan Tashkent.)
151:
2891:
2800:
2684:
1352:
3179:
3148:
2817:
2784:
2709:
2668:
2311:
1621:
1392:
1388:
1205:
1056:
963:
630:
617:
529:
372:
339:
79:
3396://Works of Khorezm Archeological & Ethnographic Expedition, Vol 17, Moscow, 1971 (
2154:
2101:
1162:
Reconstruction of a Kangju woman, 2nd century BCE-4th century CE (), by archaeologist
263:
Countries described in Zhang Qian's report. Visited countries are highlighted in blue.
3415:
3265:
3098:
2846:
2636:
1681:
1341:
1138:
1060:
968:
905:, a country to Yancai's north, as well as the strategic city of "Northern Wuyi" 北烏伊 (
661:
639:
595:
540:
2925:
2869:
1238:, crypts, and burial vaults, with horse bone trappings and rites typical of nomads.
807:
who visited the area c. 128 BCE, whose travels are documented in Chapter 123 of the
3291:
1691:
1611:
1540:
1201:
1072:
1040:
1036:
1025:
953:
921:
749:
469:
400:
272:
173:
3258:
Commentationes Iranicae. Vladimiro F. Aaron Livschits Nonagenario Donum Natalicium
3108:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
3331:
3295:
3207:
3106:
3067:
3031:
2967:
1454:
A 2021 study reconstructed the genetic profile of the Kangju as derived from the
1071:
describes the way of life of the Kangju elite. Its ruler spent his winter in the
1024:. Like other Central Asian peoples, the Kangju probably became subsumed into the
3203:
3030:
Kyzlasov, L. R. (1 January 1996). "Northern Nomads". In Litvinsky, B. A. (ed.).
2561:, all names occurring in the Chinese historical sources for the Han dynasty, as
1996:
Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text
1671:
1268:
1209:
1142:
1068:
1032:
898:
884:
865:
769:
509:
460:
rivers, with the core territory along the middle Syr Darya. Since historians of
268:
231:
189:
2692:
2948:
2899:
2280:
2259:
1455:
1363:
1333:
1291:
1185:
1181:
1158:
1134:
1106:
1002:
945:
937:
804:
795:
703:
481:
323:
311:
259:
121:
117:
2700:
2467:
The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads
2173:
2120:
1283:
A dozen wooden slips with Chinese writing were found at the Xuanquan site in
3237:
3170:
2541:, pp. 87–88 "On the basis of both linguistic and historical evidence ,
2063:, p. 153, 174: "... the Sogdians, known as K'ang-chü to the Chinese..."
1329:
949:
814:
457:
453:
396:
335:
214:
may have been the same people as those of Kangju and closely related to the
3254:"Iranian in Wusun? A tentative reinterpretation of the Kultobe Inscription"
3253:
3188:
2917:
2826:
2808:
2718:
1039:
dynasties. In the 8th century, some of them seem to have been adherents of
1016:
989:
issued in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, during which they issued their own
464:
do not mention the existence of any political power in the area except the
1287:, China. They are dated to the late Western Han dynasty (206 BCE – 24 CE).
2558:
2451:
1998:. Series: Language and Linguistics Monograph. Issue 53. p. 272 of 249-292
1536:
1284:
1224:
1217:
1099:
1091:
1021:
997:
990:
858:
822:
690:
564:
553:
520:
465:
319:
315:
235:
211:
185:
2908:
2754:
2752:
310:, probably meaning "stone" and proposed that the Kangju were originally
2373:
Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
1631:
1527:
1432:
1008:
981:
957:
910:
780:
485:
3337:
3073:
3037:
2973:
2554:
2546:
2136:
chapter 221b, p. 1, translated (into French) by Édouard Chavannes in
1601:
1231:
1197:
1118:
853:
830:
672:
473:
445:
437:
427:
363:
193:
141:
3247:
314:
who had migrated westward into Sogdia and established themselves in
184:
is now generally regarded as a variant or mutated form of the name
3007:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
2550:
2442:
1424:
1396:
1384:
1337:
1264:
1253:
1244:
Materials typical of the culture are typical hand-formed pottery:
1172:
1157:
1126:
1050:
962:
929:
925:
917:
809:
608:
586:
477:
441:
433:
258:
215:
2648:
New Evidence from Dunhuang, China and Central Asia for the Kangju
1079:
headquarters, which was a seven days' journey away on horseback.
980:). The Kangju ruler was subsequently forced to send his son as a
1567:
1549:
1439:. Both the Kangju and Wusun were suggested to be descended from
1436:
1257:
1178:
1122:
1095:
986:
219:
16:
Ethnic group mentioned in Chinese history; probably the Sogdians
2446:(辞海) under the entry for "seven luminaries calendar" (七曜历/七曜曆,
948:. The Kangju state came to unite a number of regions which had
3149:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
2231:
2229:
933:
2870:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
1031:
Kangju was later known as the State of Kang (康国) during the
2669:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
803:
Kangju was mentioned by the Chinese traveller and diplomat
407:. Nevertheless, all those connections remain hypothetical.
3147:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (September 6, 2019).
410:
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kangju spoke an
1141:
and was in fact superior to those fully developed in the
448:
in the south. Their territory covered the region of the
3403:
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition, 1970-1979 (
967:
Battle scenes between "Kangju" Saka warriors, from the
3297:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
2071:
2069:
1105:
has however suggested that the Kangju could have been
1423:. The authors of the study found that the Kangju and
897:
and seems here to have expanded its territory to the
3373:
Kaunchi-Tepe (excavations of 1935), Tashkent, 1940 (
936:. The Kangju established close connections with the
383:
have noted phonetic similarities between Kangju and
3209:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
3163:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2942:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
2585:
2583:
2306:
2304:
2291:
2289:
172:(c. 140 BCE)) was the Chinese name of a kingdom in
113:
99:
89:
75:
65:
55:
47:
23:
2637:http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/archeology-v
924:records. Scholars have connected name Alanliao to
861:in which it controlled “five lesser kings” (小王五).
42:The approximate territory of the Kangju c. 200 CE.
3018:. CreateSpace, North Charleston, South Carolina.
2955:. A.F.P. Hulsewé, with an Introd. by M.A.N.Loewe.
2758:
829:Qian also visited a land known to the Chinese as
2783:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021).
2538:
2155:"The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II"
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1458:for 90%, with the rest (10%) being derived from
1256:'s head motif at first common was replaced by a
2770:
2743:
2731:
2235:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1443:(WSHs) of the Late Bronze Age who admixed with
1399:extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroups
1387:extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroups
1086:people, and are generally held to have been an
3270:Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II
1263:Kaunchi-type sites apparently spread from the
2627:
2625:
2623:
2589:
2574:
2295:
2048:
1942:
1822:
1196:Kangju appears to be a civilisation known to
8:
2868:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018).
2470:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 105.
1112:The ruling elite of the Kangju consisted of
275:dynasties, refer to Kangju as the State of
3383:Yerkurgan (stratigraphy and periodization)
2349:. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 42–47.
2200:"On *p- and Other Proto-Turkic Consonants"
2086:
2084:
1949:
1935:
1840:
1829:
1815:
1783:
1718:
1593:
1510:
1469:
843:(832 km) northwest of Kangju (centered on
387:mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions, the
210:, and had a semi-nomadic way of life. The
36:
20:
3197:An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
3178:
2907:
2858:
2816:
2708:
1974:For further etymology, see Blažek (2022).
362:word meaning "stone", and compares it to
3246:, 12 (No. 2) 2001, p. 261-292. See
2490:
2428:
870:
3447:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia
2999:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe
2419:Hill (2015), Vol. I, note 2.15, p. 175.
2138:Documents sur les tou-kiue occidentaux
2102:"The Consonantal System of Old Chinese"
2090:Hill (2015), Vol. 1, note 2.17, p. 183.
1987:
1967:
1854:
1843:
1746:
1721:
1483:
1472:
1449:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1294:; they were analyzed and deciphered by
993:which was similar to that of Khwarezm.
322:). Pulleyblank also suggested that the
156:
2606:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 56.
2247:
2220:
2186:
2075:
218:, or other Iranian groups such as the
196:. Its people, known in Chinese as the
3394:Ceramics of lower and middle Syrdarya
2860:10.15388/Baltistikos_platybese.2022.3
2514:
2502:
2060:
1234:burials of a catacomb type with long
996:The biography of the Chinese General
98:
88:
84:
7:
3009:Draft annotated English translation.
2962:(1 January 1994). "Introcution". In
2526:
342:. Ünal (2022) instead reconstructs *
1230:The settlements were surrounded by
1075:of Beitian, and his summers at his
295:). By that time it was part of the
2604:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
2347:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan
1368:Hunter Gatherers from West Siberia
1168:Central State Museum of Kazakhstan
414:, which was probably identical to
267:Later Chinese sources, during the
31:1st century BCE (?)–5th century CE
14:
3252:de la Vaissière, Étienne (2013).
2316:"The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia"
1313:Andronovo culture § Genetics
1309:Sintashta culture § Genetics
913:), were all dependent on Kangju.
794:The Kangju received the visit of
436:sources, Kangju lay north of the
350:of Chinese transcription 康居 EHC *
302:Pulleyblank linked Kangju to the
3462:Former countries in Central Asia
1918:
1865:
1494:
1351:
1321:
932:, paid tribute to the Kangju in
493:
472:following the withdrawal of the
3381:Isamiddin M.,Suleymanov R.Kh.,
2944:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
2370:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
405:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
3302:University of California Press
2851:Vilnius University Open Series
2100:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1963).
1082:The Kangju are regarded as an
391:in Transcaucasia, the city of
292:
284:
146:
1:
3199:. University of Hawaii Press.
2326:(Ēran ud Anērān). Transoxiana
2140:, pp. 132-147. Paris. (1900).
1377:A genetic study published in
1184:armour with neck-guard, from
432:According to 2nd century BCE
399:tribes collectively known as
238:and Sogdiana". (According to
176:during the first half of the
2667:Zhang, Fan (November 2021).
2557:, Kangju, and the people of
2539:Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999
1190:Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan
942:great migrations of the time
1447:and peoples related to the
358:), proposes that it was an
3483:
3467:Historical Chinese exonyms
3422:Historical Iranian peoples
3214:Cambridge University Press
3113:Cambridge University Press
2693:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
2440:The Chinese encyclopaedia
2320:Transoxiana Webfestschrift
1306:
1090:people identical with the
484:after their defeat by the
425:
3457:Archaeology of Uzbekistan
3452:Archaeology of Kazakhstan
3274:Columbia University Press
2940:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
2900:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
2345:Ilyasov, Djangar (2022).
2271:Hill (2009), pp. 377-383.
1445:Siberian hunter-gatherers
1094:, or the closely related
452:and the area between the
137:
109:
85:
35:
30:
3243:Journal of World History
3195:Schuessler, Axel. 2007.
2773:, Supplementary Table 8.
2746:, Supplementary Table 9.
2633:Pre-Islamic Central Asia
928:. The Yan people of the
412:Eastern Iranian language
208:Eastern Iranian language
3171:10.1126/science.aat7487
2847:"Baltic *kalu̯ā ′hill′"
2845:Blažek, Vaclav (2022).
2602:Frantz, Grenet (2022).
2262:(1979) pp. 126, 130–132
1759:History of Central Asia
887:Chinese chronicle, the
837:Yancai lies some 2,000
202:(康), were evidently of
3103:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
2809:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
2759:Narasimhan et al. 2019
1441:Western Steppe Herders
1395:, while the 6 samples
1296:Nicholas Sims-Williams
1252:became more common. A
1193:
1170:
1064:
1055:Hunters ivory plaque,
972:
876:
849:
827:
418:, or derived from it.
354:> standard Chinese
338:by Persian geographer
264:
257:
101:• Disestablished
3432:Indo-European peoples
3294:(September 1, 2004).
3014:Hill, John E. (2015)
2376:. BRILL. p. 17.
2151:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
1925:Tajikistan portal
1176:
1161:
1054:
966:
874:
835:
819:
262:
244:
204:Indo-European origins
66:Common languages
3427:Ancient Central Asia
3340:. pp. 457–472.
3076:. pp. 265–291.
3040:. pp. 315–325.
2997:Hill, John E. 2004.
2771:Damgaard et al. 2018
2744:Damgaard et al. 2018
2732:Damgaard et al. 2018
2236:Damgaard et al. 2018
2204:Sino-Platonic Papers
2198:Ünal, Orçun (2022).
1887:Early modern history
1466:Notes and References
1103:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
879:The account on the '
791:class=notpageimage|
2892:2018Natur.557..369D
2801:2021SciA....7.4414G
2685:2021Natur.599..256Z
2545:has identified the
2223:, pp. 264–265.
1723:Colonization period
1662:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1431:admixture than the
1223:), south of modern
1188:. 1st century BCE.
1129:as a noble animal.
851:By the time of the
817:, died c. 90 BCE):
462:Alexander the Great
334:given to the lower
289:traditional Chinese
162:Eastern Han Chinese
95:1st century BCE (?)
91:• Established
3385:, Tashkent, 1984 (
3364:, Alma-Ata, 1968 (
3362:Drevnosti Chardary
2976:. pp. 19–23.
2653:2014-04-07 at the
2590:Mukhamedjanov 1994
2575:Mukhamedjanov 1994
2493:, pp. 315–316
2298:, pp. 465–466
2296:Zadneprovskiy 1994
2283:(1979) p. 129
2051:, pp. 463–464
2049:Zadneprovskiy 1994
1902:Since independence
1194:
1171:
1065:
973:
907:Alexandria Eschate
877:
281:simplified Chinese
265:
2679:(7884): 256–261.
2477:978-1-78969-407-9
2383:978-90-04-14129-2
1959:
1958:
1839:
1838:
1804:
1803:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1748:Great game period
1742:
1741:
1734:Russian Turkestan
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1652:Oghuz Yabgu State
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1519:Oxus Civilization
1360:Anatolian farmers
971:. 1st century CE.
297:Göktürk Khaganate
240:Edwin Pulleyblank
127:
126:
51:Independent state
3474:
3371:Grigoriev G.V.,
3358:
3356:
3354:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3287:
3261:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3206:(1 March 1990).
3192:
3182:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3058:
3056:
3054:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2911:
2864:
2862:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2795:(13): eabe4414.
2789:Science Advances
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2664:
2658:
2645:
2639:
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2587:
2578:
2572:
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2536:
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2518:
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2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
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2461:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2314:(October 2003).
2308:
2299:
2293:
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2278:
2272:
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2263:
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2233:
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2212:
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2177:
2159:
2147:
2141:
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2125:
2124:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
1999:
1992:
1975:
1972:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1882:Medieval history
1869:
1859:
1841:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1784:
1755:
1754:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1498:
1488:
1470:
1355:
1325:
1014:The 3rd century
978:Battle of Zhizhi
785:
783:
776:
774:
765:
763:
754:
752:
745:
743:
734:
732:
723:
721:
712:
710:
699:
697:
686:
684:
677:
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668:
666:
657:
655:
648:
646:
635:
633:
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613:
611:
604:
602:
591:
589:
582:
580:
571:
569:
560:
558:
549:
547:
536:
534:
525:
523:
516:
514:
505:
503:
497:
444:, bordering the
440:and west of the
395:, and the three
330:?) and the name
294:
286:
178:first millennium
158:
148:
139:
70:Sogdian language
40:
21:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3328:Harmatta, János
3325:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3290:
3284:
3264:
3251:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3202:
3146:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3064:Harmatta, János
3061:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3029:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2964:Harmatta, János
2960:Harmatta, János
2958:
2939:
2930:
2928:
2884:Nature Research
2867:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2655:Wayback Machine
2646:
2642:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
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2573:
2569:
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2392:
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2369:
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2364:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2312:Benjamin, Craig
2310:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1919:
1917:
1857:
1850:
1835:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1508:
1486:
1479:
1468:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:, respectively.
1364:Iranian farmers
1356:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1326:
1315:
1305:
1277:
1156:
1154:Kaunchi culture
1151:
1049:
881:Western Regions
813:(whose author,
801:
800:
799:
793:
787:
786:
781:
779:
777:
772:
770:
768:
766:
761:
759:
757:
755:
750:
748:
746:
741:
739:
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730:
728:
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724:
719:
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713:
704:
702:
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691:
689:
687:
682:
680:
678:
673:
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631:
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583:
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541:
539:
537:
530:
528:
526:
521:
519:
517:
512:
510:
508:
506:
501:
499:
450:Ferghana Valley
430:
424:
381:Peter B. Golden
377:Omeljan Pritsak
373:Joseph Marquart
348:underlying form
228:
120:
102:
92:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3390:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3346:
3323:
3310:
3288:
3282:
3266:Watson, Burton
3262:
3249:
3235:
3222:
3200:
3193:
3144:
3134:
3121:
3099:Loewe, Michael
3095:
3082:
3059:
3046:
3027:
3024:978-1500696702
3012:
2995:
2982:
2956:
2946:
2937:
2865:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2775:
2763:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2659:
2640:
2619:
2613:978-8412527858
2612:
2594:
2579:
2567:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2476:
2456:
2454:(cjvlang.com)]
2433:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2390:
2382:
2362:
2356:978-8412527858
2355:
2337:
2300:
2285:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2225:
2213:
2191:
2179:
2168:(2): 246–248.
2142:
2126:
2115:(1): 58–144 .
2092:
2080:
2065:
2053:
2000:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1965:
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1960:
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1956:
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1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Russian vassal
1889:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
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1764:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
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1678:
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1674:
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1664:
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1638:
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1618:
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1608:
1607:
1604:
1592:
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1586:
1583:
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1577:
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1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1276:
1273:
1250:potter's wheel
1164:A.N. Podushkin
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1057:Takht-i Sangin
1048:
1045:
1011:against them.
798:circa 128 BCE.
789:
788:
778:
767:
756:
747:
736:
725:
714:
701:
688:
679:
670:
659:
650:
637:
628:
615:
606:
593:
584:
573:
562:
551:
538:
527:
518:
507:
498:
492:
491:
490:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
340:ibn Khordadbeh
227:
224:
125:
124:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:5th century CE
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
80:Late Antiquity
77:
76:Historical era
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:Wood, Frances
3289:
3285:
3283:0-231-08167-7
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:: 1230–1234.
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3142:0-500-05101-1
3139:
3135:
3124:
3122:0-5214-7030-7
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:Masson V.M.,
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2592:, p. 270
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:, p. 277
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2517:, p. 174
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:, p. 153
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:Kyzlasov 1996
2487:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:Harmatta 1994
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2250:, p. 234
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2189:, p. 68.
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:, p. 53.
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Early history
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1842:
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1827:
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1695:
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1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:Mongol Empire
1680:
1679:
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1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:Kimek Khanate
1640:
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1625:
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1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Indo-European
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1061:Orlat plaques
1058:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
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1012:
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1005:
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983:
979:
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969:Orlat plaques
965:
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489:
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480:and then the
479:
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403:mentioned by
402:
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187:
183:
180:CE. The name
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
149:
143:
135:
131:
123:
119:
116:
114:Today part of
112:
108:
104:
94:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3392:Levina L.M.
3386:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3351:. Retrieved
3332:
3317:February 15,
3315:. Retrieved
3296:
3269:
3257:
3241:
3227:. Retrieved
3208:
3204:Sinor, Denis
3196:
3158:
3152:
3126:. Retrieved
3107:
3087:. Retrieved
3068:
3051:. Retrieved
3032:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2987:. Retrieved
2968:
2952:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2909:1887/3202709
2879:
2873:
2850:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2766:
2739:
2727:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2643:
2632:
2603:
2597:
2570:
2534:
2529:, p. 94
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2466:
2459:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2431:, p. 21
2424:
2415:
2410:Hill (2004),
2406:
2398:
2393:
2372:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2323:
2319:
2276:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2056:
1995:
1990:
1970:
1692:Golden Horde
1612:Hephthalites
1558:
1487:Central Asia
1453:
1378:
1376:
1344:populations.
1278:
1275:Inscriptions
1262:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1195:
1131:
1111:
1081:
1073:capital city
1066:
1041:Manicheanism
1030:
1026:Hephthalites
1015:
1013:
1001:
995:
974:
954:agricultural
915:
909:, or modern
902:
894:
888:
878:
863:
852:
850:
838:
836:
828:
820:
808:
802:
706:
705:
693:
692:
681:
663:
641:
620:
619:
598:
597:
577:
566:
555:
543:
542:
531:
470:Central Asia
466:Khwarezmians
431:
409:
393:Kengü Tarban
392:
388:
384:
371:
366:
355:
351:
343:
331:
327:
307:
301:
276:
266:
252:
247:
245:
229:
198:
197:
192:, after the
181:
174:Central Asia
169:
165:
155:
145:
129:
128:
18:
3128:November 1,
2886:: 369–373.
2761:, Table S1.
2543:Pulleyblank
2399:T'ouang pao
2248:Watson 1993
2221:Golden 1992
2211:, pp. 45-46
2187:Blažek 2022
2076:Golden 1992
1897:Soviet rule
1856:History of
1672:Qara Khitai
1589:Middle Ages
1485:History of
1393:R1a1a1b2a2b
1269:Middle Asia
1177:Model of a
1149:Archaeology
1143:Middle Ages
1069:Book of Han
899:Caspian Sea
885:Han dynasty
304:Tocharian A
232:Talas basin
206:, spoke an
190:Transoxiana
3442:Tocharians
3416:Categories
3405:In Russian
3398:In Russian
3387:In Russian
3375:In Russian
3366:In Russian
3347:9231028464
3311:0520243404
3260:: 320–325.
3238:Liu, Xinru
3223:0521243041
3083:9231028464
3047:9231032119
3003:by Yu Huan
2983:9231028464
2565:speakers."
2515:Sinor 1990
2503:Sinor 1990
2162:Asia Major
2109:Asia Major
2061:Sinor 1990
1982:References
1858:Tajikistan
1696:1240s–1446
1606:200s–1000s
1462:ancestry.
1456:Sarmatians
1429:East Asian
1334:Sarmatians
1307:See also:
1292:Kazakhstan
1186:Khalchayan
1182:cataphract
1135:irrigation
1107:Tocharians
1100:Sinologist
1003:Hou Hanshu
946:Silk Route
938:Sarmatians
890:Hou Hanshu
805:Zhang Qian
796:Zhang Qian
707:Sarmatians
482:Ili Valley
312:Tocharians
152:Wade–Giles
122:Tajikistan
118:Uzbekistan
3229:1 January
2931:April 11,
2853:: 65–77.
2701:1476-4687
2563:Tocharian
2527:Wood 2004
2448:qī yào lì
2174:0004-4482
2121:0004-4482
1962:Footnotes
1763:XIX a.d.–
1738:1867–1918
1686:1206–1368
1676:1124–1218
1427:had less
1389:R1a1a1b2a
1330:Andronovo
950:sedentary
883:' in the
845:Turkestan
815:Sima Qian
694:Dinglings
458:Syr Darya
454:Amu Darya
389:Kangarâyê
369:"stone".
157:K'ang-chü
3437:Sogdians
3268:(1993).
3189:31488661
3161:(6457).
3105:(1999).
2926:13670282
2918:29743675
2882:(7705).
2827:33771866
2719:34707286
2651:Archived
2401:7 (1906)
2153:(1963).
1911:Timeline
1847:a series
1845:Part of
1666:840–1212
1656:750–1055
1646:743–1220
1622:Göktürks
1616:440s–710
1602:Sogdians
1537:Dingling
1476:a series
1474:Part of
1303:Genetics
1285:Dunhuang
1236:dromoses
1225:Tashkent
1218:Sanskrit
1206:Chirchik
1192:, nb 40.
1092:Sogdians
1022:Xionites
998:Ban Chao
991:currency
895:Alanliao
859:Sogdiana
823:Ferghana
740:PARTHIAN
599:Tesinsky
397:Pecheneg
385:Kengeres
352:kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ
336:Yaxartes
320:Tashkent
318:(modern
236:Tashkent
212:Sogdians
186:Sogdiana
166:kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ
3330:(ed.).
3180:6822619
3154:Science
3066:(ed.).
2966:(ed.).
2949:Hulsewé
2888:Bibcode
2838:Sources
2818:7997506
2797:Bibcode
2710:8580821
2681:Bibcode
2657:nyu.edu
2281:Hulsewé
2260:Hulsewé
2134:Tangshu
1636:665–744
1632:Karluks
1626:552–745
1528:Scythia
1506:Ancient
1433:Xiongnu
1340:or the
1139:Kushans
1114:nomadic
1088:Iranian
1047:Culture
1009:Kashgar
1000:in the
987:coinage
982:hostage
958:nomadic
911:Khujand
901:), and
782:XIONGNU
773:DYNASTY
760:SATAVA-
644:culture
556:SABEANS
486:Xiongnu
434:Chinese
422:History
416:Sogdian
360:Iranian
346:as the
170:khâŋ-ka
134:Chinese
56:Capital
3353:29 May
3344:
3338:UNESCO
3308:
3280:
3220:
3187:
3177:
3140:
3119:
3089:29 May
3080:
3074:UNESCO
3053:29 May
3044:
3038:UNESCO
3022:
2989:29 May
2980:
2974:UNESCO
2924:
2916:
2875:Nature
2825:
2815:
2717:
2707:
2699:
2673:Nature
2610:
2555:Dayuan
2553:, the
2549:, the
2547:Yuezhi
2474:
2380:
2353:
2330:29 May
2172:
2119:
1849:on the
1796:Sports
1780:Topics
1714:Modern
1559:Kangju
1478:on the
1409:U2e2a1
1380:Nature
1366:, and
1336:, the
1332:, the
1311:, and
1232:kurgan
1208:, and
1202:Angren
1198:Soviet
1119:kurgan
1077:steppe
1017:Weilüe
854:Hanshu
831:Yancai
751:SUNGAS
742:EMPIRE
729:PTOLE-
718:SELEU-
683:KANGJU
674:YUEZHI
664:DONGHU
632:LOULAN
621:Khotan
532:Sargat
513:GREEKS
474:Yuezhi
446:Yuezhi
438:Dayuan
428:Sogdia
401:Kangar
367:kā́ṇay
364:Pashto
356:Kāngjū
332:Kankar
328:Kamkar
308:kāṅka-
291::
283::
194:Yuezhi
182:Kangju
168:< *
154::
147:kāngjū
144::
142:pinyin
136::
130:Kangju
48:Status
25:Kangju
2922:S2CID
2559:Yanqi
2551:Wusun
2443:Cihai
2158:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
1541:Tiele
1437:Sakas
1425:Wusun
1417:U2e1h
1413:HV13b
1401:H6a1a
1397:mtDNA
1385:Y-DNA
1342:Tagar
1338:Sakas
1265:Otrar
1246:khums
1221:Kanka
1210:Keles
930:Urals
926:Alans
922:Roman
918:Aorsi
810:Shiji
762:HANAS
642:Ordos
610:WUSUN
588:KUCHA
578:AKSUM
567:MEROË
544:Shule
522:SAKAS
511:INDO-
478:Gansu
476:from
442:Wusun
344:kaŋk-
316:Chach
306:word
216:Sakas
60:Kangu
3355:2015
3342:ISBN
3319:2015
3306:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3231:2015
3218:ISBN
3185:PMID
3138:ISBN
3130:2013
3117:ISBN
3091:2015
3078:ISBN
3055:2015
3042:ISBN
3020:ISBN
2991:2015
2978:ISBN
2933:2020
2914:PMID
2823:PMID
2715:PMID
2697:ISSN
2608:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2332:2015
2170:ISSN
2117:ISSN
1568:Huns
1550:Saka
1460:BMAC
1435:and
1421:A8a1
1419:and
1405:C4a1
1391:and
1258:bull
1179:Saka
1123:Saka
1096:Asii
1067:The
1037:Tang
1035:and
956:and
934:furs
731:MIES
720:CIDS
502:-100
456:and
379:and
277:Kang
273:Tang
271:and
253:kang
226:Name
220:Asii
199:Kāng
3175:PMC
3167:doi
3159:365
3001:魏略
2904:hdl
2896:doi
2880:557
2855:doi
2813:PMC
2805:doi
2705:PMC
2689:doi
2677:599
2209:325
1791:Art
1254:ram
1127:ram
1033:Sui
920:of
903:Yan
866:Han
771:HAN
654:JIN
324:Jié
269:Sui
234:,
3418::
3336:.
3304:.
3300:.
3276:.
3272:.
3256:.
3216:.
3212:.
3183:.
3173:.
3157:.
3151:.
3115:.
3111:.
3101:;
3072:.
3036:.
3005:魚豢
2972:.
2951:,
2920:.
2912:.
2902:.
2894:.
2878:.
2872:.
2849:.
2821:.
2811:.
2803:.
2791:.
2787:.
2751:^
2713:.
2703:.
2695:.
2687:.
2675:.
2671:.
2635:,
2622:^
2582:^
2322:.
2318:.
2303:^
2288:^
2228:^
2207:,
2164:.
2160:.
2111:.
2107:.
2083:^
2068:^
2003:^
1451:.
1415:,
1411:,
1407:,
1403:,
1362:,
1271:.
1204:,
1166:.
1145:.
1109:.
1098:.
1043:.
1028:.
952:,
868:.
840:li
375:,
299:.
293:康國
287:;
285:康国
248:ju
222:.
164::
160:;
150:;
140:;
138:康居
3407:)
3400:)
3389:)
3377:)
3368:)
3357:.
3321:.
3286:.
3233:.
3191:.
3169::
3132:.
3093:.
3057:.
3026:.
2993:.
2935:.
2906::
2898::
2890::
2863:.
2857::
2829:.
2807::
2799::
2793:7
2721:.
2691::
2683::
2616:.
2480:.
2386:.
2359:.
2334:.
2324:1
2238:.
2176:.
2166:9
2123:.
2113:9
1950:e
1943:t
1936:v
1830:e
1823:t
1816:v
1539:/
1216:(
1063:.
279:(
132:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
