764:
first time in the dynasty's history. In the 6th month of 1402, Yi Hoe's map of Korea was offered in a ceremony to celebrate his birthday. Then the project to combine it with
Chinese and Japanese maps reportedly started in the summer (4th–6th months). This would be of symbolic significance in demonstrating royal power. This hypothesis also explains the factual error about the map of Japan. It was during the reigns of Taejo (1st king) and Jeongjong (2nd) that the map was obtained in Japan, but the date was altered to Taejong's reign.
266:
723:, which connected the western Islamic world with the Chinese sphere. The Mongol Empire demonstrated the conquest of the world by publishing treatises on geography and world maps. Their attempt enabled the integration of Islamic science and traditional Chinese knowledge. Note that the Chinese source maps were of "consumer use." In other words, they were not created by the empire for itself. It is presumed that the Mongol government gathered much more detailed information that was not disclosed to the public.
487:
42:
440:(circa 1360). Based on place names on the map, earlier studies presumed that the source map had been created around 1319 and revised sometime between 1329 and 1338. However, Wu suggests that Li's map was created sometime after 1360. Most importantly, Korea's attempt to merge Chinese maps had at least one precedent in the Mongol era.
763:
Japanese scholar Miya Noriko presumes that the year 1402 was a landmark for the reigning King
Taejong of the newly founded Joseon dynasty. After a bloody succession struggle, Taejong ascended to the throne in 1400. In 1401, he was officially recognized as King of Joseon by the Chinese Emperor for the
759:
Earlier studies presumed that the two
Chinese source maps had been obtained during Kim Sa-hyeong's diplomatic trip to Ming China in 1399 although there is no literary evidence for his acquisition. It is more plausible that these maps came to Korea in different times since Gwon Geun's preface implies
800:
This map demonstrates the cartographic stagnation in the post-Mongol era. The maps of common use were transformed into a symbol of national prestige and overshadowed by secrecy. As the extant copies show, Korean officials regularly updated the map by conducting land surveys and collecting maps from
655:
Gwon Geun wrote that Li Zemin's map had many gaps and omissions concerning Korea. It is not clear how Korea was depicted on Li's map since Korea is out of the range of the extant derivative (southern half of the original). The modified version of
Qingjun's map provides a relatively proper shape of
443:
As a world map, the
Kangnido depicts the general form of the Old World, from Africa and Europe in the west to Japan in the east although the western portion is much smaller than its actual size. It contains the cartographic knowledge of Afro-Eurasia that cannot be found in China in the pre-Mongol
250:(hereafter, Ryūkoku copy) has gathered scholarly attention since the early 20th century. It is 158 cm by 163 cm, painted on silk. It is presumed that the Ryūkoku copy was created in Korea but it is not clear when the copy was brought to Japan. One claims that it was purchased by
734:
when he stayed in
Qingyuan. Wu Sidao, who left an important bibliographic clue, was also from Qingyuan. In addition, Qingyuan-lu was one of the most important seaports from which the sea routes were extended to Fuzhou and Guangzhou, and Southeast Asia, Japan and Korea.
860:., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison), The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book Two, Cartography in Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, 1994, The University of Chicago Press, J. B. Harley and David Woodward
203:(ca. 1398), which the Kangido is theorized to share at least one source with. Both were revised after their production, making their original form uncertain. Still, the surviving copies of the Kangnido can be used to infer the original content of the Chinese map.
566:
by Zen monk
Qingjun (1328–1392) was one of historical maps that were popular among Chinese literati. It showed historical capitals of Chinese dynasties in addition to contemporary place names. For example, it shows the capital of Yao, the legendary sage-emperor.
605:
was created in 1360. The extant map was modified, probably by Yan Jie, to catch up with contemporary Ming place names. The original map covered place names of the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Also, Yan Jie's map suggests that the western end of
Qingjun's map was around
359:
era (1402), Korean officials named Kim Sa-hyeong (金士衡) and Yi Mu (李茂), and later Yi Hoe (李薈), analyzed the two
Chinese maps and combined these two maps into a single map. They thought that Li Zemin's map did not properly depict the region east to the Liao River
444:
period. Place names presented on the map suggest that the western portion of the map reflects roughly the situation of the early 14th century. In the East, geographic information about the West was not updated in the post-Mongol period until
Europeans such as
506:
Western Turkestan, Persia, Arabia, Egypt and Anatolia are quite clearly delineated. These areas are depicted in great detail while place names are sparsely distributed in northwestern Eurasia. They correspond to the territories of Ilkhanate and the rival
234:
in the east. Although, overall, it is less geographically accurate than its Chinese cousin, notably in its depiction of rivers and small islands. It does feature some improvements (particularly the depictions of Korea, Japan, and Africa).
680:
Japan is shown in better shape on the Ryūkoku copy than on traditional Chinese maps, but is rotated by 90 degrees. This drew attention from scholars and some even associated it with the controversy over the location of
372:
Li Zemin's world map is lost, and little is known about the creator Li Zemin. The Kangnido is a key map for reconstructing the content of Li's world map. Other extant maps considered to be based on Li's map are:
292:
has no title and is tentatively called by a similar name (大明國圖). They are considered to be later adaptations of the original. The most important change is that place names of China are updated to those of the
574:
maps which reflected limited Chinese knowledge on geography, it incorporated information on Mongolia and Southeast Asia. It also provided information of sea routes, for example, the sea route from
621:(混一疆理歷代國都之圖) in Chinese. Actually, it is a combination of phrases common during the Mongol era. There were many preceding Chinese maps with similar titles, including the "Yu Gong Jiuzhou
538:(Maqdashaw) are shown among others. The Mediterranean forms a clear shape but is not blackened unlike other sea areas. The Maghreb and the Iberian peninsula are depicted in detail while
314:
of Korea reports that in 1593 the son of a Korean official who had surrendered to Katō copied and offered map(s) of China and Korea to him. This may refer to the extant Honmyōji map.
697:
The original source map, which Gwon Geun did not cite, either is usually identified as the one obtained in Japan supposedly in 1401 by Bak Donji (朴敦之), based on an article of the
467:, was placed to the northeast of Besh Baliq although its actual direction is northwest. Similarly, India and Tibet are based on traditional Chinese knowledge, mainly gained by
262:. It contains some place names of Korea that are newer than 1402, suggesting that the Ryūkoku copy was partially modified from the 1402 original around the 1470s and 1480s.
752:: Na Heung-yu (羅興儒) created a historical map based on maps of China and Korea and dedicated it to King Gongmin (r. 1352–1374). Note that Gwon Geun served to the king as
195:
It is notably the oldest extant Korean world map, with two known copies that are both currently located in Japan. It is also one of the oldest surviving world maps from
652:(八道圖). But the original condition of the Korean portion is unclear because even the oldest Ryūkoku copy reflects the administrative situation as late as around 1470.
277:
in 1988. It is 220 cm by 280 cm, much larger than the Ryūkoku copy, and painted on paper. It seems that the Honkōji copy was created in Japan during the
864:., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI / Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), pgs. slip cover, 243–247,
707:
of western Japan and therefore was not there in 1401. Japanese scholar Miya Noriko believes that the date was intentionally altered for political reasons (see
801:
surrounding countries. Geographic information about the West was, however, not updated until the introduction of European knowledge in the 16–17th centuries.
364:) and Korea, they added the enlarged Korea, and also appended a map of Japan, premised about a similar map that was introduced to Korea from Japan in 1402.
688:
Since information on Japan differs considerably among the four copies, the original condition is unreconstructible. The Honkōji copy resembles maps in the
1419:
The Da Ming Hun Yi Tu, or Amalgamated Map of the Great Ming Empire showing southern Africa and dating to 1389. Copy presented to S. African government
459:. Names based on Chinese geography were placed to the north and east of Besh Baliq even if they are actually located to the west. For example, the
677:, Xu Fu claimed that there were three divine mountains in the sea and went to one of the mountain-islands, which were later believed to be Japan.
255:
771:
never mentions the map although it was obviously a national project. Another interesting fact is that this map uses the Ming Chinese era name
1463:
891:
889:., (Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, retrieved 27 Jan 2013;
667:
The two original Chinese maps portray Japan as a set of three islands that lie from east to west. They would be influenced by the legend of
1458:
760:
that Korean officials picked out the two maps for their excellency from among various sources, maybe including Wu Sidao's combined map.
1408:
1087:
869:
526:. To the north of the African continent, beyond the unexplored "black" central mass, a pagoda is represented for the lighthouse of
451:
Place names based on traditional Chinese knowledge and Islamic knowledge coexist separately. Their boundary line can be drawn from
322:
The Ryūkoku and Honkōji copies contain Gwon Geun's (權近) preface at the bottom. The preface is also recorded in his anthology named
1396:
797:
can be found even on the later Ryūkoku and Honkōji copies. This suggests that the Kangnido was never disclosed to the Chinese.
926:
408:
There are possible literary references to Li's world map. An important clue is provided by Wu Sidao's (烏斯道) anthology titled
1443:
1438:
1199:
Morihira Masahiko 森平雅彦 (1998). "Kōrai ō ika no kisoteki kōsatsu: Daigen urusu no ichi bunken seiryoku to shite no Kōrai ōke"
673:
151:
86:
726:
The Chinese source maps were created by and circulated among literati of southern China, especially those in Qingyuan-lu (
284:
There are two copies of maps in Japan that are related to the map. One (Honmyōji copy) housed in the Honmyōji temple of
837:
518:. In particular, the southern tip of Africa is quite clearly depicted, as well as a river which may correspond to the
215:
1203:[A Fundamental Study of Gao-li Wang Wei-xia: The Koryŏ Royal House as One Part of Dai-ön Yeke Mongɣol Ulus].
514:
There are about 35 African place names. The knowledge of the contour of Africa predates the European explorations of
546:
are omitted. There are over 100 names for the European countries alone, including "Alumangia" for the Latin word
768:
699:
310:
265:
420:(聲教被化圖). Although his own map is not known today, Wu seems to have referred to Li's map concerned because the
184:("Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals (of China)"), often abbreviated as
243:
Only two copies of the map are known today. Both have been preserved in Japan and show later modifications.
738:
It is possible that these maps were available in Korea during the Mongol era. Korea, at the time under the
1453:
1448:
648:
Although Gwon Geun did not clarify which map was utilized for Korea, it is usually identified as Yi Hoe's
471:
up to the Tang dynasty. To the west of the "old" India, contemporary place names of India such as Delhi,
165:
100:
308:, the ruler of Kumamoto, by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in preparation for the Korean campaigns. However, the
207:
1433:
468:
274:
1325:
1292:
895:
601:(廣輪疆理圖). Ye Sheng also recorded Yan Jie's (嚴節) colophon to the map (1452). According to Yan, the
387:
304:
Based on a legend of the temple, it has been assumed naively that the Honmyōji copy was given to
285:
259:
247:
1083:
865:
659:
Note that, according to Gwon Geun, Korea was intentionally oversized (for practical reasons).
587:
400:
251:
342:
703:(the 10th month of 1438). However, Bak stayed in Japan from 1397 to 1399 as an envoy to the
570:
It followed Chinese tradition in that it was a map of China, not the world. But contrary to
305:
289:
200:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1337:
1304:
773:
690:
523:
486:
356:
188:, is a world map completed by the Korean scholars Kwon Kun and Yi Hoe in 1402, during the
704:
998:
Memoirs of the Osaka University of the Liberal Arts and Education. A, Humanistic Science
1344:
778:
739:
1393:
1355:
Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明 (2007). "Tōzai no sekaizu ga kataru jinrui saisho no daichihei"
1427:
720:
597:(水東日記) by the Ming period book collector Ye Sheng (葉盛) (1420–1474) under the name of
579:
515:
433:
211:
656:
Korea though place names presented there are those of the preceding Goryeo dynasty.
635:
571:
519:
508:
464:
445:
392:
298:
294:
593:
Although Qingjun's map is lost, a modified edition of the map is contained in the
629:
Dili Tu" (禹貢九州歷代帝王國都地理圖; Map of Capitals of Historical Emperors and Kings in the
1418:
957:
815:
810:
682:
499:
460:
527:
278:
1267:
Aoyama Sadao 青山定雄 (1939). "Ri chō ni okeru ni san no Chōsen zenzu ni tsuite"
1082:
Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", Pearson Education Limited (2005)
748:
730:). Qingjun, who was from neighboring Taizhou, created the historical map of
535:
480:
452:
219:
196:
17:
992:
Unno Kazutaka 海野一隆 (1957). "Tenri toshokan shozō Daimin koku zu ni tsuite"
326:(陽村先生文集). According to Gwon, the map was based on the following four maps:
288:
is known as the "Map of the Great Ming" (大明國地圖). The other (Tenri copy) at
214:
when geographical information about Western countries became available via
1312:
Miya Noriko 宮紀子 (2006). "Kon'itsu Kyōri Rekidai Kokuto no Zu" e no michi"
476:
361:
281:. The place names of Korea suggest that it was revised around the 1560s.
1359:. In Fujii Jōji 藤井讓治; Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明; Kinda Akihiro 金田章裕 (eds.).
41:
630:
551:
511:
respectively, reinforcing Ilkhanate as the main source of information.
785:
in the 10th month of 1402. Thus the map should have used the era name
156:
91:
727:
575:
543:
495:
491:
472:
227:
223:
189:
119:
54:
881:明代的古地图 (Ming Cartography), Cartography, GEOG1150, 2013, Qiming Zhou
685:, but the other three copies suggest that it is merely exceptional.
273:
Another copy (Honkōji copy) was discovered in the Honkōji temple of
668:
607:
539:
531:
456:
231:
135:
70:
479:) are shown. This suggests that information was acquired via the
297:
while the original showed administrative divisions of the Mongol
1371:
Takahashi Tadasi 高橋正 (1963). "Tōzen seru chūsei Islāmu sekaizu"
583:
781:
in a civil war, the new emperor banned the use of the era name
742:(918–1392), was closely integrated into the Mongol Empire as a
617:(混一疆理圖) bears a striking resemblance to that of the Kangnido,
844:, Vol. 59 No. 2 (June 2007) pp. 177–192, via Ingenta Connect.
746:(son-in-law) state. One supporting fact is recorded in the
694:(1471), suggesting that information was regularly updated.
960:
and difficult to read. Some earlier studies read "混一疆理歷代國都
947:(Aoyama 1938:111–112; Aoyama 1939:149–152; Robinson 2007)
170:
105:
927:
Europe on late Medieval and early Renaissance world maps
590:(There remain traces on the Honmyōji and Tenri copies).
412:(春草齋集), where Wu stated that he had merged a map named
1251:
Aoyama Sadao 青山定雄 (1938). "gendai no chizu ni tsuite"
1255:[On the map in the age of the Yüan Dynasty].
719:
This map originated from a historical setting of the
258:(1592–1598) and given to the West Honganji temple by
164:
150:
134:
118:
113:
99:
85:
69:
53:
48:
254:and others assume that it was obtained during the
856:Cartography of Korea, pgs. 235–345, Gari Ledyard
613:One may notice that the name of Qingjun's map
436:. Wu stated that Li's map was newer than the
8:
956:The title of the Honkōji copy is written in
141:
125:
76:
60:
1361:Daichi no shōzō: Ezu, chizu ga kataru sekai
929:, International BIMCC Conference (Nov 2007)
475:and Duwayjir~Duwayqir (Persianized form of
432:(聲教廣被圖) and Rulin appears to be Li Zemin's
40:
1019:(Takahashi 1963:92–93; Miya 2006:509–511)
852:
850:
708:
485:
264:
826:
1333:
1323:
1300:
1290:
1162:(Miya 2006:591–592; Miya 2007:237–240)
832:
830:
29:
269:The later Honkōji version of the map.
218:. It depicts the general form of the
7:
838:Choson Korea in the Ryukoku Kangnido
777:. After the Jianwen Emperor lost to
385:(西南海夷圖), which is recorded in the
337:the historical map of China named
25:
1349:Science and Civilisation in China
1320:(in Japanese). pp. 487–651.
1201:高麗王位下の基礎的考察--大元ウルスの一分権勢力としての高麗王家
619:Hunyi Jiangli Lidai Guodu Zhi Tu
206:As a world map, it reflects the
182:Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do
107:Honil Kangni Yŏktae Kukto Chi To
93:Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do
1285:Mongoru teikoku ga unda sekaizu
530:, and the Arab word "Misr" for
1366:(in Japanese). pp. 54–83.
1318:Mongoru jidai no shuppan bunka
1205:Chōsen shi kenkyūkai ronbunshū
674:Records of the Grand Historian
142:
126:
77:
61:
1:
208:geographic knowledge of China
27:15th century Korean world map
1464:15th-century maps and globes
1406:Analysis of the Kangnido map
1382:(in Japanese) (374): 77–95.
1278:(in Japanese) (9): 143–171.
1262:(in Japanese) (8): 103–152.
1229:(Miya 2006:516–517,580-583)
1064:(Sugiyama 2007:61–66,67-68)
1055:(Sugiyama 2007:57–61,66-67)
448:brought Western knowledge.
416:(廣輪圖) and Li Rulin's (李汝霖)
171:
157:
106:
92:
1480:
1459:Historic maps of the world
1210:(in Japanese) (36): 55–87.
463:, a historic site for the
355:In the fourth year of the
1000:(in Japanese) (6): 60–67.
367:
334:(聲教廣被圖) by Li Zemin (李澤民)
324:Yangchon Seonsaeng Munjip
199:, along with the Chinese
39:
32:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1313:
1283:Miya Noriko 宮紀子 (2007).
1275:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1207:
1200:
993:
964:圖." See (Miya 2006:601).
793:. However, the era name
769:Annals of Joseon Dynasty
1153:(Miya 2007:49–50,69-70)
938:(Miya 2006:598–599,650)
558:Historical map of China
351:an unnamed map of Japan
348:an unnamed map of Korea
1377:Ryūkoku Daigaku Ronshū
916:(Miya 2006; Miya 2007)
503:
424:would be an alias for
270:
1444:Historic maps of Asia
1439:15th century in Korea
1334:|script-journal=
1301:|script-journal=
1073:(Sugiyama 2007:62–63)
489:
377:a pair of maps named
332:Shengjiao Guangbei Tu
268:
246:The map currently in
836:Kenneth R. Robinson
368:Li Zemin's world map
330:the world map named
318:Sources and contents
152:Revised Romanization
87:Revised Romanization
1238:(Miya 2006:586,596)
1220:(Miya 2006:583–584)
1180:(Miya 2006:588–590)
1171:(Miya 2007:241–242)
1126:(Miya 2007:151–160)
1108:(Miya 2006:489–498)
1099:(Miya 2006:498–503)
1037:(Miya 2006:514–517)
1028:(Miya 2006:511–512)
1010:(Miya 2006:600–601)
715:Importance in Korea
671:. According to the
603:Guanglun Jiangli Tu
599:Guanglun Jiangli Tu
469:Buddhist pilgrimage
422:Shengjiao Beihua Tu
418:Shengjiao Beihua Tu
275:Shimabara, Nagasaki
216:Islamic geographers
34:Kangnido map (1402)
1411:2015-02-23 at the
1399:2015-05-27 at the
1046:(Sugiyama 2007:80)
767:Oddly enough, the
504:
271:
260:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
248:Ryūkoku University
1364:大地の肖像: 絵図・地図が語る世界
1357:東西の世界図が語る人類最初の大地平
1269:李朝に於ける二三の朝鮮全圖について
1144:(Miya 2007:49–50)
1135:(Miya 2007:69–70)
401:Da Ming Hun Yi Tu
256:invasion of Korea
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101:McCune–Reischauer
16:(Redirected from
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1373:東漸せる中世イスラーム世界図
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1345:Joseph Needham
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898:on 2007-09-07
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705:Ōuchi family
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663:Map of Japan
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520:Orange River
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446:Matteo Ricci
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381:(東南海夷圖) and
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295:Ming dynasty
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33:
18:Kangnido map
1273:Tōhō Gakuhō
1257:Tōhō Gakuhō
1189:(Miya 2006)
958:seal script
842:Imago Mundi
816:T and O map
811:1421 theory
683:Yamataikoku
572:Song period
500:Middle East
490:Details of
461:Talas River
438:Guanglun Tu
414:Guanglun Tu
388:Guang Yu Tu
341:(混一疆理圖) by
252:Ōtani Kōzui
239:Manuscripts
210:during the
49:Korean name
1434:1402 works
1428:Categories
1415:(outdated)
1245:References
902:2008-03-16
754:bichigechi
528:Alexandria
453:Besh Baliq
426:Shengjiao
395:(羅洪先), and
279:Edo period
114:Short name
78:混一疆理歷代國都之圖
62:혼일강리역대국도지도
1351:, vol. 3.
1336:ignored (
1326:cite book
1303:ignored (
1293:cite book
1253:元代の地圖について
1208:朝鮮史研究会論文集
749:Goryeo-sa
536:Mogadishu
481:Ilkhanate
220:Old World
197:East Asia
1409:Archived
1397:Archived
805:See also
548:Alemania
498:and the
477:Devagiri
428:Guangbei
362:Liaodong
286:Kumamoto
186:Kangnido
172:Kangnido
158:Gangnido
1090:, p.330
795:Jianwen
791:Jianwen
783:Jianwen
774:Jianwen
650:Paldodo
633:of the
625:Diwang
552:Germany
357:Jianwen
343:Qingjun
222:, from
1380:龍谷大学論集
1086:
868:
789:, not
787:Hongwu
779:Zhu Di
728:Ningbo
588:Ma'bar
580:Hormuz
576:Zayton
544:Venice
496:Europe
492:Africa
473:Badaun
228:Europe
224:Africa
120:Hangul
55:Hangul
822:Notes
709:below
669:Xu Fu
627:Guodu
623:Lidai
608:Hotan
540:Genoa
532:Cairo
457:Delhi
232:Japan
136:Hanja
71:Hanja
1338:help
1305:help
1276:東方學報
1260:東方學報
1084:ISBN
866:ISBN
744:quda
638:Gong
586:and
584:Java
582:via
562:The
542:and
398:the
345:(清浚)
226:and
180:The
840:in
711:).
640:).
578:to
554:).
522:in
455:to
192:.
143:疆理圖
127:강리도
1430::
1375:.
1347:,
1330::
1328:}}
1324:{{
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1291:{{
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636:Yu
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494:,
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430:Tu
301:.
1340:)
1307:)
962:地
907:.
905:.
872:.
550:(
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360:(
20:)
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