Kashmiri Marsiya - Knowledge (XXG)

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coincides with Mughal (1586-1753 CE) and Afghan rule (1753-1819 CE) in Kashmir. This period saw the consolidation of Persian, both as the court language, as well as the preferred language of the urban elite, completely eclipsing native Kashmiri. Many Persian poets who arrived at the Mughal court from

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writing emerged in the village of Gund Khwaja Qasim, under the stewardship of Khwaja Muhammad Baqir Gundi (d.~1834CE). The tradition was greatly advanced by his son, Khawja Abdullah, and a student Mirza Aboul Qasim (d. ~ 1853CE). The works of Mirza Aboul Qasim would achieve great public acclaim, and

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Azim was intimately connected with the Sikh and Dogra court and used his official position to further the interests of Kashmir Shia Muslims. He was the only Muslim Chief Jagirdar who enjoyed the confidence of the first Dogra ruler, Maharaja Gulab Singh, serving as his Chief Physician as well as the

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families in Kashmir who continue to practice the art include: the Fakir family (Budibog), Khwaja family (Gund Khwaja Qasim), Malik family (Tangmarg), Rather family (Hanjjiyar), Sufi family (Magam), and various branches of the Sayyid family. See, Sajjid, Maqbool (2013).

699:, transcending the constraints of its elegiac form. In an epistle written to Khan Bahadur Sayyid Rajib Ali Khan (d. 1869), Azim highlights how he envisaged Marsiya as a symbol of Shia identity, and also his own role in reshaping the literary contours of this genre: 3554:

Mulla Ibrahim Munjim (or Mulla Abdul Rahim Munjim) served as the tutor of Nawwab Ibrahim Khan (d. 1709), who served as Mughal Governor of Kashmir in 1662-63, 1679-86, 1701-05 and 1709. See, Kashmiri, Mirza Muhammad Ali (2009). Barzegar, Dr. Karim Najafi (ed.).

740:. These include Munshi Qasim, Munshi Shah Muhammad, Khwaja Abdullah, Munshi Safdar and Mirza Aboul Qasim. Oral traditions preserved amongst the Kashmiri Shia community maintain that Munshi Safdar was a close confidante of the last king of Awadh, 690:

in the Mulla family include Mulla Hakim Muhammad Azim (1803-1852CE), Mulla Munshi Muhammad Yusuf(1798-1885 CE) and Mulla Munshi Shah Muhammad (d. 1850 approx.). Hakim Azim and Munshi Yusuf played pivotal roles in enhancing the poetic beauty of

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The beginning of the nineteenth century CE marked the revival of the Kashmiri language, though Persian continued as a court language till 1889 CE. During the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century CE, a new form of writing

182:(d. 842AH/ 1438CE), by his women disciple, Sham Bibi (d. 1446). The first elegies written in Kashmiri to commemorate Husyan's martyrdom also date from the same period in works composed between the 15th and 16th centuries. These include 2611:. Typically, the imambada is a two-story space, with women occupying the upper floor, physically and visually separated from the men by latticework screens or curtains. This follows the Muslim practice of women's seclusion (purdah 1146:. The arrival of Muslim preachers in Kashmir during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries resulted in the gradual introduction of practices and traditions prevalent in the Islamic world into Kashmiri society, including that of 2131:

are invariably lost in attempts at translation even in languages such as Urdu. Still, there have been attempts with limited success at translation in Urdu, starting with the 1960s and 1970s. An English translation of the

213:. Significantly contemporary medieval texts originating from within Kashmiri Shia circles make no mention of Muharram assemblies to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, or of traditions linked with the writing of 703:

Having sent that for such a long time at an adverse fate, I necessarily intended to bring out the shinning pearls of its sad contents, which I had spun together in new ways, and arrange it on the lines of a Kashmiri

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The travelogue was written by a Muslim woman from Hyderabad who also worked for India's freedom and greater women's emancipation, see, Mirza, Sughra Humayun (1930). Rahbar-i Kashmir (in Urdu).Hyderabad: Azam

2456:, which have been copied in not only Kashmir but also in major cities of colonial India, including Amritsar, Lucknow, Faizabad, Calcutta and in far-off Kabul (Afghanistan). According to Shafi Shauq, Kashmiri 2123:

The grammatical structure of Kashmiri language; the heavy dependence on idiomatic expressions and the contextual nuances with multiple layers of meaning that form the essence of a successful Kashmiri

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is further divided into verses of varying length, based on the nature of sound: ascending or descending in which they are recited. This recital quality of the verse also defines its metrical pattern,

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The first imambada built in Kashmir at Zadibal, Srinagar is known in the vernacular as Marak. For details, see, Hamdani, Hakim Sameer (2015). "The Maarak and the Traditions of Imamabadas in Kashmir"

323:) located on the foothills of Takht-i Suleiman, Srinagar. With the official promotion of Persian, the vernacular Kashmiri went through a period of steady decline. This is also witnessed in the 1138:

in its original form does not assume a poetic structure, nor does it seem to have been consigned to text. This is a view generally held by most writers who have looked into the evolution of

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Two writers from North Kashmir are credited with this innovation: Qazi Ahmad Ali (d. 1800 approx.) and Khwaja Hasan Mir (d. 1826 CE). Qazi Ahmad Ali, originally a Sunni from Varmul (

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Rizvi Sayyids trace their descent to the eighth Shia imam, Ali al-Rida (or Reza). The descendants of the tenth imam, Ali al-Naqi are also referred to as Rizvi (or Naqvi Sayyids).

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attributed to Hakim Din Shah mentions: "This lament was written by Hakim Ibn Musa Ibn Yusuf Din Shah during the reign of Badshah". See, Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (2009).

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Qasim was also an acclaimed calligrapher, for details see, Hamdani, Hakim Sameer; Qureshi, Mehran (11 January 2024), "The Art of the Book in Early Modern Kashmir",

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is recorded in the travelogue written about Kashmir in 1928. The travelogue describes the performance in the main imambada of Srinagar, Marak, in these words:

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written by two poets from the Musavi family, Qasim bin Yusuf Din Shah, and his nephew Hakim Din Shah in and around 811- 850 AH (1409-1446CE), during the

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Like Qazi Ahmad Ali, Ahmad Din was also a Sunni from the town of Varmul (Baramulla), who converted to Shiism, see, Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (2009).

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According to Shafi Shauq, Fakhir (d. 1780) also introduced the genre of ghazal into Kashmiri language, see, Shauq, Shafi and Munwar, Najji (2008).

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Sultanate (1339-1561CE). Another work that survives is of Ahmad, a poet who hailed from Ahmadpora, a Shia centre of learning in medieval Kashmir.

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Sateh also served as the companion of the Mughal emperor, Farukh Siyyar (r. 1713-1719), before returning to Kashmir after the emperor's execution.

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in Kashmiri emerged, signifying a major evolutionary phase in this literary genre. Literary critics refer to this period as the age of classical

3940:"KASHMIRI MARSIYA (ELEGY) MANUSCRIPTS: THE VALUABLE SOURCES FOR THE DISSEMINATION, RECONSTRUCTION AND SAFEGUARDING THE HISTORY AND CULTURE-III" 2735:

is very large. There are buildings on all four sides, in the middle there is a lower ceiling supported on thirty-five columns, under which the

637:. He was a senior contemporary of Khwaja Husayn Mir, a cultivator residing in the village of Habak. Husayn Mir, popularly known as Hussi Boii ( 4032: 3856: 3807: 3461: 3261: 3125: 3079: 2806: 3825:

he is also known for his satirical poetry which brings to the fore various aspects of Kashmiri society in the 19th century, these include,

1425:, dictates the writer's choice and selection of words, phrases, metaphors, and other literary devices. Similarly, much like in Persian 339:

writing during this period, with many sayyids from the Rizvi family following this tradition. Some of the prominent poets who composed

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Persianate lands, made Kashmir their home, settling down in the capital city, Srinagar. Some, including two poet laureates (

2823: 2751:. The lower and the central floor is used by men. From morning till evening whoever desires, may come and be a part of the 2719:

and the father-in-law of his son is trader of pearls . All of us went to Jalālī Ṣahibs place . After lunch we went to the

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written during the nineteenth century have been collected and published. These have been mapped from manuscripts, known as

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originating within the Nurbakshiyya Sufi order, see, Ali, Mulla Muhammad Ali (2006). Jan, Ghulam Rasul,(transl.).

2767:(recitation of elegies commemorating Ḥusayn b. Ali’s martyrdom). He stood up and said that today, I will recite a 2739:

takes place . The buildings on the four sides are two storied, the upper floor is in wood and has delicate wooden

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in Kashmiri language dates to the 15th century CE and comprises a short, loose elegy composed on the death of a

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in Urdu, because Sayyid Hemayun Mīrzā Ṣahib who has arrived in Kashmir from Hyderabad is present with us in

3748:"'We Must Look at Our Past with All Its Dissensions, Pain-learn and Understand the Perils of Sectarianism'" 2763:

adopted here is distinct from that in the entire world . In the end, Moulvi Imdād ʿAli Ṣahib of Lahore did

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from this period starts with a verse in Persian followed by its translation in Kashmiri in the same meter.

2801:] (in Arabic). Translated by Gharawi, Muhadi Hadi Yosuf. Tehran: ABWA Publishing and Printing Center. 2540:

in Kashmir manifests as public performances, primarily recited during mourning assemblies held within an

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The first translations undertaken in Urdu include those by Hakim Ghulam Safdar and Munshi Muhammad Sadiq.

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which is then elaborated in the various thematic sections of the work. Some major titles under which

4161: 2465: 500: 198: 2249:“Praise the teacher who made the sun re-read its course, split the moon, a sign to learned men. 4016:

The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th–18th Century)

3307:] (in Persian). Translated by Pandita, Kashi Nath (2nd ed.). Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan. 3149:

The descendants of the seventh Shia imam, Musa al-Kazim (d. 799CE) are known as Musavi Sayyids.

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And yet men at the nadir of life glaze at that page of enlightenment: first and still unread.

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written, more than a hundred are still recited in public mourning ceremonies across Kashmir.

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Come let us raise the cry of salutations, heavens are his who but pens a line in his praise.

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among the urban elite of Srinagar. He also made innovations to the internal structure of the

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These include Hajji Jan Muhammad Qudsi, Abu Talib Kalim Kashani, see, Sharma, Sunil (2017).

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they remove their coats and turbans. All the men in the congregations were bareheaded. The

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was greatly reduced, with most poets engaging in composing in the easier, shorter genre of

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goes beyond the constraints and conventions of an elegiac poem. In its classical form, the

2922: 2959:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. pp. 124–129. 4048: 2675: 741: 40: 32: 19: 4145: 3559:(in Persian). Tehran: Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries. 3431:(in Persian). Tehran: Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries. 2687:

on a cloth spread. One of the earliest descriptions of the performance of a Kashmiri

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moving from one end of the congregation to another. The same practice is followed in

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evolved from a native tradition used to mourn the death of a family member, known as

319: 3939: 3536:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Ali Muhammad & Sons. pp.125-127. ISBN 978-81-921925-7-4 2222:

The moon outshining the stars in perpetual motion-lighting thy creation: teaching.

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written during this time. Ahmadpora in North Kashmir served as a major nucleus for

202: 3049:(in Urdu) (3rd ed.). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. 2629:, receives assistance from a group of 7 or 12 men sitting in a circle called the 589:

that emerged during this period is structured around four fixed stations known as

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was composed by Mulla Hakim Azim in 1253AH/ 1837 CE. See,Sajjid, Maqbool (2000).

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The event of the Taff: The earliest historical account of the tragedy of Karbala

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compiled during the 18th century include those written in 1769 and 1794. Of the

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During the first half of the 19 century, many Kashmiri Marsiya writers left for

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Aside from a few anonymous works, the names of the following poets who composed

3960:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Ali Muhammad & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 978-81-921925-7-4 2649:

The congregation forms multiple concentric circles, radiating outward from the

2406:“Wake! The time for lessons has come it honors you nought to dwell in slumber. 4003:(in Kashmiri).Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. p. 155. 3239: 2541: 2301:

Verily, they are the two who from the Lord received knowledge in its essence.

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the Lord from the seminary of creation choose Muhammed, The Seal of Prophets.

1241:), but this is very rare. The elegiac content is limited to the last section, 708:

During the nineteenth century, alongside Srinagar, another notable centre for

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Modern researchers have characterised this period commencing with the rule of

179: 3913:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. p.22. 3252: 3734:

Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir.

663:, who were accustomed to composing in Persian, to this new form of Kashmiri 617: 205:

Sultanate (1561-1586 CE), as the first stage in the development of Kashmiri

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Alas! What fate? What destiny? I am left to lament, my family; my burden,

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With the Quran around his neck Husayn had approached Ibn Saad at Karbala.

3837:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages. 2310:

For the Prophet and Gabriel praised him as the Lord had praised himself.

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starts at six in the morning and continues till six in the evening. The

2568:, whose responsibility is to recite it in the public. Historically, the 316:) at the imperial court are buried in the cemetery of poets (Kashmiri: M 3883:(3–4). Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages: 85–104. 3677:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. 3662:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. 3634:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. 3612:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Imam Hussein Research & Publishing Centre. 3453: 3427:

Kashmiri, Mirza Muhammad Ali (2009). Barzegar, Dr. Karim Najafi (ed.).

3344:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. 3326:] (in Persian). Translated by Bano, Razia. Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan. 2412:

Or, if with Grandfather you are studying, tell him then of Umar-i Saad

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Shi'ism in Kashmir: A History of Sunni-Shia Rivalry and Reconciliation

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Shi'ism in Kashmir: A History of Sunni-Shia Rivalry and Reconciliation

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Shi'ism in Kashmir: A History of Sunni-Shia Rivalry and Reconciliation

1509:(transl.) O Lord! Our ways are of incessant crimes and transgressions 671:. Over the next two generations, the Mulla family produced successive 3126:"Kashmiri Marsiya-Evolution and Transition: The Sustainment of Grief" 2358:

Surely the world knows of it or have you not read the Sura Muhammed?

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Look how the Kufi’s, bookless, repaid the Prophet for his teachings.

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What can I then extol his grace whose eulogy is in the Quran itself.

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And, the light of thy essence may dawn in the gloom of my ignorance,

201:(r. 1389-1413 CE) and ending with the demise of the short-lived Shia 175: 132: 2901: 2201:

Men learned listening of thy attributes fall into veils of despair.

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Oh! Muslims I leave but two gifts with you, the Book and my Family

2148:(The Book), seeks to capture the spirit of some of the main verses: 2703:

Zadibal where many Muslims live, and there are many Shiʿi in this

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performed at homes. A jug of water and soil of Karbala (Kashmiri:

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The page of thy messengers was sealed, when for his last message,

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What disrespect then, that tongue-tied I, may extol thy creation.

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Kalim, Qasim (2019). "Kashir Kilasaqi Marsiye: Ahang ti Arouz'".

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The Spirit of Islam, keeper of the Prophet’s Garden, his helper.

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Oh! That one may grasp but an atom of thy creation, thy purpose.

1495:' (The Door), Hakim Azim starts by invoking Allah in these verse: 3821:

Habib also left a diwan of Persian poetry. Outside the genre of

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Within the imambada, both men and women collectively recite the

2496:) dates back to 1725, when Kashmir was under Mughal rule. Other 2394:

Alas! her night, her days spent in anguish, in fear, in lament!

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still would remain un-written, unread, his nobility, his grace.

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A biyaz of Kashmiri Marsiya compiled in Calcutta, 1283AH/ 1866CE

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Alas! Eighteen brothers of Zainab, slaughtered under the sword.

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Ali Akbar opening his book, Asghar; stammering in his lessons.

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My Grandfather had preached in his sermons time and time again

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so that I may remember anew that eternal pledge of allegiance.

659:. Additionally, he introduced the poets of the Mulla family in 23:

Compilation of Kashmiri Marsiya, biyaz copied in 1730, Srinagar

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All learners, aspirers cried, no knowledge that knows not he”.

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Yet we arrive at your threshold, of generosity and benevolence

1237: 31:(Kạ̄shir Marsī کٲشِر مَرثی) is a commemorative and devotional 3414:

Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98124-9.

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Performance of marsiya at Marak Imambada, Zadibal, Srinagar.

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He was the speaking Quran raised on the Prophet’s shoulder.

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Mention of Kashmiri Marsiya writers in a 19th century work,

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From which book of the law do you issue my death warrant”.

3362:(in Kashmiri) (2nd ed.). Delhi: Skyline Publications. 3227:(in Kashmiri) (2nd ed.). Delhi: Skyline Publications. 3003:(in Kashmiri) (3rd ed.). Delhi: Taj Printing Service. 2292:

Lo! I praise Ali, the door of all knowledge, all essence.

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He for whose sake, Ibrahim, Adam nay, the universe itself

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Lord! Bestow thy grace that I may pen thy book of eulogy.

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In the post-Independence period, the tradition of writing

744:(r. 1847-1856), and was poisoned due to court intrigue. 2576:

refrains from reciting his work, this is the role of the

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Whose pulpit was out of the grasp of the sky and heaven.

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The un-lettered who opened the pages of God’s testament.

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in Arabic, Persian or Urdu, the classical Kashmiri

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Kashir Marthiauk Safar: An anthology of Kashmiri Marsiya

3342:

Kaeshri Marsiyuk Safar: An anthology of Kashmiri Marsiya

2957:

Kaeshri Marsiyuk Safar: An anthology of Kashmiri Marsiya

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The teacher is in waiting, go and pay your salutations,

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she would remember anew her nephews, her lost children,

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If all the leaves and flowers were penned in his praise

1289:, though this can sometimes extend up to nineteen. Each 3688:

Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (1961). "Yad-i Ruftagan".

2289:

In the name of Allah, the merciful, the compassionate.

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that are recited publicly include, Sayyid Aboul Hassan

736:, seeking patronage at the court of the Shia rulers of 3644:

Also see, Baqir, Sayyid Muhammad (late 19th century).

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Mughal Arcadia: Persian Literature in an Indian Court.

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maintain their sanctity always for they represent me.

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in Kashmiri. This includes both hagiographical works (

137: 3903: 3523:(in Kashmiri) (2nd ed.). Delhi: Skyline Publications. 3305:

Baharistan-i-Shahi (A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir)

3238:

Hamdani, Hakim Sameer; Qureshi, Mehran (2024-01-11),

3174:(in Kashmiri) (2nd ed.). Delhi. Skyline Publications. 2689: 2663: 2616: 2605: 2594: 2592:

is hereditary, with the right to recite any assigned

2546: 2534: 2515: 2504: 2497: 2486: 2474: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2352:“Oh, tyrant! I am the sage ever ready for the death, 2334:

Oh! What calamity, what times? What befell the Imam?

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The universe itself is a whirl teaching thy essence.

2186: 2154: 2142: 2134: 2125: 1559: 1551: 1531: 1481: 1431: 1419: 1403: 1389: 1381: 1277: 1229: 1167: 1156: 1148: 1140: 1114: 1009: 986: 974: 765: 749: 719: 710: 693: 684: 673: 665: 653: 645: 631: 583: 563: 555: 357: 341: 333: 325: 305: 258: 242: 215: 207: 184: 168: 125: 119:

that imitates the rhythmic prose associated with the

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that has been consigned to a preserved written form:

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Lo! Today you are forsaking the Prophet’s teaching,

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Are raised on lances; offerings of Shumr to Yazid.

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How they honour him? How they respect his sanctity?

2208: 80: 39:, which is primarily used to mourn the martyrdom of 1235:

may also include a small section of supplications (

1112:According to Hakim Ghulam Safdar Hamdani, Kashmiri 996:Sayyid Anis Kazmi and Sayyid Muhammad Chatergami. 3382:. Srinagar: Nur Muhammad Roshan Press. p. 35. 2391:To re-live, re-read, recite the woes of Muharram! 231: 223: 148: 3797:The Routledge Companion to Global Renaissance Art 3772:"The Unsung Elegist of Kashmir: Mirza Abul Qasim" 3704:"The Unsung Elegist of Kashmir: Mirza Abul Qasim" 3244:The Routledge Companion to Global Renaissance Art 2355:but know you not, that Quran was revealed to us. 1368:(refrain word) which gets repeated in subsequent 4074:"Kashmiri Noha writer gears up despite pandemic" 3736:Delhi: Permanent Black. p.73. ISBN 81-7824-060-2 1537:is composed keeping in consideration the title ( 79:), which is itself derived from the Arabic word 2430:Alas! The Prophet’s progeny rendered desolate. 2382:Lo! But which religion asks of you to kill me? 1302: 1222: 1210: 1192: 1180: 1127: 638: 608: 576: 3911:Kuliyat-i Hakim Azim wa Munshi Muhammad Yusuf 3632:Kuliyat-i Hakim Azim wa Munshi Muhammad Yusuf 3240:"The Art of the Book in Early Modern Kashmir" 2207:Even the Prophet, that eloquent tongue, read 643:), significantly popularized the new form of 74: 8: 3833:. See, Kazmi, Anees, and Manzar, MY (1981). 2492:literature in Kashmir in a manuscript form ( 2397:When the day would dawn in the dark dungeon 1473:) before proceeding to the elegiac section ( 86: 3944:Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal) 3923:Hamdani, Hakim Sameer. "Kashmiri Marsiya". 3324:History of Kashmir by Haider Malik Chadurah 3097:Speaking Peace, Women's Voices from Kashmir 2480:'s are the first with a written literature. 1437:includes introductory and body paragraphs ( 1409:composed under a specific title (Kashmiri: 620:), converted to Shi’ism and formalized the 237:) of the region authored by Shia writers. 2711:happens here. Sayyid Shāh Jalālī is a big 595:, which define the thematic content. Each 3675:Mirza Abu'l Qasim: Maqam ti Kalam, vol. i 3396:Aslah, Hajji Muhammad Aslam Khan (1983). 3289:(in Persian). Srinagar: Jan Publications. 3251: 3246:, New York: Routledge, pp. 300–315, 2731:is read in the Kashmiri language and the 2295:The one who cleaved, truth from untruth. 717:he remains the most prolific and popular 3851:(in Kashmiri). Delhi: Sahitiya Academy. 3509:(in Kashmiri). Srinagar: Self published. 2388:Alas! What had fate written for Zainab? 1567: 1173:is divided into four thematic sections: 1001: 757: 349: 250: 4124:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 11–12. 3974:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 59–62. 3956:Shauq, Shafi and Munwar, Najji (2018). 3728:custodian of the Sericulture industry ( 3158:The postscript written at the end of a 2785: 2373:how then will you face him tomorrow in 2243:to correct, to complete his teachings. 3870: 3868: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3603: 3601: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3422: 3420: 3335: 3333: 3218: 2918: 2907: 2874:(in Kashmiri). Budgam: Gulshan-i-Adab. 2824:"Marsiya: Beyond the "literal lament"" 2600:being passed down from father to son. 2464:literature is the oldest genre within 2275:was created from the uncreated self! 1500:Yā Allāh Humēsha soun dāb jurm-o khatā 613:)with a parallel internal structure. 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3358:Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Sardar (2009). 3353: 3351: 3223:Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (2009). 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3045:Hamdani, Hakim Ghulam Safdar (2014). 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2865: 2863: 2343:Look how the heads of his children’s 2319:What then, can I say of that martyr? 999:The main writers from this time are: 521:Musa Khan ibn Muhammad Taqi al-Haeri 7: 4013:Hamdani, Hakim Sameer (2021-02-17). 3799:, New York: Routledge, pp. 300–315, 3732:), see, Zuthsi, Chitralekha (2003). 3400:(in Persian). Lahore: Iqbal Academy. 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2747:s) that women sit and listen to the 2743:s (screens). It is here (behind the 1429:, the initial section of a Kashmiri 1015:Writers (mid 20th century- onwards) 1360:Each component retains a different 1303: 1223: 1211: 1193: 1181: 1128: 682:The earliest composers of Kashmiri 639: 609: 577: 87: 75: 2621:. The primary reciter, known as a 2615:which is rigorously followed in a 1549:serves as the framed plot for the 289:Hakim bin Musa ibn Yusuf Din Shah 229:) as well as political histories ( 115:assumes the shape of an elaborate 14: 2415:his tyranny, his acts of terror. 2192:, so I may commence my learning. 984:. Some writers who have produced 771:Writers ( 19th-mid 20th century) 363:Writers ( 17th-mid 18th century) 91:). Unlike the Arabic and Persian 3849:Kashiren Marssiyen Hund Intikhab 1545:), which is adopted for it. The 1132:). Expressed in the vernacular, 939:Mulla Hakim Habib-al Lah 303:The development of the Kashmiri 4072:Bharat, E. T. V. (2020-08-29). 3660:Kuliyat-i Khawja Muhammad Baqir 3318:Chadurah, Malik Haidar (1991). 2679:) is kept in the middle of the 2637:. These men are referred to as 4120:Hamdani, Hakim Sameer (2023). 3970:Hamdani, Hakim Sameer (2023). 3958:Kashir Zuban ti Adabuk Twarikh 3746:Hussain, Masood (2023-03-16). 3580:Hamdani, Hakim Sameer (2023). 3534:Kashir Zaban ti Adabuk Twarikh 3066:. Cambridge University Press. 2421:my arms tied; my back broken. 1395:is nearer to the tradition of 755:writers from this period are: 601:, in turn, completes a stanza— 472:Sayyid Mir Sharf-al Din Rizvi 430:Muhammad Yahya ibn Ahmad Khan 427:Hassan Khan ibn Muhammad Taqi 1: 4110:(September–December). Mumbai. 3938:nazir, tawfeeq (2015-08-06). 3378:Hajini, Mohyi-ud Din (1967). 2723:which is near his house. The 1283:comprises twelve to fourteen 264:Writers ( 15th-16th century) 4049:"Arba'een - A Walk of Faith" 3835:Kuliyat-i Hakim Habib-al Lah 3448:. Harvard University Press. 3442:Sharma, Sunil (2017-11-27). 1565:have been composed include: 1265:sometimes includes multiple 929:Mulla Munshi Muhammad Yusuf 913:Mulla Munshi Muhammad Sadiq 900:Mulla Munshi Muhammad Qasim 871:Mulla Munshi Muhammad Abbas 854:Khwaja Muhammad Baqir Gundi 3904: 3803::10.4324/9781003294986-25, 3398:Tazkira-i- Shoura-i Kashmir 3169: 3161: 3001:Kashir Marsy Hund Tawareekh 2872:Kashir Marthiya Hunz Tarikh 2690: 2682: 2664: 2656: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2606: 2595: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2535: 2516: 2505: 2498: 2487: 2475: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2442:So far around five hundred 2375: 2327: 2281: 2246:Angels and spirits salute: 2230: 2209: 2187: 2166: 2155: 2143: 2135: 2126: 1560: 1552: 1540: 1532: 1520: 1490: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1439: 1432: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1390: 1382: 1370: 1353: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1278: 1267: 1257: 1243: 1230: 1217: 1205: 1199: 1187: 1175: 1168: 1165:In its classical form, the 1157: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1122: 1115: 1080:Sayyid Muhammad Chatergami 1010: 987: 975: 961:Mulla Munshi Shah Muhammad 809:Mulla Hakim Muhammad Jawad 766: 750: 720: 711: 694: 685: 674: 666: 654: 646: 632: 622: 603: 597: 591: 584: 571: 564: 556: 545: 406:Mirza Jawad Ali Khan Kaani 358: 342: 334: 326: 306: 259: 243: 232: 224: 216: 208: 185: 169: 149: 138: 126: 110: 102: 94: 81: 67: 4178: 3812:, retrieved 24 August 2024 3692:(Shawwal issue). Srinagar. 3610:Kuliyat-i Khawja Ḥasan Mir 3060:Bazaz, Abir (2023-08-05). 3047:Tārīkh −i Shiyan-i Kashmir 2484:The oldest compilation of 2472:Within Kashmiri language, 2424:Oh! but that I could see, 1659: 1649: 1634: 1619: 1604: 1090:Sayyid Sami-ul Lah Jalali 884:Mulla Munshi Muhammad Ali 857:Mulla Munshi Ihsan-al Lah 792:Mulla Hakim Muhammad Azim 529:Mir Saif ibn Mulla Khalil 458:Sayyid Mir Muhammad Abbas 395:Mir Sayyid Muhammad Jafar 384:Mir Sayyid Muhammad Abbas 381:Aqa Sayyid Mahmud Tabrizi 347:during this time include: 35:that closely resembles an 3505:Hashemi, Manzoor (1996). 3095:Butalia, Urvashi (2014). 2089: 2084: 2040: 2020: 1993: 1067:Sayyid Asad-ul Lah Safvi 1006: 945:Mulla Munshi Mustafa Ali 762: 354: 292:Qasim ibn Yusuf Din Shah 255: 3847:Ansari, Shaukat (2015). 3658:Sajjid, Maqbool (2001). 3630:Sajjid, Maqbool (2000). 3340:Sajjid, Maqbool (2013). 3253:10.4324/9781003294986-25 2999:Budgami, Shahid (2014). 2955:Sajjid, Maqbool (2013). 1995:Historical Personalities 1037:Aga Sayyid Abbas Musavi 477:Khawja Muhammad Tabrizi 248:in this period survive: 3584:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3099:. Delhi: Zubaan Books. 2900:Hamdani, Hakim Sameer. 2822:migrator (2020-08-29). 2699:In Srinagar there is a 1051:Aga Sayyid Aboul Hasan 910:Moulvi Abdullah Ansari 843:Mulla Munshi Hasan Ali 815:Munshi Muhammad Safdar 798:Munshi Ahmad Ali Ghazi 2917:Cite journal requires 2777: 2530: 2482: 2435: 2266: 2184:Accept my offering of 2178: 1514: 1364:(rhyming pattern) and 1255:are based on a single 1097:Moulvi Muhammad Yusuf 955:Mulla Hakim Hasan Ali 849:Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi 823:Khwaja Abdullah Gundi 706: 469:Mulla Ahmad Nishapuri 449:Khawja Muhammad Fazil 166:The oldest trace of a 24: 16:Islamic literary genre 4025:10.4324/9781003096528 3730:daroga-i kiram kashan 3673:Kazmi, Anees (2002). 3648:(in Persian). Lahore. 3608:Kalim, Qasim (2001). 3072:10.1017/9781009118811 2870:Kazmi, Anees (1975). 2793:Mikhnaf, Abu (2012). 2697: 2560:hands it over to the 2528: 2470: 2261: 2176: 2150: 1497: 923:Mulla Hakim Abdullah 868:Khwaja Muhammad Daim 863:Sayyid Mustafa Rizvi 701: 524:Ustad Muhammad Jafer 497:Mulla Muhammad Mahdi 444:Sayyid Mir Arab Shah 131:is referred to as an 22: 3646:Risala Saif al Saram 3557:Tazkira-i Zafran Zar 3429:Tazkira-i Zafran Zar 2544:. After composing a 2264:Risala Saif al Saram 1505:Choun bāb jūd-o 'atā 1040:Sayyid Akbar Hashmi 826:Mulla Munshi Haider 518:Mir Arab Shah Rizvi 433:Sayyid Jafar Najafi 403:Baba Muhammad Jawad 61:, borrowed from the 4157:Kashmiri literature 4019:. Routledge India. 2755:When men enter the 2466:Kashmiri literature 1569: 1003: 789:Hakim Ghulam Rasul 759: 572:muqam bandh marsiya 546:Muqam Bandh Marsiya 507:Mir Ahmad Ali Tusi 486:Sayyid Amir-al Din 351: 252: 3454:10.2307/j.ctvgd336 3301:Baharistan-i-Shahi 3299:Anonymous (2021). 3281:These include the 2531: 2267: 2179: 1568: 1463:), his family the 1417:). The title of a 1319:are classified as 1057:Sayyid Anis Kazmi 1002: 894:Mirza Aboul Qasim 837:Khwaja Husayn Mir 758: 501:Sayyid Saleh Rizvi 463:Khawja Hassi Bhat 419:Mirza Jaza-al Lah 350: 251: 123:. The writer of a 25: 4152:Kashmiri language 4034:978-1-003-09652-8 3858:978-81-260-4855-7 3809:978-1-003-29498-6 3463:978-0-674-98124-9 3263:978-1-003-29498-6 3081:978-1-009-11881-1 2808:978-964-529-266-7 2116: 2115: 1313:, verses in each 1105: 1104: 970: 969: 747:Some of the main 725:writer to date. 540: 539: 452:Mulla Abul Hakim 318:azar-i Shoura or 296: 295: 162:Initial reception 59:Kashmiri language 45:Battle of Karbala 4169: 4136: 4135: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4053:Brighter Kashmir 4045: 4039: 4038: 4010: 4004: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3844: 3838: 3819: 3813: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3776:Kashmir Observer 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3708:Kashmir Observer 3700: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3577: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3320:Tarikh-i Kashmir 3315: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3255: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3193: 3192: 3185:"Kashmiri Elegy" 3181: 3175: 3172: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3130:Kashmir Observer 3122: 3111: 3110: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3005: 3004: 2996: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2897: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2795:Maqtal Al-Husayn 2790: 2693: 2685: 2667: 2659: 2643: 2635: 2627: 2620: 2609: 2598: 2590: 2584:. The role of a 2582: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2550: 2538: 2521:as a performance 2519: 2508: 2501: 2490: 2478: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2378: 2330: 2284: 2233: 2212: 2190: 2169: 2158: 2146: 2138: 2129: 1570: 1563: 1555: 1543: 1535: 1523: 1493: 1487:with the title ' 1485: 1478: 1472: 1462: 1455:Prophet Muhammad 1453:), in praise of 1452: 1442: 1435: 1423: 1415: 1407: 1393: 1385: 1373: 1356: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1307:). Based on the 1306: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1281: 1270: 1260: 1246: 1233: 1227:). Sometimes, a 1226: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1013: 1004: 990: 978: 902:(~d. 1840-50's) 839:(~d. 1820-30's) 769: 760: 753: 723: 714: 697: 688: 677: 669: 657: 649: 642: 641: 635: 625: 612: 611: 606: 600: 594: 587: 580: 579: 574: 567: 559: 548: 361: 352: 345: 337: 329: 309: 262: 253: 246: 235: 227: 219: 211: 188: 172: 152: 143:) rather than a 141: 129: 113: 105: 99:, the Kashmiri 97: 90: 89: 84: 78: 77: 72: 29:Kashmiri Marsiya 4177: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4078:ETV Bharat News 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3628: 3617: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3579: 3578: 3563: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3503: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3377: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3221: 3196: 3189:thehamdanis.org 3183: 3182: 3178: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3114: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3043: 3008: 2998: 2997: 2964: 2954: 2953: 2930: 2916: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2879: 2869: 2868: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2828:Greater Kashmir 2821: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2523: 2440: 2213:there instead. 2121: 1527: 1443:) in praise of 1275:section of the 1110: 550: 398:Qazi Ahmad Din 387:Qazi Ahmad Ali 301: 199:Sultan Sikandar 164: 159: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4112: 4099: 4089: 4064: 4040: 4033: 4005: 3987: 3980: 3962: 3949: 3930: 3915: 3895: 3886: 3864: 3857: 3839: 3814: 3808: 3788: 3763: 3738: 3720: 3695: 3680: 3665: 3650: 3637: 3615: 3597: 3590: 3561: 3547: 3538: 3525: 3512: 3478: 3469: 3462: 3445:Mughal Arcadia 3434: 3416: 3403: 3385: 3365: 3347: 3329: 3310: 3291: 3287:Tuḥfatūl Aḥbāb 3274: 3262: 3230: 3194: 3176: 3151: 3142: 3112: 3105: 3087: 3080: 3052: 3006: 2962: 2928: 2919:|journal= 2877: 2839: 2814: 2807: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2765:marṣiya khwanī 2761:marṣiya khwanī 2522: 2512: 2439: 2438:Textual record 2436: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2096:Hamesh-i Bahar 2093: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1618: 1613: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1526: 1515: 1154:. A surviving 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074:Ghulam Husayn 1071: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 968: 967: 965: 959: 952: 951: 949: 943: 936: 935: 933: 927: 920: 919: 917: 911: 907: 906: 904: 898: 891: 890: 888: 882: 878: 877: 875: 869: 865: 864: 861: 855: 851: 850: 847: 841: 834: 833: 830: 824: 820: 819: 817:(~ d. 1850's) 813: 807: 803: 802: 796: 790: 786: 785: 782: 779: 773: 772: 742:Wajid Ali Shah 578:مقام بند مرثیہ 549: 541: 538: 537: 535: 533: 526: 525: 522: 519: 515: 514: 511: 508: 504: 503: 498: 495: 491: 490: 484: 480:Mulla Ibrahim 478: 474: 473: 470: 467: 460: 459: 456: 450: 446: 445: 442: 441:Muhammad Azam 439: 435: 434: 431: 428: 424: 423: 422:Sayyid Fakhir 420: 417: 413: 412: 407: 404: 400: 399: 396: 393: 389: 388: 385: 382: 378: 377: 374: 371: 365: 364: 314:malik-u shoura 300: 297: 294: 293: 290: 287: 283: 282: 277: 272: 266: 265: 163: 160: 158: 155: 41:Husayn ibn Ali 33:literary genre 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4174: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4133: 4131:9780755643950 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3981:9780755643950 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591:9780755643950 3587: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3499: 3497: 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