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importance over time, gradually becoming an honorary rank for community leaders before its final abolition in the late nineteenth or the start of the twentieth century. In contrast, the position was consolidated and further elaborated in Dutch territories, and remained an important part of the Dutch colonial government until the
501:
644:
Despite Dutch attempts at reforming the
Chinese officership, the institution and the Cabang Atas as a traditional elite both came under attack from modernizing voices in the late colonial era. Their loss of prestige and respect within the local Chinese community led the Dutch colonial government to
351:
With the consolidation of colonial rule, the
Kapitans became part of the civil bureaucracy in Portuguese, Dutch and British colonies. They exercised both executive and judicial powers over local Chinese communities under the colonial authorities. In British territories, the position lost its
486:
520:
649:, was the Chinese officership of Batavia, which was retained by the Dutch authorities thanks to its antiquity, pre-eminent position in the Chinese bureaucratic hierarchy and symbolic value to Dutch colonial authority. The institution came to an abrupt end with the
114:. Office holders exercised varying degrees of power and influence: from near-sovereign political and legal jurisdiction over local Chinese communities, to ceremonial precedence for community leaders. Corresponding posts existed for other ethnic groups, such as
169:. Many rulers assigned self-governance to local foreign communities, including the Chinese, under their own headmen. Often, these headmen also had responsibilities beyond their local communities, in particular in relation to foreign trade or tax collection.
621:', the Dutch colonial authorities made concerted efforts to appoint Chinese officers and other government officials based on merit. Some of these candidates came from outside traditional Cabang Atas families, including totok appointees, such as
610:, they exerted a powerful social, economic and political influence on colonial life in Indonesia beyond the local Chinese community. The descendants of Chinese officers are entitled by colonial Indonesian custom to the hereditary title of '
424:
The officers-in-council acted as an executive governmental body, implementing the directives of the colonial government, as well as a court of law on family and customary law and petty crimes. They were seen as the colonial equivalent of a
131:
563:, all the three racial castes in the Indies - Europeans, 'Foreign Orientals' and natives - had political and legal self-governance under the oversight of the Dutch government. The native counterpart of the officers was the
439:
or ward masters in charge of constituent districts within each officer's territory. In addition, the officers also had recourse to their own basic police force to enforce their executive and judicial decisions.
443:
These officerial titles were also given by the Dutch colonial government on an honorary basis to retired officers or meritorious community leaders. Thus, a retired
Luitenant might be granted the honorary rank of
394:
depending on the incumbent's seniority in the administrative structure, the importance of their territory or their own personal merit. Thus, the post of Majoor only existed in the colony's principal cities:
452:, who became an honorary Majoor upon retirement from the colonial administration. Titular lieutenancies or captaincies were also sometimes granted to meritorious community leaders outside the bureaucracy.
269:
Since then, a long succession of
Kapitans formed an intrinsic part of colonial history in Southeast Asia. Kapitans were pivotal in consolidating European colonial rule, and in facilitating large-scale
821:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya Pusat
645:
phase out the officership gradually all through the early twentieth century. Officerships were often left vacant when incumbents retired or died. The only exception, as noted by the historian
1457:
The decline of the
Chinese Council of Batavia: the loss of prestige and authority of the traditional elite amongst the Chinese community from the end of the nineteenth century until 1942
947:
30:
421:(Dutch: 'Chinese Raad'; English: 'Chinese Council') of their local territory. In jurisdictions deemed less important, the presiding officer bore the rank of Kapitein or Luitenant.
762:
Southeast Asia-China interactions: reprint of articles from the
Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, Issue 25 of M.B.R.A.S. reprint, 2007, - Page 549
328:
Yet due to their power and influence, many
Kapitans were also focal points of resistance against European colonial rule. For instance, in the aftermath of Batavia's
1497:
211:, arguably the founding father of modern Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia, served as Chinese headman while holding the Malay court position of
1666:
1656:
382:('Heads of the Chinese'), that is as the legal and political administrators of the local Chinese community. There were three separate ranks of
1293:
1661:
1578:
1544:
277:
as the region is known in
Chinese history. Instrumental to the establishment of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia were Chinese allies, such as
753:
The
Kapitan System and Secret Societies published in Chinese politics in Malaysia: a history of the Malaysian Chinese Association - Page 14
1671:
1266:
1455:
340:, or 'Perang Cina', between the Dutch East India Company and a Chinese-Javanese alliance. Over a century later, the Kapiteins of the
1624:
1609:
1595:
1426:
1364:
1337:
1303:
1223:
1189:
1155:
1080:
997:
895:
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207:
combined the roles of
Chinese headman and head of the Department of Eastern Affairs and Commerce. In the late nineteenth century,
1686:
337:
1676:
415:
in Sumatra. The Majoor in each of these jurisdictions presided over lower-ranking officers, who sat in council together as the
816:
650:
357:
141:
The origin of the office, under various different native titles, goes back to court positions in the precolonial states of
782:
1354:
262:. Use of the title 'Kapitan' in the civil administration has parallels in the sixteenth-century, colonial Portuguese
856:
396:
1416:
192:
1568:
374:
The institution of Kapitan Cina was most fully developed in colonial Indonesia, where an intricate hierarchy of
1327:
196:
1213:
1179:
448:; or in very rare cases, a retired officer might be given an honorary promotion, such as the famously wealthy
1512:
166:
553:
Sitting Chinese officers, together with Arab and Indian officers, formed part of the colonial government's
1534:
1681:
1651:
329:
263:
987:
1295:
Genezers op de koloniale markt: inheemse dokters en vroedvrouwen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië, 1850-1915
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618:
232:
181:
162:
146:
1070:
565:
154:
111:
1387:
Williams, Lea E.; Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for International (1960).
630:
333:
1491:
729:
341:
704:('my Lord'; 'my Lady'): short form of the above or the styles of descendants of Chinese officers
638:
282:
177:
1620:
1605:
1591:
1574:
1540:
1422:
1360:
1333:
1299:
1262:
1219:
1185:
1151:
1076:
1072:
The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society
993:
891:
788:
348:
against Dutch colonial incursions from the late nineteenth until the early twentieth century.
251:
103:
95:
1390:
Overseas Chinese nationalism: the genesis of the Pan-Chinese movement in Indonesia, 1900-1916
1107:
872:
1119:
654:
582:
576:
353:
274:
270:
87:
61:
1256:
588:
1215:
Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia
781:
Buxbaum, David C.; Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (2013).
492:
480:
with the European, native, Chinese and Arab officials of the district (late 19th century).
306:
150:
815:
Budisantoso, S.; (Indonesia), Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya (1994).
673:
Chinese officers in the Dutch East Indies used an elaborate system of styles and titles:
378:, or Chinese officers, was put in place by the Dutch authorities. The officers acted as
1570:
Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784-1885
1564:
1329:
De Chinese gemeenschap van Batavia, 1843-1865: een onderzoek naar het Kong Koan-archief
719:
432:
286:
278:
259:
255:
204:
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119:
107:
99:
79:
1356:
Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910
1645:
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559:
449:
310:
290:
239:
17:
596:
The Chinese officership came to be dominated on a near-hereditary basis by a small,
848:
658:
646:
607:
526:
507:
477:
322:
298:
228:
223:
135:
115:
1184:. Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Universiteit Leiden.
1108:"The Han Family of East Java. Entrepreneurship and Politics (18th-19th Centuries)"
1145:
885:
606:, or the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of colonial Indonesia. As a
1636:
622:
611:
602:
542:
369:
345:
734:
597:
318:
208:
989:
Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in Voc Batavia
297:. In British territories, important Chinese allies and collaborators include
918:
724:
634:
511:
417:
314:
294:
1123:
890:. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore.
238:
When Europeans established colonial rule in Southeast Asia, this system of
948:"The history of Kuala Lumpur's founding is not as clear cut as some think"
557:
or the Department of 'Foreign Orientals'. As part of the Dutch policy of
408:
404:
400:
243:
94:), was a high-ranking government position in the civil administration of
1617:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor
853:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor
818:
Studi pertumbuhan dan pemudaran kota pelabuhan: kasus Barus dan Si Bolga
665:
and the last serving Chinese officer in the Dutch colonial government.
569:, or the native civil service, with its equally elaborate hierarchy of
247:
188:
130:
1181:
Chinese Democracies: A Study of the Kongsis of West Borneo (1776-1884)
784:
Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective
600:
group of interrelated, landowning families. They formed the so-called
694:('your Ladyship' or 'my Lady'): used by the wives of Chinese officers
678:
570:
473:
302:
69:
626:
427:
412:
285:
in early seventeenth-century Batavia and Banten; and the brothers
222:
129:
35:
29:
1147:
The Chinese war and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725-1743
617:
In the early twentieth century, in keeping with their so-called '
191:, started off as high-ranking courtiers and functionaries to the
199:
in the early seventeenth century. Similarly, the court title of
158:
682:('your Excellency'): a Malay prefix used by Chinese officers
27:
High-ranking government position in the civil administration
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
250:
in 1511, then in subsequent centuries by the Dutch in the
1588:
Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir
1573:(2nd ed.), NUS Press (published 2007), p. 130,
869:
Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Matahtir
1101:
1099:
688:('your Lordship' or 'my Lord'): used by Chinese officers
122:
for the local Arab and Indian communities respectively.
529:
of Batavia with a European friend (early 20th century).
1528:
1526:
1524:
887:
The Southeast Asian port and polity: rise and demise
1590:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1421:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1332:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
1298:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
1287:
1285:
134:Kapitan Cina Yap Ah Loy, founding father of modern
1536:Menjadi Tjamboek Berdoeri: memoar Kwee Thiam Tjing
1449:
1447:
1445:
1418:Understanding the ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia
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1533:Kwee, Thiam Tjing; Berdoeri, Tjamboek (2010).
336:, became an important player in the so-called
8:
514:, with European guests (early 20th century).
344:in Borneo led their people in the so-called
233:5th and last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia
1496:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
946:Malhi, PhD., Ranjit Singh (May 5, 2017).
1258:The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia
1255:Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (2003).
746:
462:
1602:The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942
1489:
457:Chinese officers in colonial Indonesia
435:. Below the Chinese officers were the
1454:Erkelens, Monique (15 October 2013).
1292:Hesselink, Elisabeth Quirine (2009).
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
364:The institution in colonial Indonesia
317:in the early nineteenth century; and
34:Tjong Ah Fie, Majoor der Chinezen of
7:
631:Lie Hin Liam, Luitenant der Chinezen
555:Bestuur over de Vreemde Oosterlingen
493:Tjong Yong Hian, Majoor der Chinezen
1463:(Thesis). Leiden: Leiden University
663:last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia
1539:(in Indonesian). Komunitas Bambu.
639:Khoe A Fan, Luitenant der Chinezen
25:
1359:. Singapore: Equinox Publishing.
1212:Heidhues, Mary F. Somers (2003).
1106:Lombard-Salmon, Claudine (1991).
527:Khouw Kim An, Majoor der Chinezen
431:, or governmental magistracy, in
1144:Remmelink, Willem G. J. (1994).
884:Kathirithamby-Wells, J. (1990).
623:Tjong A Fie, Majoor der Chinezen
543:Tjong A Fie, Majoor der Chinezen
534:
519:
500:
485:
465:
325:in the late nineteenth century.
305:in the late eighteenth century;
195:prior to their defection to the
446:Luitenant-titulair der Chinezen
332:, the city's Chinese headman,
213:Sri Indra Perkasa Wijaya Bakti
74:
1:
1667:Chinese diaspora in Indonesia
1657:Political history of Malaysia
201:Chao Praya Chodeuk Rajasrethi
1662:Chinese diaspora in Malaysia
293:in early eighteenth-century
254:, as well as the British in
219:Role in European colonialism
203:in Thailand under the early
1637:Chinese Kapitans of Malacca
1484:Riwajat Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
1393:. Massachusetts: Free Press
954:. The Star. The Star Online
657:, and the death in 1945 of
510:, Kapitein der Chinezen of
313:, the founding Kapitans of
242:was adopted: first by the
1708:
1672:Chinese Indonesian culture
367:
1415:Suryadinata, Leo (2007).
919:"The Siamese Aristocracy"
65:
57:
986:Blussé, Léonard (1986).
330:Chinese Massacre of 1740
301:, first Kapitan Cina of
197:Dutch East India Company
1687:Chinese-language titles
1353:Rush, James R. (2007).
1326:Chen, Menghong (2011).
1178:Yuan, Bingling (2000).
1150:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
450:Luitenant Oei Tiong Ham
279:Kapitein Souw Beng Kong
209:Kapitan Cina Yap Ah Loy
167:mainland Southeast Asia
1677:Positions of authority
1615:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004).
1604:. Jakarta: Djambatan.
1600:Lohanda, Mona (1996).
1586:Hwang, In-Won (2003).
1517:(in Malay). Good Luck.
1124:10.3406/arch.1991.2711
1069:Lohanda, Mona (1996).
992:. Foris Publications.
392:Luitenant der Chinezen
291:Kapitein Han Bwee Kong
273:to Southeast Asia, or
235:
183:Kapiteins der Chinezen
138:
91:
83:
58:Captain of the Chinese
38:
1511:Tio, Ie Soei (1969).
1482:Nio, Joe Lan (1940).
1403:Khoe A Fan LUITENANT.
1218:. SEAP Publications.
368:Further information:
334:Kapitein Nie Hoe Kong
264:Captaincies of Brazil
227:Official portrait of
226:
147:Sultanates of Malacca
133:
84:Kapitein der Chinezen
33:
18:Kapitein der Chinezen
1514:Lie Kimhok 1853-1912
1261:. Amsterdam: BRILL.
715:List of Kapitan Cina
380:Hoofden der Chinezen
246:when they took over
283:Kapitein Lim Lak Ko
155:Sultanate of Banten
126:Pre-colonial origin
952:www.thestar.com.my
730:Kongsi federations
472:A court of law in
376:Chinese officieren
358:end of colonialism
321:, Kapitan Cina of
236:
139:
96:colonial Indonesia
39:
1580:978-9971-69-376-3
1546:978-979-3731-84-1
651:Japanese invasion
545:of Medan in 1921.
495:of Medan in 1900.
271:Chinese migration
252:Dutch East Indies
193:Sultans of Banten
16:(Redirected from
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1682:Noble titles
1652:Kapitan Cina
1619:. ABC-CLIO.
1616:
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1118:(1): 53–87.
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787:. Springer.
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659:Khouw Kim An
647:Mona Lohanda
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641:in Batavia.
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116:Kapitan Arab
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653:during the
603:Cabang Atas
541:Funeral of
370:Cabang Atas
346:Kongsi Wars
338:Chinese War
112:Philippines
1646:Categories
1486:. Batavia.
741:References
735:Peranakans
702:Kongsi Nio
686:Twa Kongsi
598:oligarchic
319:Yap Ah Loy
244:Portuguese
185:of Batavia
178:Lim Lak Ko
161:, and the
110:, and the
56:(English:
1492:cite book
928:9 January
725:Kong Koan
635:Tangerang
512:Tangerang
418:Kong Koan
315:Singapore
295:East Java
275:'Nanyang'
104:Singapore
1567:(1979),
1467:20 April
1434:20 April
1397:20 April
1372:10 April
1311:29 March
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1197:30 March
1163:29 March
1129:29 March
1112:Archipel
1088:29 March
1005:30 March
903:30 March
825:29 March
800:30 March
709:See also
409:Surabaya
405:Semarang
401:Bandoeng
388:Kapitein
356:and the
100:Malaysia
1274:4 April
923:Soravij
679:Padoeka
578:Wedanas
572:Regents
397:Batavia
248:Malacca
189:Jakarta
149:in the
88:Spanish
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669:Titles
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637:, and
590:Camats
474:Jepara
384:Majoor
303:Penang
260:Borneo
231:, the
153:, the
108:Borneo
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70:pinyin
64::
1461:(PDF)
873:p. 56
627:Medan
428:Yamen
413:Medan
80:Dutch
66:華人甲必丹
36:Medan
1621:ISBN
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1498:link
1469:2018
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1300:ISBN
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