669:
260:
ownership of railcars, to if the ACI requirements would be eliminated. The result of this ballot was to eliminate the requirement to install ACI labels. The decision was overwhelming, with a 5 to 1 margin. Despite claiming in their white paper that the dissatisfaction with ACI "would not mean the railroad industry was taking a step backward in car utilization, or operating efficiency or in the adoption of modern technology." of this failure, the railroad industry did not seriously search for another system to identify railcars until the mid-1980s.
279:
308:
to-the-middle-of-the-tag orientation. Especially the color selection and sequence ordering of STOP seems to be the subject of such errors leading to decoding errors and needs for decoder workarounds for the field that effectively weakened the system. Even some early times advertisement materials exposed such flaws. Also its said that checksum labels had been wrong sometimes, and even the label set itself had some variations in respect to the imprinted number.
708:), and more elaborate tracking and weighing systems were integrated. Sometimes these included many railyard input sensors, for rail switch position, car passage, and hot wheel bearing sensors. Some of the more productive and thus longer-lived systems were installed in captive rail applications that carried bulk goods from mines to smelter, where the weight of individual cars loaded and unloaded tracked the bulk inventory.
1947:
291:
608:
591:. Labels were required to be unobstructed, and couldn't have anything such as ladders, railings, grab iron between them and the scanner. When placed on rail cars with external For curved surfaces of tank cars, an oversized ACI label was available, known as a 'extended-range panel' The retroreflective stripes on these panels were 3.5 inches (89 mm) taller than standard stripes.
723:
searching for information beyond going through piles of paperwork. Clerical personnel became frustrated by the increasing error rate. These issues would lead to the abandonment by the ARR who discontinued the requirement for rail cars to have KarTrak labels. Between 1967 and 1977, the railroad industry spent $ 150 million on KarTrak, and up to 95% of cars were barcoded.
38:
1957:
156:
leaving the railroad, and all cars being owned by the railroad in question and thus able to be equipped with labels. In three years, 50,000 railroad cars were equipped KarTrak labels. This served a dual purpose, allowing
Sylvania to generate money to invest in further development of the system, while also denying a foothold to competing car tracking systems.
1655:
1639:
726:
Railroad cars that were in service prior to 1977 would go on to carry KarTrak labels, with labels being still observed on freight cars into the 2000s. These labels have vanished in time due to a combination of repainting, major overhaul, and the retirement of cars, particularly due to the AAR Rule 88
676:
The readers were optical scanners, somewhat like the barcode scanners used for retail store barcode items today. The scanning distances and speeds meant that the processing electronics needed to be state-of-the-art for its day. They were placed along the rail lines, often at the entrance and exit of
243:
The AAR had recognized from their field tests that periodic inspection and label maintenance would be requirements to maintain a high level of label readability. Regulations were instituted for label inspection and repair whenever a railcar was in the repair shop, which on average happened every two
227:
Starting in 1967, all railcar owners were required by the AAR to install ACI labels on their cars. By 1970, roughly 86% of the 2 million railroad freight cars were carrying an ACI plate, with some railroads having completed labeling of their freight cars. Twelve railroads had completed installation
155:
Sylvania early on moved to sell KarTrak to smaller, 'captive' railroad systems. Captive railroads, such as those used to supply coal to a power station on an isolated system were a prime environment, as issues caused by cars not equipped by KarTrak wouldn't occur due to the lack of cars entering or
509:
plastic sheet that was coated with red or blue dye to provide distinguishable color filters. The retroreflective material gave a clear optical signal that could be read from a 9-to-12-foot (2.7 to 3.7 m) distance and easily distinguished from the other markings on the railcar. The white areas
247:
Even towards the end of and after the demise of KarTrak, development of improvements based on the system did continue, with three patents being issued in 1976, 1977 and 1982 that were based on the KarTrak technology, one for a variable label that could signal an issue with car, like a refrigerator
745:
In 1984, Computer
Identics Corporation, Collins' company following his departure from GTE Sylvania, would sue Southern Pacific Transportation, along with three other companies, alleging they'd acted in a conspiracy to intentionally undermine KarTrak, in favor of a system Southern Pacific had been
151:
Railroad, using passenger trains and a gravel train that did not leave the Boston & Maine railroad network. Using trains that were always confined to Boston & Maine enabled easy testing, refinement and demonstration the KarTrak system, as cars fitted with the system were always around and
722:
The KarTrak system proved to need too much maintenance to be practical. Up to 20% of the cars were not read correctly. Further, ACI did not have any centralized system or network, even within railroad companies. The information collected from wayside scanners was printed out with little means of
688:
light source arranged co-axially with red and blue sensing photo tubes. The coaxial optical arrangement provided optimum sensing of the retroreflective labels. This optical source and sensing beam was directed to a large (8–14 in or 20–36 cm) mirrored rotating wheel that provided the
303:
KarTrak ACI tags consisted of a plate with 13 horizontal labels put in a vertical arrangement that are also understood as data lines, which could have 13 different forms. These labels, or symbols, stand for the single digits 0-9, the number 10 as an extra feature for the checksum line, and the
259:
that flagged several problems with KarTrak: Frequent inaccuracies in data, ACI labels reaching the end of their life span and requiring replacement, and lack of universal adoption within the railroad industry. A weighted ballot would be conducted of all interchange railroads, weighted based on
415:
The labels, also understood as data lines, each had two horizontal stripes that together represented a single symbol of information. The used colors for the stripes were blue, white, red and black. This does make up a total of 16 combinations where only 12 were used in the center area by just
307:
In practice people found that there was a significant number of cases where the label set was not done correctly or the label application had errors such as a 180° rotation of it - whilst as a rule of thumbs the blue stripes of START and STOP would have been needed to point to the left with a
234:
By 1975, 90% of all railcars were labeled. The read rate was about 80%, which means that after seven years of service, 10% of the labels had failed for reasons such as physical damage and dirt accumulation. The dirt accumulation was most evident on flatcars that had low-mounted labels.
738:, as well as identifying the vehicle. A computer would calculate the toll due and a bill would be sent to the driver. Like the original version of KarTrak, vehicles would be fitted with a label approximately 3 by 7 inches (76 by 178 mm) that would be scanned by a camera at
677:
a switchyard and at major junctions, spaced back from the tracks so that the labels would pass in the reading zone, 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 m) from the scanner and with the scanner aperture at 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m) above the railhead.
116:. During the early portion of the 1960s, Sylvania's Applied Research Lab team met with representatives of various railroads to gain insight into their needs and wants for a car tracking system. Features and design aspects desired by the railroads included:
501:
inch (0.95 cm) vertical gap between the labels realized a total height of 17.5 inches (44 cm). Labels could be affixed directly to the car side, but usually were applied to dark plates, which were then riveted to each side of the car.
727:
and 90, which restrict use of rail cars built prior to July 1, 1974 to a 40 life, which ran out for most cars in the mid-2010s. Cars built on and after 1 July 1974 are subject to a 50 year life, with mandatory retirements to start in 2024.
513:
The start and stop labels were partially filled, so that the reader scanning beam would be centered on them before they were recognized. This ensured that the entire label was centered and had the best chance of being read accurately.
416:
excluding black to be the lower color. For sensor reasons the white color was dimmed down by a black checkerboard so that they roughly met with the intensity of red and blue that were light sensed via a color filters.
692:
The scanner's analog video signals were passed to a nearby rail equipment hut where the processing and computing electronics were located. The first systems were discrete circuits and logic and only provided an
88:
Railroads have struggled with the tracking of railroad cars across their vast networks, a problem that became worse with the increased growth of systems and movement of rail cars from network to network via
689:
vertical scanning of the railcar. The movement of the train provided the horizontal scanning. Although the system could capture labels at 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), often the speeds were much lower.
697:-coded list of the labels that passed the scanner. These were forwarded to the rail operators for manual tracking or integration with their computer systems. Later reading systems were coupled with era
101:, who owned massive fleets of railroad cars, but were not actually railroads. A missing car took time to track down, often requiring workers to walk rail yards looking at cars until it was located.
304:"START" and "STOP" labels that gave reference to the vertical line position of the tag. Present day available depictions of the labels do often name the upper color first and then the lower color.
208:
Following disagreements with
Sylvania regarding the future potential of KarTrak, Collins departed in 1968 to form his own company to continue research and development into scanners and barcodes.
170:
By the mid to late 1960s, railroads in North
America began searching for a system that would allow them to automatically identify railcars and other rolling stock. Through the efforts of the
893:
564:. Thus, the first digit (line 2) is multiplied by 1, the second by 2, the third by 4, the fourth by 8 and so on, until the 10th, which is multiplied by 512. The sum of all these numbers
93:. A railroad's car could end up a thousand miles away on another company's tracks. This didn't factor the ever growing fleet of privately owned railroad cars, from companies such as
1024:
1430:
112:
to use a newly developed computer system in conjunction with scanners to track railroad cars. The idea was inspired by
Collins summers in college where he worked for the
244:
years. The maintenance program never gained sufficient compliance. Without maintenance, the read rate failed to improve, and the KarTrak system was abandoned by 1977.
1044:
510:
provided both a red and blue optical response to the reader, and were patterned with dots so that their brightness would be about the same as a red or blue stripe.
680:
The scanners were housed in metal boxes typically about the size of a mini-refrigerator, 24 by 24 by 12 inches (610 by 610 by 300 mm). They consisted of a
905:
819:
248:
car that was too warm, a self cleaning ACI label, and a three-dimensional 'optical target' as another attempt to eliminate the known issue with dirty labels.
550:
The first digit of the equipment owner (line 2) marks the type of equipment: 0 for railroad-owned, 1 for privately-owned, or 6 for non-revenue equipment.
1343:
1713:
750:. The lawsuit was ultimately unsuccessful, with the jury having found there was no evidence of a conspiracy, which was then upheld on appeal.
1388:
1287:
1001:
767:
75:. KarTrak was made a requirement in North America in 1967, but technical problems led to the abandonment of the system by around 1977.
1516:
717:
175:
28:
1426:
1327:
956:
655:
252:
171:
1438:
553:
The car number is left-padded with zeroes if necessary. For locomotives, line 6 is the type of unit and line 7 the suffix number.
216:
After the initial field tests, the ABEX, Wabco, and GTE KarTrak ACI systems were selected for a head-to-head accuracy test on the
205:
All those systems, except the RFID system, had labels that were mounted on each side of the railcar, and a trackside scanner.
1891:
633:
195:
186:
27:
This article is about the obsolete barcode railcar identification system. Not to be confused with the current RFID system,
1052:
702:
1981:
1569:
1849:
1189:
775:
1304:
1105:
1090:
1075:
982:
CM '70: Proceedings of the 1970 25th annual conference on
Computers and crisis: how computers are shaping our future
928:
231:
In 1972, GTE Sylvania decided to exit the railcar tracking field, and sold KarTrak to Servo
Corporation of America.
1986:
1688:
830:
668:
221:
109:
90:
1220:
1804:
576:
1708:
629:
618:
1912:
1819:
637:
622:
164:
1484:
1646:
1624:
1509:
98:
1354:
942:
771:
217:
113:
105:
1322:(First American ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 140–141, Figure 129, 130.
587:
Labels were placed on both sides of all railroad equipment, including locomotives, passenger cars, and
1159:
575:. This means a car with equipment code number 8, ownership code 350, which lists this as a car of the
129:
Scanners capable of scanning at around 9 feet (2.7 m), to enable scanning of labels on railcars,
1922:
1755:
130:
1960:
1917:
1458:
731:
946:
855:
278:
1683:
1584:
1422:
1018:
860:
160:
134:
1950:
1579:
1502:
1384:
1323:
1283:
1141:
1121:
997:
952:
148:
989:
565:
182:
1870:
1865:
681:
506:
1927:
1875:
1809:
685:
224:. The KarTrak system was declared the winner and selected by the AAR as the standard.
1975:
1594:
980:
284:
A diagram of a complete KarTrak ACI barcode plate, as would be mounted on a rail car.
72:
730:
Versions of KarTrak technology were trialed in other fields. In the late 1960s, the
1784:
1614:
698:
138:
1446:
Cars more than 40 years old as measured from the year of original construction...
1030:
560:
is calculated as follows: Each number digit is multiplied by two to the power of
1769:
1739:
1734:
1599:
1574:
607:
557:
290:
256:
94:
1764:
1609:
1604:
901:
739:
143:
Scanners capable of operating in isolated locations, and resistant to gunfire.
894:"How the Railroad Industry Invented, Then Immediately Discarded, the Barcode"
1729:
993:
735:
1197:
17:
37:
1833:
1828:
1794:
1789:
1773:
1662:
1559:
988:. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. 1970. pp. 256–258.
178:(AEI) systems. The AAR selected four systems for extensive field tests:
1799:
1779:
1698:
1693:
1619:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1525:
1231:
588:
68:
64:
167:
in large, full page ads pushing the monetary and efficiency benefits.
1932:
1896:
1744:
1703:
1589:
1654:
159:
KarTrak was also be advertised to railroads in publications such as
1302:
Sylvania
Electric Products. Stites, Francis H. Alexander, Raymond.
1260:
Odegard, Gordon; MR Staff (December 1969). "ACI label placement".
705:
694:
667:
36:
1674:
1638:
1408:. Association of American Railroads. pp. 695–705, 710–713.
747:
571:
The code on the caboose in the picture at top can be decoded as
1498:
1381:
Modern
Freight Cars - Rolling Stock from the '60s Through Today
1190:"A guide to ACI (Automatic Car Identification)/Kar Trak labels"
491:
inches (15 cm) wide and 1 inch (2.5 cm) high. With a
1308:. US 3,225,177. United States Patent Office. 21 December 1965.
1091:
Self-Cleaning Label for
Automatic Object Identification System
601:
296:
Examples of the various KarTrak labels used to form a barcode.
123:
Ability to scan labels at 0 - 60 miles per hour (97 km/h)
1094:. US 3,935,432. United States Patent Office. 11 January 1977.
1079:. US 3,935,432. United States Patent Office. 27 January 1976.
932:. US 3,366,952. United States Patent Office. 10 October 1966.
34:
Obsolete colored barcode system designed to identify railcars
120:
Low label cost, approximately $ 1 ($ 9.14 in 2023) per label
1494:
1431:"Rule 90 - Cars and/or Car Parts Prohibited in Interchange"
1264:. Vol. 36, no. 12. A.C. Kalmbach. pp. 86–89.
1166:
1119:
Trains Staff (December 1977). "Arrivals & Departures".
734:
explored the system as a way of billing vehicles using the
1109:. US 4,329,573. United States Patent Office. 11 May 1982.
312:
Meaning of the stripe paring for upper and lower stripes
1088:
Servo Corporation of America. Hoyer-Ellefsen, Sigurd.
951:(2nd ed.). Data Capture Institute. pp. 8–9.
766:
Some examples of this type a captive railroad include:
147:
KarTrak's development testing occurred in 1961 on the
1465:. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 21 July 1967. p. 13
1076:
Variable Color Label For Object Identification System
1905:
1884:
1858:
1842:
1818:
1753:
1722:
1673:
1532:
1459:"Automatic Toll Collectors: Here's How They Do It"
1134:
1132:
412:white = white/black checker pattern aka checkered
1073:Servo Corporation of America. Maynard, Robert L.
1031:ACM Digital Library - Computers in transportation
1023:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
420:Sensing elements and color detection truth table
1485:Computer Identics Corp. v. Southern Pacific Co.
579:, car number 199918, with a check digit of 5.
522:The labels are to be read from bottom to top:
201:GTE Sylvania - KarTrak, a color barcode system
1510:
8:
1383:. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Media. p. 10.
1255:
1253:
1045:"Market Place: Big Company's Small Spin-Off"
228:of approximately 50 ACI trackside scanners.
1850:High Capacity Color Barcode (Microsoft Tag)
1139:Trains Staff (February 1978). "ACI Loses".
636:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1517:
1503:
1495:
1404:Association of American Railroads (2020).
67:system designed to automatically identify
41:Detail of a KarTrak code. This barcode is
1353:. No. 3–7. June 1969. Archived from
1273:
1271:
1125:. No. 12. A.C. Kalmbach. p. 13.
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
656:Learn how and when to remove this message
1145:. No. 2. A.C. Kalmbach. p. 12.
418:
310:
1160:"Automatic Car Identification - A.C.I."
791:
759:
672:A KarTrak scanner in Midland, Michigan.
174:(AAR), a number of companies developed
1154:
1152:
1051:. New York. p. 56. Archived from
1016:
887:
885:
883:
818:Collins, David Jarrett (Winter 2011).
1320:Railways of the Modern Age since 1963
948:Using Bar Code - Why It's Taking Over
856:"GTE Information Systems Magazine Ad"
7:
1956:
634:adding citations to reliable sources
535:Lines 2 to 5: equipment/owner code.
1280:Modeler's Guide to the Right of Way
1106:Coded Optical Identification System
768:Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad
1344:"Little Labels Tell It Like It Is"
1282:. Kalmbach Media. pp. 73–74.
1165:. 15 November 2002. Archived from
718:Automatic equipment identification
198:- a black-and-white barcode system
176:automatic equipment identification
29:Automatic equipment identification
25:
1427:Association of American Railroads
1406:Field Manual of Interchange Rules
253:Association of American Railroads
172:Association of American Railroads
1955:
1946:
1945:
1653:
1637:
945:; Whipple, Nancy Nasuti (1994).
892:Smith, Ernie (24 October 2017).
877:116-117 of the Archive.org file.
606:
289:
277:
1488:, 756 F.2d 200 (1st Cir. 1985).
979:"Computers in Transportation".
562:the labels's position minus two
1221:"Automatic Car Identification"
1043:Metz, Robert (24 March 1972).
829:. pp. 3–4. Archived from
1:
1318:Nock, Oswald Stevens (1975).
1247:(List of ACI Ownership codes)
864:. July 1971. pp. 110–111
703:Digital Equipment Corporation
518:Data contained in Label Lines
1540:Automatic Car Identification
929:Coded Identification Members
541:Lines 3 to 5: ownership code
126:A label life span of 7 years
57:Automatic Car Identification
1228:Eric's Railroad Car History
776:Muskingum Electric Railroad
84:Issue and early development
2003:
1689:Facing Identification Mark
1219:Neubauer, Eric A. (2007).
715:
532:Lines 6 to 11: car number.
505:The labels were made from
222:Spruce Creek, Pennsylvania
26:
1941:
1631:
1351:Western Pacific Mileposts
926:Mori, Hideo. ABEX, Corp.
577:Illinois Central Railroad
318:
192:ABEX - a microwave system
1709:Intelligent Mail barcode
108:approached his employer
1913:Supply chain management
1570:European Article Number
1188:Cranstone, Ian (2011).
996:(inactive 2024-09-18).
994:10.1145/1147347.1147323
573:Start 8350199918 Stop 5
568:11 is the check digit.
410:- = not used / reserved
165:The Wall Street Journal
152:their movements known.
43:Start 8350199918 Stop 5
943:Collins, David Jarrett
673:
538:Line 2: equipment code
251:In November 1977, the
99:Union Tank Car Company
45:
1723:2D barcodes (stacked)
1379:Wilson, Jeff (2019).
1278:Wilson, Jeff (2022).
1029:(Additional weblink:
772:Deseret Power Railway
716:Further information:
671:
526:Line 13: check digit.
269:Tags and label design
218:Pennsylvania Railroad
114:Pennsylvania Railroad
106:David Jarrett Collins
40:
1859:Technological issues
630:improve this section
546:Line 1: start label.
529:Line 12: stop label.
477:The labels each are
1982:Information systems
1918:Object hyperlinking
1463:The Daily Home News
1444:on 8 January 2022.
1237:on 25 February 2021
1103:Greene, Leonard B.
732:New Jersey Turnpike
421:
350:10 / center of STOP
313:
131:shipping containers
1684:CPC Binary Barcode
1585:Interleaved 2 of 5
1423:CSX Transportation
820:"Bar Code History"
746:working on called
674:
598:Trackside scanners
419:
311:
149:Boston & Maine
46:
1987:Rail technologies
1969:
1968:
1668:
1667:
1580:Industrial 2 of 5
1390:978-1-62700-585-2
1289:978-1-62700-911-9
1003:978-1-4503-7817-8
666:
665:
658:
475:
474:
408:
407:
255:released a short
16:(Redirected from
1994:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1820:Polar coordinate
1657:
1641:
1634:
1633:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:. Archived from
1419:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1360:on 19 April 2022
1359:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1262:Model Railroader
1257:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1230:. Archived from
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:. Archived from
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
987:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
939:
933:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
904:. Archived from
889:
878:
873:
871:
869:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
835:
824:
815:
779:
764:
661:
654:
650:
647:
641:
610:
602:
500:
499:
495:
490:
489:
485:
482:
422:
387:3 / right START
314:
293:
281:
183:General Electric
21:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1937:
1901:
1885:Other data tags
1880:
1871:Barcode printer
1866:Barcode library
1854:
1838:
1814:
1749:
1718:
1669:
1629:
1533:Linear barcodes
1528:
1523:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1441:
1429:(1 July 2016).
1421:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1055:on 23 July 2021
1042:
1041:
1037:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
985:
978:
977:
973:
963:
961:
959:
941:
940:
936:
925:
921:
911:
909:
891:
890:
881:
867:
865:
854:
853:
849:
839:
837:
836:on 23 July 2021
833:
822:
817:
816:
793:
788:
783:
782:
765:
761:
756:
720:
714:
662:
651:
645:
642:
627:
611:
600:
594:
585:
583:Label placement
520:
507:retroreflective
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
480:
478:
425:Sensing element
411:
378:center of START
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
286:
285:
282:
271:
266:
241:
214:
86:
81:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:Mobile tagging
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1906:Related topics
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1876:Barcode reader
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1476:
1450:
1414:
1410:Rule 88 and 90
1396:
1389:
1371:
1335:
1328:
1310:
1295:
1288:
1267:
1249:
1211:
1200:on 9 June 2023
1180:
1169:on 21 May 2022
1148:
1128:
1111:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1049:New York Times
1035:
1002:
971:
957:
934:
919:
879:
847:
790:
789:
787:
784:
781:
780:
758:
757:
755:
752:
713:
710:
664:
663:
614:
612:
605:
599:
596:
584:
581:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
533:
530:
527:
519:
516:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
406:
405:
402:
401:- / right STOP
399:
396:
395:- / left START
393:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
355:
354:
353:5 / left STOP
351:
348:
345:
342:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
295:
288:
287:
283:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
240:
237:
213:
212:Implementation
210:
203:
202:
199:
193:
190:
145:
144:
141:
127:
124:
121:
85:
82:
80:
77:
63:was a colored
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1999:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:2D barcodes (
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Matrix 2 of 5
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1329:0-02-589760-8
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1005:
999:
995:
991:
984:
983:
975:
972:
960:
958:0-9627406-1-6
954:
950:
949:
944:
938:
935:
931:
930:
923:
920:
908:on 6 May 2021
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
863:
862:
857:
851:
848:
832:
828:
827:UID Quarterly
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
769:
763:
760:
753:
751:
749:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
711:
709:
707:
704:
700:
699:minicomputers
696:
690:
687:
684:100-200 watt
683:
678:
670:
660:
657:
649:
639:
635:
631:
625:
624:
620:
615:This section
613:
609:
604:
603:
597:
595:
592:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
551:
545:
540:
537:
536:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
515:
511:
508:
503:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
417:
413:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:Upper Stripe
316:
315:
309:
305:
292:
280:
268:
263:
261:
258:
254:
249:
245:
238:
236:
232:
229:
225:
223:
219:
211:
209:
206:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
180:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
157:
153:
150:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
83:
78:
76:
74:
73:rolling stock
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
30:
19:
1785:Han Xin code
1539:
1483:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1445:
1439:the original
1434:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1380:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1350:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1305:Mark Sensing
1303:
1298:
1279:
1261:
1239:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1227:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1193:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:the original
1162:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:the original
1048:
1038:
1007:. Retrieved
981:
974:
962:. Retrieved
947:
937:
927:
922:
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
897:
874:
866:. Retrieved
859:
850:
838:. Retrieved
831:the original
826:
762:
744:
729:
725:
721:
691:
679:
675:
652:
643:
628:Please help
616:
593:
586:
572:
570:
561:
555:
552:
549:
521:
512:
504:
476:
414:
409:
324:Lower Stripe
306:
302:
250:
246:
242:
233:
230:
226:
215:
207:
204:
169:
158:
154:
146:
110:GTE Sylvania
103:
95:TrailerTrain
87:
60:
56:
52:
51:, sometimes
48:
47:
42:
1770:Data Matrix
1740:MicroPDF417
1735:GS1 DataBar
1675:Post office
1600:MSI Barcode
1575:GS1 DataBar
1241:28 November
1204:28 November
1173:28 November
898:Motherboard
840:28 November
740:toll booths
558:check digit
257:white paper
91:interchange
53:KarTrak ACI
18:KarTrak ACI
1976:Categories
1765:Aztec Code
1610:Pharmacode
1605:Patch Code
1469:8 December
1364:6 December
1194:nakina.net
1059:8 December
1009:6 December
964:8 December
912:24 October
902:Vice Media
868:8 December
786:References
682:collimated
71:and other
59:) or just
1805:rMQR Code
1730:Codablock
1019:cite book
736:toll road
686:xenon arc
617:does not
135:piggyback
1951:Category
1834:ShotCode
1829:MaxiCode
1822:barcodes
1795:MaxiCode
1790:JAB Code
1774:Semacode
1677:barcodes
1663:MaxiCode
1560:Code 128
1526:Barcodes
1163:icrr.net
646:May 2023
589:cabooses
459:for blue
139:trailers
137:highway
104:In 1959
69:railcars
1961:Commons
1800:QR code
1780:DotCode
1699:POSTNET
1694:PostBar
1620:Telepen
1615:Plessey
1565:Codabar
1555:Code 93
1550:Code 39
1545:Code 11
1435:csx.com
861:Fortune
638:removed
623:sources
496:⁄
486:⁄
442:for red
161:Fortune
79:History
65:barcode
49:KarTrak
1933:CueCat
1923:Matrix
1897:Bokode
1810:Boxing
1756:matrix
1745:PDF417
1714:PLANET
1704:RM4SCC
1590:ITF-14
1387:
1326:
1286:
1142:Trains
1122:Trains
1000:
955:
712:Legacy
706:PDP-8s
566:modulo
437:black
336:black
264:Design
239:Demise
189:system
163:, and
1843:Other
1647:UPC-A
1442:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1347:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
875:Note:
834:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
754:Notes
695:ASCII
431:white
392:black
358:white
330:white
220:, at
196:Wabco
1892:RFID
1471:2023
1385:ISBN
1366:2023
1324:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1243:2023
1206:2023
1175:2023
1061:2023
1025:link
1011:2023
998:ISBN
966:2023
953:ISBN
914:2017
870:2023
842:2023
748:TOPS
621:any
619:cite
556:The
428:blue
341:blue
327:blue
187:RFID
185:- a
133:and
97:and
1625:UPC
990:doi
632:by
434:red
375:red
333:red
61:ACI
1978::
1461:.
1433:.
1425:;
1349:.
1270:^
1252:^
1226:.
1192:.
1151:^
1131:^
1047:.
1021:}}
1017:{{
900:.
896:.
882:^
858:.
825:.
794:^
774:,
770:,
742:.
471:0
454:0
404:-
370:8
1776:)
1772:(
1758:)
1518:e
1511:t
1504:v
1473:.
1393:.
1368:.
1332:.
1292:.
1245:.
1208:.
1177:.
1063:.
1033:.
1027:)
1013:.
992::
968:.
916:.
872:.
844:.
778:.
701:(
659:)
653:(
648:)
644:(
640:.
626:.
498:8
494:3
488:4
484:3
481:+
479:5
468:0
465:1
462:1
451:1
448:1
445:0
398:-
384:4
381:7
367:2
364:1
361:6
347:0
344:9
55:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
