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654:. This species is happy in sun or shade; however, the height of this species will depend on its exposure to sunlight. When planted in shade karo will stretch to try and find light; however, in a full sun position it tends to have a compacted habit. When in sun, this species can grow up to 3m tall; meaning in a more sheltered environment it can grow up to 6m tall. Although this species isn’t fussy about the soil type, if a karo is in
642:. The ripe seed is on the shrub for approximately six months and ripens in winter which allows plenty of time for dispersal via birds and other animals. During Spring, this species produces pale green leaves with white tomentum, which creates contrast against the old foliage with the dark leaves and red flowers.
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Karo can be found in a variety of habitats including forest margins, cliff faces, streamside and rocky areas. The tomentum on the leaf undersides allow for this species to thrive in coastal conditions because the fine hairs help reduce salt damage and prevent moisture loss. Because karo are mainly
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soil it can lose its leaves and it will become weakened. Karo are also frost sensitive whilst juvenile; however, they are able to tolerate frost and snowfalls once mature. In order for this species to thrive and have optimal plant growth and health, it should be
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meaning that they grow in clusters, similar to the shape of an umbrella. These terminals are also hairy, unlike the flowers which gives this plant extra protection from salt spray. The flowers of the karo are
694:, but this only causes aesthetic damage to the plant. However, karo does attract many animals and insects that eat the leaves and fruits. The ITIS has found that some of the main predators are;
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383:, meaning each terminal produces between 5-10 male flowers and up to 5 female flowers. A distinct feature of the karo flowers is the fragrance which “pervades the evening air”. The
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which allow for breathing. Juvenile plants often appear different from the adult form as the branchlets are covered with tomentum until they mature and become darker.
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when they are juvenile. This is because they have a very similar form when they are first putting out new growth as the plant appears almost completely grey.
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with black seeds within. In
September, when the fruit is ripe, the capsule splits into three or four valves which have an orange colouring on the inside.
1247:
Liaqat, A; Iftikhar, A; Zahoor, B; Liaqat, F; Khalid, M, A; Liaqat, F; Ali, L (2021). "Anti-Microbial
Potential of two Traditional Medicinal Plants".
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with a fragrant smell from August to
October. Towards the end of the flowering period, this species produces green capsules which develop into
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Although karo can be considered a pest, this species can be planted as a specimen tree and is also useful planted as a
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587:, they have been referred to as the most tolerant species of New Zealand's tree pittosporums of coastal conditions.
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Flora of New
Zealand. Vol.I. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones
56:
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and it was identified on the species due to the distinct yellow and brown discolouration on the leaves of the karo.
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is the distinct grey tomentum on the underside of the leaves which differs from these other species. The leaves of
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Li, D; Xu, Y.M; Zhao, Z.Q (2017). "First report of
Zeatylenchus pittosporum on Pittosporum crassifolium".
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capsule (three angled) which measures approximately 25mm x25mm and is filled with black glutinous matter.
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When in ideal growing conditions, karo can grow into small trees (up to 5 metres (16 ft)) with multiple
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on this species are approximately 5-10x2-3cm and are oval shaped, dark green and leathery with grey
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New
Zealand Trees & Shrubs, A Comprehensive Guide to Cultivation and Identification
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planted as a specimen tree in the New
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This species is self-supporting with a simple form that can grow up to 10m tall.
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potential and it was found that it can be used as a traditional remedy.
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Karo is endemic to the north part of the North Island and is found from
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During the spring to early summer, karo produce fragrant burgundy red
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that are around 10cm long with long stalks and are borne in terminal
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863:"Pittosporum crassifolium Banks & Sol. Ex A.Cunn. (Host Plant)"
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These fruits are then consumed by many different species including
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arranged and are very dense at the furthest point away from the
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1110:. Wellington: P.D. Hasselberg, Government Printer. p. 82.
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Karo's original distribution was generally the top half of the
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388:
391:) measure approximately 7-11mm x 1.5-3mm and they have small
920:
Eagle's complete trees and shrubs of New
Zealand volume one
274:(fine hairs) on the undersides of the leaves including the
1228:
Harris, Graeme (June 2002). "Our Native Plant
Invaders".
1133:
The
Gardener's Encyclopedia of New Zealand Native Plants
1017:. Auckland: Random House New Zealand. pp. 103–104.
1236:(1). Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture: 6–8.
918:
893:"Pittosporum crassifolium Banks & Sol. Ex A. Cunn"
507:
has compiled a list of these countries which includes
816:"Pittosporum crassifolium Banks & Sol. Ex A.Cunn"
414:
that are sticky and shiny and are protected inside a
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also have less undulation than these other species.
1318:
1135:. Auckland: Random House New Zealand. p. 265.
650:Karo prefer to be planted in dry and free draining
444:from other native New Zealand pittosporums such as
1273:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
977:. Nelson: Potton & Burton. pp. 532–533.
363:on karo is dark brown and black and has distinct
312:are recurved, thick and leathery (hence the name
845:Maori uses: Medicinal plants, Trees & Shrubs
783:is considered to be a "weed in cultivation" in
402:After the karo has flowered, it produces green
387:of the flower (the green part below the flower
1083:Growing New Zealand Plants, Shrubs & Trees
1015:100 Best New Zealand Native Plants for Gardens
923:. Wellington, NZ: Te Papa Press. p. 210.
742:). A study has also been conducted into a new
523:. These areas where it has been found are all
352:, and they measure approximately 4-14x1-3mm.
8:
1277:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1306:
254:family, which has over 160 species in the
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31:
1085:. Auckland: Golden Heights. p. 264.
1159:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
1081:Fisher, Muriel; Forde, Margaret (1994).
686:Karo is a tolerant plant that is mainly
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284:
897:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
807:
505:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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1131:Cave, Yvonne; Paddison, Valda (1999).
1058:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
841:"Karo, kaikaro, tarata, kōhūhū, koihu"
616:Seeds inside the split capsule of the
1076:
1074:
221:, karo, stiffleaf cheesewood, kaikaro
7:
1706:00acaab3-c416-41b6-aaf3-b3f1201aa75e
1579:e99312e3-8b44-420d-b0bd-c0ada69eb8e1
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583:found in coastal areas and near the
499:. This species has been recorded on
227:is a relatively fast-growing large
750:. This parasite was identified as
437:in areas where it is non-endemic.
25:
1182:. Wellington: Government Printer.
973:Dawson, John; Lucus, Rob (2019).
671:Predators, parasites and diseases
289:Leaf shape and green capsules of
1667:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:957688-1
1249:Annals of Punjab Medical College
332:of the leaf can vary from being
324:") and they often show signs of
202:
55:
1108:Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand
1106:Adams, N.M; Poole, A.L (1979).
690:free. It can be susceptible to
440:The main way of distinguishing
406:, that then develop into woody
1230:The New Zealand Garden Journal
773:Karo are often mistaken for a
1:
503:in many other countries. The
955:. Auckland: Reed Publishing.
623:The karo produces dark red
608:during the flowering period
1763:
1157:"Pittosporum crassifolium"
1054:"Pittosporum crassifolium"
975:New Zealand's Native Trees
235:with an erect, fastigiate
1215:10.1007/s13314-017-0235-8
348:between the leaf and the
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1569:Pittosporum~crassifolium
1439:Pittosporum crassifolium
1350:Pittosporum crassifolium
1320:Pittosporum crassifolium
792:Pittosporum crassifolium
781:Pittosporum crassifolium
752:Zeatylenchus pittosporum
748:Pittosporum crassifolium
680:Pittosporum crassifolium
618:Pittosporum crassifolium
606:Pittosporum crassifolium
473:Pittosporum crassifolium
458:Pittosporum crassifolium
442:Pittosporum crassifolium
340:(sharp and tapered) The
291:Pittosporum crassifolium
248:Pittosporum crassifolium
219:Pittosporum crassifolium
183:Pittosporum crassifolium
36:Pittosporum crassifolium
1296:Jepson Manual Treatment
790:A study in 2021 tested
700:Emadera novaeseelandiae
667:at least once a year.
604:Foliage and flowers of
453:Pittosporum eugenioides
447:Pittosporum tenuifolium
336:(blunt and rounded) to
1263:(inactive 2024-09-18).
1261:10.29054/APMC/2021.469
1195:Australasian Plant Dis
917:Eagle, Audrey (2008).
849:University of Auckland
758:Additional information
728:black tailed bumblebee
720:common bushtail possum
683:
620:
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316:which translates from
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1013:Eadie, Fiona (2004).
951:Metcalf, L.J (1972).
724:Trichosurus vulpecula
678:
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250:is part of the wider
1747:Trees of New Zealand
736:New Zealand bellbird
596:Life cycle/phenology
477:Coromandel Peninsula
165:P. crassifolium
1207:2017AuPDN..12...10L
708:Zosterops lateralis
256:southern hemisphere
1178:Alan, H.H (1961).
740:Anthornis melanura
732:Bombus melanopygus
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399:along the margin.
395:(hairs) and brown
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239:. It is native to
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1613:Open Tree of Life
1312:Taxon identifiers
984:978-0-947503-98-7
712:western honey bee
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1161:. Retrieved
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1061:. Retrieved
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823:. Retrieved
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663:back to the
649:
646:Growth habit
633:
622:
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581:
556:South Island
533:
509:South Africa
485:North Island
482:
472:
457:
451:
445:
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427:North Island
420:
401:
369:
354:
328:damage. The
314:crassifolium
313:
295:
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265:
247:
245:
237:growth habit
224:
218:
217:
216:
196:
182:
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164:
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114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
1742:Pittosporum
1641:kew-2570918
1525:NatureServe
1473:iNaturalist
1344:Wikispecies
656:waterlogged
542:and in the
540:Poverty Bay
529:adaptations
501:iNaturalist
431:New Zealand
410:with black
308:. The leaf
302:alternately
262:Description
241:New Zealand
152:Pittosporum
95:Angiosperms
18:Karo (tree)
1736:Categories
1636:Plant List
1371:Calflora:
867:Plant-SyNZ
802:References
785:California
734:) and the
572:indigenous
536:North Cape
320:to "thick
1335:Q15589244
768:windbreak
746:found on
704:silvereye
665:leaf node
421:Although
416:trigonous
408:seed pods
397:tomentose
381:unisexual
365:lenticels
231:or small
159:Species:
65:Kingdom:
1701:VicFlora
1564:NSWFlora
1530:2.129829
1504:10665308
1491:957688-1
1329:Wikidata
1063:15 March
902:15 March
872:16 March
825:15 March
766:or as a
744:parasite
692:psyllids
629:seedpods
544:Kermadec
531:it has.
513:Portugal
495:and the
404:capsules
344:are the
342:petioles
300:and are
276:petioles
272:tomentum
200:A.Cunn.
137:Family:
121:Asterids
108:Eudicots
1452:2986285
1203:Bibcode
820:nzflora
640:possums
625:flowers
591:Ecology
578:Habitat
574:birds.
560:Chatham
554:in the
552:species
525:coastal
521:America
517:England
423:endemic
372:flowers
310:margins
147:Genus:
131:Apiales
127:Order:
69:Plantae
1693:3479-4
1649:PLANTS
1618:260077
1605:120668
1576:NZOR:
1556:317701
1517:504426
1426:177875
1400:486199
1364:116745
1201:(10).
1163:28 May
1139:
1114:
1089:
1021:
981:
927:
775:feijoa
661:pruned
568:exotic
493:Hawaii
385:sepals
376:umbels
359:. The
357:trunks
334:obtuse
326:insect
298:simple
268:leaves
225:kihiki
192:&
1688:SANBI
1680:13187
1628:12750
1625:PFI:
1587:NZPCN
1499:IRMNG
1478:78590
1465:28729
1434:FoAO2
1421:EUNIS
1413:PTUCR
1387:4JC5H
764:hedge
464:Range
412:seeds
393:cilia
346:stalk
338:acute
318:Latin
229:shrub
208:]
204:[
190:Banks
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1662:POWO
1654:PICR
1592:1133
1551:NCBI
1512:ITIS
1486:IPNI
1460:GRIN
1447:GBIF
1408:EPPO
1374:6545
1359:APNI
1279:link
1275:link
1165:2012
1137:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1065:2023
1019:ISBN
979:ISBN
925:ISBN
904:2023
874:2023
827:2023
794:for
770:.
688:pest
652:soil
638:and
636:rats
570:and
562:and
546:and
519:and
450:and
435:weed
361:bark
350:stem
330:apex
322:leaf
306:stem
278:and
266:The
233:tree
194:Sol.
1714:WFO
1675:RHS
1538:NBN
1395:EoL
1382:CoL
1257:doi
1211:doi
726:),
718:),
710:),
702:),
696:Tui
585:sea
538:to
429:of
389:bud
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223:or
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