203:
1650:
The verb in Karajá grammar always agrees with the subject of the sentence, as it does in French for example; these agreements are determined by the past and present tense (also known as realis) or future, potential, and admonitory tenses (also known as irrealis). Verbs have no lexical opposites (such
2286:
Karajá language is characterized both by the reduction of valence and by the increase in valence. Valence increase happens through causitivization and through oblique promotion while valence decrease happens through reflixivatization, passivization, and antipassivization (Ribeiro 2012).
313:. Phonologically, it is set apart from the other dialects (Javaé and Xambioá) by the occurrence of the vowel /ə/ (not represented in the orthography), which corresponds to a full vowel in Javaé and Xambioá whose quality is a copy of the vowel of the next syllable. For example, Karajá
1651:
as in vs. out) and direction is represented through inflection; all Karajá verbs can inflect for direction. Verbs are either transitive or intransitive and the valence of each verb, therefore, may increase or decrease depending on their status as transitive or intransitive.
818:(a western tributary of the Araguaia), which makes it the northernmost variety of Karajá. Ribeiro (2012) reports that there were only 8 fluent speakers in 1998, all of them elderly. Phonologically, Xambioá is characterized by the progressive palatalization of
1335:. In fact, almost all occurrences of can be explained by the operation of these two processes; for these reasons, Ribeiro (2012) argues that have no phonemic status. Under this analysis, Karajá has only twelve consonant phonemes, eight of which are
2169:. Direction, rather, is marked by a set of prefixes that determine whether the event in the sentence is happening away from or toward the speaker. Centrifugal direction (away from the speaker) is characterized by means of the prefix
1659:
Nouns can be incorporated into verbs to create noun-verb compounds with the noun being placed into the verb. Any noun can be turned into a verb with the use of a suffix and action nouns can be created with the use of the verb stem.
710:, a smaller branch of the Araguaia, though historically the Javaé inhabited the interior of the Bananal island, until at least the first half of the 20th century. The Javaé are referred to by the Karajá proper as
808:. In addition, Javaé has less genderlectal differences than Karajá and Xambioá, as in many cases the Javaé women systematically use forms that are restricted to the male genderlect in other dialects.
2828:
Reduplication refers to the repetition of word categories to convey a certain meaning. In the case of the Karajá language, reduplication occurs with nouns and is used to convey plurality:
1637:
It is hypothesized (Ribeiro 2012) that in the past this process of the k-drop became a sign of masculinity and women resisted it in order to keep a more conservative form of speech.
6970:
5656:
2637:
Passives are described as the change of a clause from a transitive to an intransitive sentence through the demotion of the subject. Passive verbs are marked either by the prefix
6958:
5637:
7001:
6965:
4993:
6948:
4120:
644:‘curassow’, and other word pairs. Northern Karajá also differs from Southern Karajá in using different habitual markers for different persons (first person
6953:
4025:
Fortune, David & Fortune, Gretchen (1963). The phonemes of the Karajá language (manuscript). Rio de
Janeiro: Arquivo Lingüístico do Museu Nacional.
568:) village and further to the north. There are few differences between Northern and Southern Karajá. Examples of lexical differences include N(orthern)
6856:
6415:
5615:
6803:
6996:
5630:
832:‘fox’ (unlike in Karajá, this does not lead to a neutralization with ). Another phonological feature of Xambioá is the occurrence of the oral
5650:
6364:
5265:
5646:
4986:
2177:. All the verbs in the Karajá language — even those that do not convey the semantics of movement — obligatorily inflect for direction.
4092:
1063:
6823:
6228:
5623:
4113:
6778:
6788:
5686:
6975:
6843:
5908:
4225:
3944:
Karajá, Hatawaki; Karajá, Juanahu; Karajá, Leandro; Karajá; Karajá, Teribre; Karajá, Wadoi; Karajá, Woubedu (10 January 2013).
212:
6132:
3903:
4075:
6798:
6793:
6608:
6217:
4979:
3108:
is not used with pronouns but rather functions as a noun to pluralize a group of people, as shown in the following example:
3068:), functions as a first person plural inclusive pronoun to include those outside of a specific group. According to Ribeiro,
2406:
In Karajá, it is possible to demote a patient of a transitive verb to peripheral status by means of the antipassive prefix
1949:. When pluralized, the first person plural has both an inclusive and exclusive interpretation as in the following examples:
6897:
6521:
3429:
724:
loans than other Karajá dialects. Phonologically, Javaé is characterized by the occurrence of /e/ corresponding to Karajá
6828:
6808:
5126:
7006:
6743:
4106:
3499:
language. Ribeiro (2012) identifies a number of Karajá loanwords in Mẽbêngôkre, especially in the dialect spoken by the
189:
6783:
6267:
3453:
883:
6818:
6768:
6332:
5927:
5327:
5044:
4240:
3945:
6932:
6773:
6659:
6574:
6337:
6117:
6014:
556:
Karajá proper is further subdivided into
Northern and Southern Karajá. Southern Karajá is spoken in the Fontoura (
6758:
4838:
4828:
3608:
5196:
4487:
4376:
263:
There are distinct male and female forms of speech; one of the principal differences is that men drop the sound
6733:
6728:
6283:
222:
5216:
5121:
5060:
4864:
4593:
3496:
3449:
668:
for all three persons. In addition, there is a difference regarding the occurrence of the centripetal prefix (
2629:
In these examples, the patient is coreferential with the agent (that is, they refer to the same individual).
6763:
5746:
5306:
5151:
4859:
4472:
4169:
4148:
31:
680:. In Northern Karajá (just like in Javaé and Xambioá), it occurs only once, after the first person prefix:
6917:
6877:
6753:
6748:
6738:
6723:
6261:
6189:
6033:
5969:
5947:
5912:
1859:
1850:
1778:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1485:
1481:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1140:
1102:
1098:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
837:
823:
819:
815:
733:
729:
725:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
428:
418:
408:
398:
388:
378:
368:
354:
344:
330:
320:
264:
5116:
4000:
3984:
3623:
6927:
6907:
6892:
6851:
6813:
6598:
6550:
6435:
6162:
6092:
6029:
4714:
6374:
5848:
5713:
5028:
5002:
4439:
4215:
2802:
When referring to nouns, plurality is expressed through three processes: reduplication, the pluralizer
116:
1480:
Some examples of the differences between men's and women's speech, especially the presence or lack of
6902:
6882:
6684:
6618:
6479:
6423:
6272:
5995:
5855:
5539:
5501:
5447:
5384:
5321:
5167:
4869:
4843:
4773:
4722:
4658:
4628:
4502:
4391:
4143:
3573:
3425:
3397:
3352:
3330:
3196:
3081:
3048:
2967:
2786:
2722:
2621:
2543:
2471:
2390:
2105:
2034:
1934:
1835:
1763:
1352:
721:
6922:
6887:
6861:
6379:
6354:
6247:
6183:
6139:
6088:
6078:
5921:
5773:
5731:
5515:
5442:
5360:
5295:
5178:
5111:
5068:
4823:
4768:
4727:
4633:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4361:
4323:
4318:
4255:
4129:
1405:
1227:
5132:
4648:
6675:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6613:
6555:
6467:
6440:
6342:
6325:
6196:
6172:
6127:
6110:
6073:
6068:
5883:
5766:
5726:
5675:
5479:
5434:
5424:
4895:
4681:
4613:
4603:
4522:
4419:
4275:
4207:
279:
6493:
5890:
5869:
5583:
5560:
5546:
5391:
5377:
5370:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5315:
5283:
5050:
4793:
4748:
4732:
4588:
4517:
4507:
4381:
4346:
4270:
4082:
Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KARAJÁ
4029:
6912:
6833:
6560:
6533:
6500:
6446:
6395:
6311:
6277:
6251:
6223:
6208:
6144:
6050:
6043:
5834:
5781:
5759:
5752:
5695:
5553:
5419:
5250:
5224:
5160:
5106:
5083:
5019:
4930:
4885:
4778:
4758:
4671:
4608:
4570:
4547:
4532:
4527:
4512:
4477:
4429:
4333:
4285:
4280:
4250:
4245:
4230:
1459:
1443:
1347:
1336:
1293:
1273:
1184:
1163:
1150:
1119:
690:‘I brought it’. In Southern Karajá, it occurs twice, both before and after the person prefix:
358:
275:
4061:
Rodrigues, Aryon D. (1999) "Macro-Jê". In R. M. W. Dixon and
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.),
480:
441:/. Another phonological feature unique to Karajá proper is the progressive palatalization of
6664:
6631:
6587:
6568:
6514:
6473:
6453:
6369:
6318:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6234:
6150:
6063:
6057:
6008:
5940:
5933:
5876:
5862:
5841:
5807:
5802:
5741:
5702:
5572:
5528:
5489:
5274:
5229:
5173:
5093:
4955:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4763:
4753:
4666:
4580:
4537:
4497:
4424:
4414:
4406:
4386:
4371:
4351:
4308:
4295:
4265:
4235:
4220:
4181:
4164:
3503:
group; the source of these loanwords is thought to be the Xambioá dialect. Examples include
3500:
2313:‘to walk’ is first nominalized by means of the process of consonantal replacement, yielding
1359:
1135:
1130:
253:
88:
38:
4084:
4052:
Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail. (2002) "Direction in Karajá". In Rosa María Ortiz
Ciscomani, ed.,
1339:. The chart below illustrates the phonemic inventory of Karajá assuming are not phonemic.
562:) village and further to the south, whereas Northern Karajá is spoken in the São Domingos (
6690:
6624:
6460:
6404:
6178:
6122:
5975:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5495:
5289:
5205:
5101:
5073:
4960:
4950:
4925:
4905:
4890:
4803:
4798:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4643:
4623:
4598:
4492:
4462:
4396:
4366:
4341:
4313:
4260:
4076:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060320120656/http://indian-cultures.com/Cultures/karaja.html
3604:
2479:
Reflexivity in the Karajá language is marked by the reflexive prefix with two allomorphs,
1366:
1206:
1145:
108:
6100:
6096:
5721:
5010:
4555:
3445:
3283:
2173:
while centripetal direction (toward the speaker) is characterized by means of the prefix
1817:
1745:
892:‘paper’ (in Karajá and Javaé, the term for ‘skin, bark, cloth’ is used instead: Karajá ♀
707:
3178:
3026:
2937:
2768:
2704:
2696:
2453:
2372:
2083:
2004:
1904:
6718:
6697:
6580:
6543:
6507:
6001:
5987:
5963:
5956:
5606:
5508:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4833:
4788:
4783:
4689:
4565:
4356:
4186:
4005:
3612:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3174:
3170:
3162:
2941:
2933:
2764:
2756:
2700:
2692:
2599:
2591:
2517:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2008:
2000:
1912:
1900:
1625:) person pronouns differ based on gender of the speaker, but the second person pronoun
1373:
310:
306:
77:
181:
6990:
6486:
6429:
6389:
5590:
5078:
4638:
4303:
1066:
5897:
4560:
2295:
Unergative verbs may be causativized by means of suffixing the causativizer suffix
517:. Examples of lexical differences between Karajá proper and other dialects include
2814:‘people, group’. In verbs, plurality is marked through the use of the pluralizer
927:
677:
202:
194:
17:
3338:‘Came’, in this example, is pluralized to indicate that many individuals came.
4034:
Ribeiro, Eduard Rivail. (2000) " vowel harmony and palatalization in Karajá".
3876:
3871:
2153:
Direction in the Karajá language does not have any lexical opposites, such as
811:
295:
283:
271:
4058:
Ribeiro, Eduardo (2012). A Grammar of Karajá. University of
Chicago, Chicago.
2398:
The man in this example is the causer who makes the child, the causee, walk.
4618:
1421:
1382:
1246:
1157:
833:
334:
174:
158:
3922:
Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (2001–2002). "Empréstimos Tupi-Guarani em Karajá".
1634:
is an exception to this rule, and is pronounced the same by men and women.
1484:(including in borrowings from Portuguese), follow. Note that men maintain
165:
4088:
3626:(1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Karajá and Javajé.
1438:
1268:
617:
299:
230:
218:
2113:
Possessive pronouns are not used but are instead marked by affixes (ie.
4176:
2253:
2245:
2205:
2197:
1387:
717:
490:
226:
4098:
3250:
3145:
3018:
2075:
814:
is spoken on the east bank of the
Araguaia, close to the mouth of the
4971:
4900:
716:, a term otherwise used to non-Karajá indigenous peoples such as the
257:
67:
4065:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3989:(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
3603:
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
1908:
1803:
1731:
3022:
2649:
in the vowel-initial stems that belong to the so called ɗ-class):
2079:
958:
also triggers the occurrence of the nasal allophones of preceding
919:
882:. Some Xambioá words are not found in other dialects, such as the
3291:
2257:
2209:
3986:
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
3235:
functions to pluralize verbs as shown in the following example:
3030:
2660:
2423:
2087:
1943:
These pronouns can be pluralized with the use of the pluralizer
5619:
4975:
4102:
3312:
3308:
3275:
2994:
2945:
2905:
2760:
2574:
2051:
2012:
1972:
934:. The Javaé and Xambioá dialects differ from Karajá in lacking
3396:‘garbage (Javaé dialect)’) as well as several Karajá loans in
3324:
3.AL=EMPH 3-CTPT-move(PL)=CTPT-PLURAL=CTPT-IMP 3.LOC=story=LOC
3304:
3267:
3246:
3166:
3158:
3141:
2949:
2929:
2752:
2738:
2688:
2674:
2595:
2587:
2525:
2513:
2437:
2352:
2249:
2241:
2201:
2193:
2016:
1996:
1896:
1319:
are palatalized to when adjacent to high vowels. Consonants
2794:
Here, the subject ‘mother’ is demoted in the second example.
1101:
may optionally block the further spread of the feature: or
4030:
http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/karaja
3193:‘Firing their guns, the Karajá ran after them, it is said.’
2603:
2570:
2521:
2360:
1916:
3254:
2144:- ‘that (distant from both the speaker and the addressee)’
286:
for direction as well as person, mood, object, and voice.
229:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
37:"Karayá language" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4054:
Vi encuentro internacional de lingüística en el noroeste.
3969:
3967:
3056:
In addition, the latter example shows how the pluralizer
2307:
to the nominalized verb. In the example below, the verb
720:, but clearly speak a variety of Karajá. Javaé has more
3439:
3433:
1089:
undergo the harmony in an iterative manner (as in → /ɾ
3858:(Ph.D. dissertation). Chicago: University of Chicago.
3495:
Karajá has also contacted with the distantly related
2119:= ‘my’) and there are three demonstrative pronouns:
6941:
6870:
6842:
6711:
6673:
6597:
6531:
6414:
6353:
6246:
6206:
6160:
6087:
6027:
5985:
5907:
5795:
5712:
5685:
5665:
5570:
5526:
5478:
5460:
5433:
5412:
5405:
5358:
5305:
5273:
5264:
5242:
5215:
5195:
5150:
5092:
5059:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5009:
4878:
4852:
4816:
4741:
4713:
4680:
4657:
4579:
4546:
4438:
4405:
4332:
4294:
4206:
4197:
4157:
4136:
188:
172:
156:
151:
130:
105:
95:
83:
73:
63:
56:
46:
4028:Museo do Índio (2016). Karajá/Iny. Retrieved from
4004:
2883:is used to pluralize the three personal pronouns:
1327:. In addition, in the Karajá proper dialect only,
676:, phonologically /d-/) in the first person of the
305:Karajá proper is spoken on the main course of the
4007:Classification of South American Indian languages
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3190:people group 3.AL 3-CTFG-INTR-run-VERB=CTFG-IMPRF
2716:REL-mother 1-clothes 3-CTFG-TRANS-wash=CTFG-PROGR
942:is nasalized word initially and when preceded by
3907:. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3595:
3589:
3075:
535:‘sugarcane’, corresponding to Javaé and Xambioá
3917:
3915:
3913:
294:Dialects are Northern Karajá, Southern Karajá,
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
1589:The first (Northern Karajá, Javaé, Xambioá: ♀
1331:are progressively palatalized to following a
5631:
4987:
4114:
1928:he armadillo 3-CTFG-TRANS-eat=NEG=CTFG-IMPERF
1323:have nasal allophones when occurring before
840:(i.e., ) where other dialects have : Xambioá
8:
3583:
3577:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3230:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3057:
2878:
2869:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2644:
2638:
2486:
2480:
2407:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2114:
1944:
1854:
1845:
1773:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
905:
899:
893:
887:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
827:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
711:
691:
681:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
484:
474:
468:
462:
432:
422:
412:
402:
392:
382:
372:
362:
348:
338:
324:
314:
247:
240:
3983:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).
3939:
3937:
3321:/ɗabə̄=le ∅-d-∅-ɔɪ=d-ɛdə̄=d-e ɗʊ=idʒɨɨ=bə̄/
1081:) located further to the right. The vowels
5982:
5709:
5682:
5638:
5624:
5616:
5409:
5270:
5212:
5192:
5089:
5033:
5024:
5015:
4994:
4980:
4972:
4203:
4121:
4107:
4099:
4011:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
3630:
3062:, when combined with the noun for people (
2384:man child 3-CTFG-walk-CAUS-VERB=CTFG-PROGR
1490:
1077:) by the influence of a ATR vowel (one of
381:/ ‘gourd’ correspond to Javaé and Xambioá
201:
43:
5647:Indigenous language families and isolates
3444:‘White man’). Some loans from one of the
7002:Indigenous languages of Central Amazonia
3210:) becomes pluralized through the use of
2615:Man REFL=LOC 3-CTFG-INTR-see=CTFG-IMPERF
2096:/idə̃ boho {kədʊɾa ɾək-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾ-ɛdə̃=kɾe/}
1341:
1124:
976:
3904:Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo
3775:
3074:serves the same function as the phrase
2958:/dɪaɾə̃ boho kədʊɾa a-ɾ-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾɛdə̃=kɾe/
2381:/habu kʊladʊ ∅-ɾ-ɪ-ɾia-dəkə̃-də̃=ɾ-ɛɾɪ/
2099:{Karajá PL} fish 1PL.INCL-TRANS-eat=POT
2025:/dɪaɾə̃ boho kədʊɾa a-ɾ-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾɛdə̃=kɾe/
1586:, and so becomes /ia/ in men's speech.
1118:The chart below contains the consonant
223:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3039:/idə̃ boho kədʊɾa ɾək-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾ-ɛdə̃=kɾe/
2961:I PL fish 1-CTFG-TRANS-eat=CTFG-PL=FUT
2465:REL-mother 3-CTFG-ANTI-wash=CTFG-PROGR
2028:I PL fish 1-CTFG-TRANS-eat=CTFG-PL=FUT
946:or a voiced stop (except in Xambioá):
732:preceding a syllable which contains a
5074:Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)
3867:
3865:
3327:‘They came to him to tell the story.’
3187:/idə̄ bãhãdʊ ɗabə̃ ∅-r-a-ɔrʊ-də̃=r-e/
3042:Karajá PL fish 1PL.INCL-TRANS-eat=POT
2780:1-clothes 3-CTFG-PASS-wash=CTFG-PROGR
1344:
129:
7:
4036:Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics.
1488:in at least one grammatical ending.
274:, with simple noun and more complex
3539:‘puba flour’, borrowed from Karajá
3229:As mentioned above, the pluralizer
2468:‘My mother is washing (something).’
2387:‘The man is making the child walk.’
1668:There are three personal pronouns:
256:in some thirty villages in central
4093:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
3615:language families due to contact.
3456:) have also been found, including
3329:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
3195:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
3047:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2966:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2785:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2721:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2719:‘My mother is washing my clothes.’
2620:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2542:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2470:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2389:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2104:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
2033:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1933:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1834:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1762:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1475:
27:Macro-Je language spoken in Brazil
25:
3515:(Xikrin dialect) ‘tobacco pipe’,
3351:Ribeiro (2012) finds a number of
3204:In the above sentence, ‘Karajá’ (
2136:- ‘that (close to the addressee)’
706:Javaé is currently spoken by the
3854:Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail (2012).
2713:/d-ãdɪ wa-ɗəkɨ ∅-ɾ-ɪ-θʊhɔ=ɾ-ɛɾɪ/
1069:which causes the non-ATR vowels
662:), whereas Southern Karajá uses
267:, which is pronounced by women.
3045:‘We (inclusive) will eat fish.’
2964:‘We (exclusive) will eat fish.’
2102:‘We (inclusive) will eat fish.’
2031:‘We (exclusive) will eat fish.’
3946:"Dicionário Multimídia Karajá"
3924:Revista do Museu Antropológico
3096:In contrast to the pluralizer
2955:Diarỹ boho kdùra ãriròrènykre.
2783:‘My clothes are being washed.’
2093:Iny boho {kdùra rkiròrènykre.}
2022:Diarỹ boho kdùra ãriròrènykre.
760:‘to put’ correspond to Karajá
1:
3355:loanwords in Karajá (such as
2402:Valence-decreasing morphology
3892:Rodrigues (1999), pp. 187–88
3424:‘Irabure ceremonial mask’),
3036:Iny boho kdùra rkiròrènykre.
2612:/habu iθi=bə̄ ∅-ɾ-∅-obi=ɾ-e/
2534:/dɪkaɾə̄ ka-ɾ-eθi-θʊhɔ=kəɾe/
2378:Hãbu kùladù ririradkỹnyrèri.
1844:Third person (‘he/she/it’):
3486:‘paper (Xambioá dialect)’,
3390:‘Txakohi ceremonial mask’,
2301:plus the verbalizer suffix
2072:kədʊɾa ɾək-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾ-ɛdə̃=kɾe/
1931:‘He doesn’t eat armadillo.’
7023:
6997:Nuclear Macro-Jê languages
6365:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
3318:Tamyle dòidènyde tuijyymy.
2808:, and the use of the noun
2777:/wa-ɗəkɨ ∅-ɾ-a-θʊhɔ=ɾ-ɛɾɪ/
2645:
2643:(or by its zero allomorph
2349:∅-ɾ-ɪ-ɾia-dəkə̃-də̃=ɾ-ɛɾɪ/
1925:/ɗəkɪ ɔhã ∅-ɾ-ɪ-ɾɔ=kõ=ɾ-e/
1832:‘Not me, but you instead.’
1760:‘Not me, but you instead.’
1582:derives historically from
36:
29:
5600:
4839:Paulista General Language
3973:Rodrigues (1999), pg. 177
3184:Iny mahãdù tamy ròrùnyre.
2319:, and then causativized.
1468:
1437:
1381:
1351:
1267:
1156:
1127:
1097:ɾe/ ‘I ate it’), whether
918:Karajá has thirteen oral
209:
200:
51:
2269:3-CTPT-INTR-die=CTPT-IMP
2221:3-CTFG-INTR-die=CTFG-IMP
1616:, ♂ optional male form:
1527:karitxakre /kaɾitʃa-kɾe/
1476:Men's and women's speech
4149:Brazilian Sign Language
4063:The Amazonian Languages
3901:Nikulin, Andrey. 2020.
3882:(subscription required)
3584:
3578:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3440:
3434:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3297:
3260:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3212:
3206:
3151:
3134:
3123:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3089:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3011:
3000:
2987:
2976:
2922:
2911:
2898:
2887:
2879:
2870:
2843:
2832:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2745:
2731:
2681:
2667:
2653:
2639:
2580:
2563:
2552:
2506:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2462:/d-ādɪ ∅-ɾ-ɔ-θʊhɔ=ɾɛɾɪ/
2430:
2416:
2408:
2345:
2334:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2234:
2186:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2068:
2057:
2043:
1989:
1978:
1965:
1954:
1945:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1855:
1853:(♂ optional male form:
1846:
1809:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1772:Second person (‘you’):
1737:
1724:
1713:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
906:
900:
894:
888:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
828:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
712:
692:
682:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
485:
475:
469:
463:
433:
423:
413:
403:
393:
383:
373:
363:
349:
339:
325:
315:
248:
241:
32:Karaja (disambiguation)
6966:Unclassified languages
5179:Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)
3596:
3590:
3454:Língua Geral Amazônica
3076:
2710:Nadi watky risùhòrèri.
2618:‘The man saw himself.’
2537:I 1-CTFG-REFL-wash=FUT
1672:First person (‘I’): ♀
1085:are opaque. Note that
1073:to become more tense (
884:Língua Geral Amazônica
211:This article contains
6536:, Bolivia, and Chile)
6357:(west-central Brazil)
4844:Portunhol fronteiriço
3588:‘suit, jacket’ (from
3450:Língua Geral Paulista
2540:‘I will wash myself.’
2531:Dikarỹ karexisuhokre.
1826:/dɪaɾə̃ aõkõ, kai=ɗa/
1754:/dɪaɾə̃ aõkõ, kai=ɗa/
1598:; Southern Karajá: ♀
742:‘to raise, to feed’,
3574:Brazilian Portuguese
3533:‘relative, friend’,
3509:(Kayapó dialect) or
3082:Brazilian Portuguese
3080:, commonly found in
3015:ɾək-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾ-ɛdə̃=kɾe/
2491:(on postpositions):
2224:‘He died (thither).’
1690:(Southern Karajá: ♀
748:‘bottom, buttocks’,
493:’ and Javaé/Xambioá
30:For other uses, see
7007:Languages of Brazil
6959:Marañón River basin
6824:Tequiraca–Canichana
6804:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
5266:Trans–São Francisco
4130:Languages of Brazil
4080:Alain Fabre, 2005,
3856:A grammar of Karajá
3600:), are also found.
3361:‘carrying basket’,
3264:∅-d-∅-ɔɪ=d-ɛdə̄=d-e
2926:a-ɾ-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾɛdə̃=kɾe/
2510:ka-ɾ-eθi-θʊhɔ=kəɾe/
2272:‘He died (hither).’
2069:kdùra rkiròrènykre.
1993:a-ɾ-ɪ-ɾɔ=ɾɛdə̃=kɾe/
1109:‘I drove it away’.
864:‘canoe’ vs. Karajá
272:verb-final language
252:, is spoken by the
6779:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
6712:Proposed groupings
5666:Language families
5003:Macro-Jê languages
4594:Gavião of Jiparaná
4158:Regional languages
3521:‘kind of basket’,
3492:‘money (dated)’).
3430:Asuriní of Trocará
3384:‘parakeet (sp.)’,
3155:∅-r-a-ɔrʊ-də̃=r-e/
2609:Hãbu iximy robire.
1823:Diarỹ aõkõ, kaita.
1751:Diarỹ aõkõ, kaita.
1530:ariakre /aɾia-kɾe/
1062:This language has
280:noun incorporation
6984:
6983:
6954:Extinct languages
6707:
6706:
6023:
6022:
5791:
5790:
5660:
5613:
5612:
5607:extinct languages
5502:Bororo of Cabaçal
5456:
5455:
5401:
5400:
5260:
5259:
5238:
5237:
5230:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
4969:
4968:
4812:
4811:
4498:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
4137:Official language
4001:Loukotka, Čestmír
3880:(18th ed., 2015)
3765:
3764:
3619:Sample vocabulary
2774:Watky rasùhòrèri.
2749:∅-ɾ-a-θʊhɔ=ɾ-ɛɾɪ/
2685:∅-ɾ-ɪ-θʊhɔ=ɾ-ɛɾɪ/
1922:Tki ohã riròkõre.
1576:
1575:
1568:(from Portuguese
1473:
1472:
1462:
1446:
1424:
1408:
1390:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1313:
1312:
1296:
1276:
1249:
1230:
1209:
1187:
1166:
1060:
1059:
904:, Karajá/Javaé ♂
822:to following an
461:: compare Karajá
276:verbal morphology
237:
236:
219:rendering support
215:phonetic symbols.
101:2,700 (2006)
16:(Redirected from
7014:
6976:Linguistic areas
6844:Linguistic areas
6386:? Mura–Matanawí
6133:Andoque–Urequena
5983:
5710:
5683:
5654:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5617:
5410:
5271:
5213:
5193:
5090:
5034:
5025:
5016:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4973:
4204:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4100:
4046:
4013:
4012:
4010:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3952:. Museu do Índio
3941:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3631:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3443:
3437:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3347:Language contact
3334:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3234:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3147:
3143:
3107:
3102:, the noun word
3101:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3052:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
2996:
2971:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2907:
2882:
2873:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2790:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2740:
2726:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2662:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2625:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2547:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2490:
2485:̣(on verbs) and
2484:
2475:
2459:Nadi ròsùhòrèri.
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:∅-ɾ-ɔ-θʊhɔ=ɾɛɾɪ/
2425:
2411:
2394:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2346:ririradkỹnyrèri.
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2291:Valence increase
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2053:
2038:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1974:
1948:
1938:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:∅-ɾ-ɪ-ɾɔ=kõ=ɾ-e/
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1839:
1829:I NEG you=ASSERT
1819:
1805:
1780:
1777:
1767:
1757:I NEG you=ASSERT
1747:
1733:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1460:
1444:
1422:
1406:
1388:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1294:
1274:
1247:
1226:
1205:
1183:
1162:
1125:
1122:used in Karajá.
1108:
1100:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
977:
974:→ 'my mother'.
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:→ 'armadillo'.
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
924:/iɪeɛɨ̘ɨɘəauʊoɔ/
909:
903:
897:
891:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
831:
825:
821:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
731:
727:
715:
703:‘I brought it’.
702:
689:
667:
661:
655:
650:, second person
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
615:
609:
604:‘prostitute’, N
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
488:
478:
472:
466:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
430:
426:
420:
416:
410:
406:
400:
396:
390:
386:
380:
376:
370:
366:
356:
352:
346:
342:
332:
328:
322:
318:
266:
251:
246:, also known as
244:
205:
184:
168:
161:
111:
44:
39:Karay-a language
21:
18:Karaja languages
7022:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7011:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6937:
6866:
6838:
6799:Mataco–Guaicuru
6794:Katembri–Taruma
6759:Macro-Puinavean
6744:Macro-Otomákoan
6703:
6669:
6609:Mataco–Guaicuru
6593:
6527:
6410:
6349:
6242:
6218:Sechura–Catacao
6207:Pacific coast (
6202:
6161:Pacific coast (
6156:
6083:
6019:
5981:
5903:
5787:
5708:
5681:
5667:
5661:
5659:classification)
5653:
5644:
5614:
5609:
5596:
5566:
5522:
5474:
5452:
5429:
5397:
5354:
5328:Ritual Maxakalí
5301:
5256:
5234:
5211:
5183:
5152:Central (Akuwẽ)
5138:
5088:
5055:
5045:Southern Kayapó
5005:
5000:
4970:
4965:
4874:
4848:
4808:
4737:
4709:
4676:
4653:
4575:
4542:
4434:
4401:
4328:
4290:
4199:
4193:
4153:
4132:
4127:
4072:
4049:pp. 80–89.
4044:
4043:Proceedings of
4022:
4017:
4016:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3870:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3777:
3772:
3621:
3609:Puinave-Nadahup
3572:Loanwords from
3527:‘song, chant’,
3418:‘turtle stew’,
3378:‘macaw (sp.)’,
3349:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3316:
3295:
3258:
3227:
3202:
3194:
3182:
3149:
3132:
3121:
3094:
3054:
3046:
3034:
3009:
2998:
2985:
2973:
2965:
2953:
2920:
2909:
2896:
2877:The pluralizer
2875:
2865:
2852:
2841:
2826:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2772:
2743:
2728:
2720:
2708:
2679:
2665:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2607:
2578:
2561:
2549:
2541:
2529:
2504:
2477:
2469:
2457:
2428:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2376:
2343:
2332:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2266:/∅-d-∅-ʊɾʊ=d-e/
2261:
2238:/∅-d-∅-ʊɾʊ=d-e/
2226:
2218:/∅-ɾ-∅-ʊɾʊ=ɾ-e/
2213:
2190:/∅-ɾ-∅-ʊɾʊ=ɾ-e/
2151:
2111:
2103:
2091:
2066:
2055:
2040:
2032:
2020:
1987:
1976:
1963:
1940:
1932:
1920:
1887:
1876:
1841:
1833:
1821:
1807:
1794:
1769:
1761:
1749:
1735:
1722:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1601:dikarỹ, ♂ diarỹ
1592:jikarỹ, ♂ jiarỹ
1567:
1538:bèraku /bɛɾaku/
1516:kòlùkò /kɔlʊkɔ/
1478:
1315:The consonants
1117:
1114:
916:
656:, third person
457:) following an
292:
217:Without proper
180:
164:
157:
139:Southern Karajá
126:
112:
109:Language family
107:
98:
97:Native speakers
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7020:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6989:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6971:Classification
6968:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6857:Mamoré–Guaporé
6854:
6848:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6829:Wamo–Chapakura
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6809:Moseten–Chonan
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6734:Macro-Chibchan
6731:
6729:Macro-Arawakan
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6572:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6547:
6539:
6537:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6416:Mamoré–Guaporé
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6360:
6358:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6257:
6255:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6231:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6168:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6114:
6106:
6104:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6037:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5796:Eastern Brazil
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5485:
5483:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5201:
5199:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5079:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5040:
5038:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Haitian Creole
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:Brazilian Sign
4856:
4854:
4853:Sign languages
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4817:Interlanguages
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4078:
4071:
4070:External links
4068:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4032:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:
3992:
3975:
3963:
3950:Museu do Índio
3933:
3909:
3894:
3885:
3861:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3620:
3617:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3296:
3259:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3218:
3150:
3133:
3122:
3111:
3110:
3093:
3086:
3010:
2999:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2921:
2910:
2897:
2886:
2885:
2874:
2866:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2799:
2796:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2680:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2634:
2631:
2584:∅-ɾ-∅-obi=ɾ-e/
2579:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2507:karexisuhokre.
2505:
2494:
2493:
2429:
2415:
2414:
2403:
2400:
2344:
2333:
2322:
2321:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2067:
2056:
2042:
2041:
1988:
1977:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1808:
1795:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1736:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1113:
1112:V → / _ (C)-V
1058:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
915:
912:
632:‘clay pot’, N
529:‘woodpecker’,
311:Bananal Island
309:in and around
307:Araguaia River
291:
288:
278:that includes
235:
234:
221:, you may see
207:
206:
198:
197:
192:
186:
185:
178:
170:
169:
162:
154:
153:
152:Language codes
149:
148:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
132:
128:
127:
125:
124:
115:
113:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
78:Araguaia River
75:
71:
70:
65:
64:Native to
61:
60:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7019:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6933:French Guiana
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6789:Je–Tupi–Carib
6787:
6785:
6784:Hibito–Cholon
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:Macro-Warpean
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6268:Hibito–Cholon
6266:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:Cañari–Puruhá
6227:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5687:Je–Tupi–Carib
5684:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5657:Campbell 2012
5652:
5651:South America
5648:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3412:‘White man’,
3410:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3302:
3301:ɗʊ=idʒɨɨ=bə̄/
3299:
3294:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3016:
3013:
3012:rkiròrènykre.
3008:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2927:
2924:
2923:ãriròrènykre.
2919:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:animal animal
2858:
2857:/irɔdʊ irɔdʊ/
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2824:Reduplication
2823:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2633:Passivization
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2239:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2191:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
1994:
1991:
1990:ãriròrènykre.
1986:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1607:) and third (
1602:
1593:
1587:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:anona /adõda/
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:I will walk*
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1092:
1068:
1067:vowel harmony
1065:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
979:
978:
975:
929:
921:
913:
911:
908:
902:
896:
890:
885:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
835:
830:
817:
813:
809:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
723:
719:
714:
709:
704:
701:
699:
695:
688:
686:
679:
675:
671:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
619:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
574:/ S(outhern)
572:
566:
560:
554:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
467:‘offspring’,
465:
435:
425:
415:
405:
395:
385:
375:
371:/ ‘termite’,
365:
360:
351:
341:
336:
327:
317:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
261:
259:
255:
254:Karajá people
250:
245:
243:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
208:
204:
199:
196:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
150:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
133:
123:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
104:
100:
94:
90:
89:Karajá people
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
57:Pronunciation
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6819:Saparo–Yawan
6769:Arutani–Sape
6754:Macro-Panoan
6749:Macro-Paesan
6739:Macro-Jibaro
6724:Macro-Andean
6696:
6689:
6660:Lule–Vilelan
6630:
6623:
6586:
6579:
6567:
6542:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6428:
6403:
6394:
6333:Saparo–Yawan
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6262:Pano–Tacanan
6260:
6233:
6195:
6188:
6171:
6165:and Ecuador)
6149:
6109:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6007:
6000:
5974:
5962:
5955:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5928:Arutani–Sape
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5736:
5701:
5694:
5674:
5668:and isolates
5602:
5589:
5582:
5571:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5527:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5488:
5469:
5461:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5359:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5314:
5294:
5282:
5249:
5243:Unclassified
5204:
5197:Jê of Paraná
5166:
5159:
5131:
5043:
4879:Non-official
4865:Ka'apor Sign
4482:
4448:Akwẽ-Xerénte
4241:Enawenê-Nawê
4081:
4062:
4053:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4006:
3995:
3985:
3978:
3954:. Retrieved
3949:
3930:(1): 75–100.
3927:
3923:
3902:
3897:
3888:
3875:
3855:
3622:
3602:
3582:‘money’ and
3571:
3494:
3446:Língua Geral
3350:
3337:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3303:
3300:
3266:
3263:
3245:
3242:
3228:
3203:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3157:
3154:
3140:
3137:
3129:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3095:
3055:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3017:
3014:
3006:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2928:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2876:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2827:
2801:
2793:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2734:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2687:
2684:
2673:
2670:
2659:
2656:
2636:
2628:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2586:
2583:
2569:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2512:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2478:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2436:
2433:
2422:
2419:
2405:
2397:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2351:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2294:
2285:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2240:
2237:
2229:Centripetal:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2192:
2189:
2181:Centrifugal:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1895:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1636:
1588:
1577:
1569:
1479:
1314:
1141:Postalveolar
1116:
1111:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1061:
970:→ 'group',
950:→ 'grass',
928:nasal vowels
926:, and three
917:
810:
728:and Xambioá
708:Javaés River
705:
697:
693:
684:
673:
669:
592:‘song.♂’, N
555:
523:‘anaconda’,
483:clay doll’,
347:/ ‘to tie’,
304:
293:
270:Karaja is a
269:
262:
239:
238:
210:
173:
121:
6814:Quechumaran
6774:Bora–Witoto
6674:Far South (
6575:Uru–Chipaya
6551:Quechumaran
6436:Nambikwaran
6118:Bora–Witoto
6015:Ticuna–Yuri
5448:Djeoromitxi
5413:Mato Grosso
4891:Vlax Romani
4870:Terena Sign
4834:Macarrônico
4715:Nambikwaran
4473:Djeoromitxí
3468:‘firearm’,
3448:varieties (
3220:Pluralizer
2868:Pluralizer
2854:iròdu iròdu
2746:rasùhòrèri.
2682:risùhòrèri.
2431:ròsùhòrèri.
1605:/dɪ(k)aɾə̃/
1596:/di(k)aɾə̃/
1560:kabè /kabɛ/
1552:aõna /aõda/
1541:bero /beɾo/
1519:òlùò /ɔluɔ/
1505:kotù /kɔɗʊ/
1007:Near-close
852:‘Pimelodus|
816:Maria River
678:realis mood
323:/ ‘honey’,
225:instead of
6991:Categories
6685:Qawasqaran
6619:Guaicuruan
6588:Mapudungun
6424:Chapacuran
6338:Peba–Yagua
6273:Cahuapanan
6190:Yurumanguí
5774:Chiquitano
5747:Maxakalian
5655:(based on
5516:Gorgotoqui
5307:Maxakalían
4829:Lanc-Patuá
4728:Nambikwara
4659:Chapacuran
4634:Tenetehara
4508:Mẽbêngôkre
4468:Chiquitano
4377:Pará Arára
4362:Hixkaryana
4198:Indigenous
4170:Pomeranian
4144:Portuguese
4020:References
3877:Ethnologue
3750:diulad'ié
3576:, such as
3497:Mẽbêngôkre
3438:‘banana’,
3406:‘banana’,
3364:kòmỹdawyra
3342:Vocabulary
1641:Morphology
1353:Peripheral
1079:/ieɨ̘ɘuoĩ/
1021:Close-mid
898:, Javaé ♀
886:borrowing
784:; Xambioá
6949:Languages
6918:Venezuela
6878:Argentina
6871:Countries
6862:Amazonian
6474:Mosetenan
6468:Canichana
6380:Katukinan
6375:Harákmbut
6326:Tequiraca
6197:Esmeralda
6184:Barbacoan
6140:Guajiboan
6079:Jirajaran
6034:Venezuela
5970:Otomacoan
5922:Yanomaman
5913:Venezuela
5849:Pankararú
5767:Rikbaktsá
5605:indicate
5425:Rikbáktsa
5127:Kỳikatêjê
5122:Parkatêjê
4896:Hungarian
4619:Nheengatu
4614:Munduruku
4604:Kagwahiva
4523:Rikbaktsa
4420:Kashinawa
4276:Wapishana
4216:Asháninka
4200:languages
3717:uãuoːkoː
3480:‘beans’,
3372:’beans’,
3298:tuijyymy.
3261:dòidènyde
3243:/ɗabə̄=le
3152:ròrùnyre.
2863:‘animals’
2149:Direction
1890:riròkõre.
1885:armadillo
1697:/dɪkaɾə̃/
1563:abè /abɛ/
1508:òtù /ɔɗu/
1423:fricative
1407:implosive
1383:Obstruent
1248:fricative
1228:implosive
1164:voiceless
1158:Obstruent
1035:Open-mid
914:Phonology
834:allophone
641:(k)uritxi
635:(k)õritxi
620:fish’, N
337:suffix’,
335:causative
175:Glottolog
159:ISO 639-3
84:Ethnicity
6928:Suriname
6908:Paraguay
6893:Colombia
6655:Huarpean
6650:Charruan
6645:Zamucoan
6640:Mascoyan
6614:Matacoan
6556:Quechuan
6480:Yuracaré
6447:Cayubaba
6441:Bororoan
6396:Matanawí
6343:Zaparoan
6312:Taushiro
6284:Candoshi
6278:Jivaroan
6173:Chibchan
6163:Colombia
6128:Witotoan
6111:Tucanoan
6093:Colombia
6074:Timotean
6069:Tiniguan
6030:Colombia
5856:Tarairiú
5835:Katembri
5803:Karirian
5742:Krenakan
5727:Jabutian
5714:Macro-Jê
5676:Arawakan
5540:Dzubukuá
5435:Jabutian
5385:Masakará
5322:Maxakalí
5225:Kaingáng
5217:Southern
5168:Xakriabá
5084:Tapayuna
5061:Northern
4931:Romanian
4886:Japanese
4779:Katawixi
4774:Kanamarí
4723:Mamaindê
4682:Tukanoan
4629:Tapirapé
4528:Tapayúna
4503:Maxakalí
4478:Kaingang
4440:Macro-Jê
4430:Yaminawa
4392:Ye'kuana
4309:Jamamadí
4281:Warekena
4251:Mehinaku
4246:Mapidian
4231:Barawana
4208:Arawakan
4003:(1968).
3956:1 August
3703:wa-idzyu
3695:nóhonti
3670:inatanga
3648:dohodzyi
3624:Loukotka
3591:dinheiro
3542:werikòkò
3506:warikoko
3462:‘salt’,
3426:Parakanã
2741:-clothes
2735:/wa-ɗəkɨ
2677:-clothes
2499:/dɪkaɾə̄
2128:- ‘this’
1706:/dɪaɾə̃/
1688:/diaɾə̃/
1679:/dikaɾə̃
1439:Sonorant
1269:Sonorant
1075:/ieɨ̘uo/
985:Central
968:/bahadʊ/
826:, as in
754:‘soft’,
736:: Javaé
618:pirarucu
613:bdòkùjkè
577:di(k)arỹ
571:ji(k)arỹ
359:banzeiro
290:Dialects
282:. Verbs
249:Iny rybè
231:Help:IPA
182:kara1500
136:Northern
131:Dialects
117:Macro-Jê
52:Iny rybè
6903:Ecuador
6883:Bolivia
6834:Amerind
6632:Payaguá
6601:–Pampas
6569:Puquina
6561:Aymaran
6532:Andes (
6515:Irantxe
6454:Itonama
6319:Urarina
6305:Waorani
6298:Munichi
6291:Omurano
6235:Mochica
6224:Chimuan
6179:Chocoan
6151:Puinave
6145:Nadahup
6058:Andaquí
6028:Andes (
5996:Sáliban
5934:Arutani
5909:Orinoco
5696:Cariban
5603:Italics
5576: ?
5532: ?
5519: ?
5490:Umutína
5482: ?
5443:Arikapú
5406:Western
5296:Nakrehé
5174:Xavánte
5117:Krĩkatí
5112:Pykobjê
5094:Timbira
5069:Apinajé
5020:Cerrado
4956:Chinese
4946:Turkish
4941:Tagalog
4936:Russian
4824:Cafundó
4769:Kadiwéu
4764:Irantxe
4754:Arutani
4667:Oro Win
4548:Nadahup
4538:Xavante
4533:Timbira
4488:Kĩsêdjê
4458:Arikapú
4453:Apinajé
4425:Shipibo
4415:Amawaka
4387:Sikiana
4372:Macushi
4352:Bakairi
4334:Cariban
4324:Zuruahá
4319:Paumarí
4266:Tariana
4256:Palikúr
4221:Atorada
4182:Italian
4177:Hunsrik
3758:kaongri
3692:noʔonti
3651:zohódi
3640:Javajé
3512:watkoko
3489:ĩtajuwa
3474:‘hoe’,
3421:irãwore
3387:txakohi
3311:=story=
3077:a gente
2891:/dɪaɾə̃
2671:wa-ɗəkɨ
2663:-mother
2581:robire.
2567:iθi=bə̄
2426:-mother
2282:Valence
2263:Durude.
2235:Durude.
2215:Rurure.
2187:Rurure.
2050:Karajá
1958:/dɪaɾə̃
1813:kai=ɗa/
1789:/dɪaɾə̃
1741:kai=ɗa/
1717:/dɪaɾə̃
1664:Pronoun
1522:labret
1511:turtle
1461:central
1445:lateral
1389:plosive
1348:Coronal
1337:coronal
1295:central
1275:lateral
1151:Glottal
1071:/ɪɛɨʊɔ/
879:hãw(k)ò
861:aw(òk)ò
858:fish’,
846:‘man’,
812:Xambioá
787:-txibiè
718:Xavante
607:bdòlèkè
595:adèrana
580:‘I’, N
565:Krèhãwa
491:arowana
481:Ritxoko
476:ritxoko
473:‘fox’,
464:ritxòrè
399:-də̃kə̃
296:Xambioá
284:inflect
227:Unicode
145:Xambioá
6923:Guyana
6888:Brazil
6691:Yaghan
6665:Chonan
6625:Guachí
6494:Aikanã
6461:Movima
6405:Trumai
6370:Arawan
6355:Amazon
6248:Amazon
6101:Vaupés
6097:Japurá
6089:Amazon
6064:Paezan
5976:Yaruro
5884:Xukurú
5828:Baenan
5821:Gamela
5814:Taruma
5808:Purían
5737:Karajá
5732:Kamakã
5703:Tupian
5584:Coropó
5573:Purian
5561:Sabujá
5547:Kamurú
5529:Karirí
5496:Boróro
5480:Borôro
5470:Karajá
5462:Karajá
5392:Menién
5378:Kotoxó
5371:Kamakã
5361:Kamakã
5349:Kapoxó
5342:Makoní
5335:Pataxó
5316:Malalí
5290:Krenak
5284:Guerén
5275:Krenák
5206:Ingain
5102:Canela
5051:Panará
5037:Panará
4961:Slovak
4951:Korean
4926:Polish
4906:French
4901:Arabic
4804:Xukuru
4799:Ticuna
4794:Pirahã
4749:Aikanã
4742:Others
4733:Sabanê
4705:Wanano
4700:Tuyuca
4695:Tukano
4644:Xipaya
4624:Omagua
4599:Juruna
4589:Akwáwa
4581:Tupian
4518:Panará
4493:Krenak
4483:Karajá
4463:Bororo
4407:Panoan
4397:Waiwai
4382:Salumá
4367:Ikpeng
4347:Apalaí
4342:Amonap
4314:Kulina
4296:Arawan
4271:Terêna
4261:Paresi
4226:Baniwa
4187:Talian
4165:German
4089:Karajá
3872:Karajá
3761:konrí
3755:tapir
3744:maize
3733:stone
3722:water
3714:hanökö
3711:woman
3706:zyuʔú
3700:tooth
3684:rahah
3681:wa-ara
3667:three
3662:ináti
3637:Karajá
3611:, and
3597:paletó
3585:maritò
3560:bikòwa
3501:Xikrin
3483:mabèra
3477:kòmỹta
3465:mỹkawa
3459:jykyra
3428:, and
3415:marara
3398:Apyãwa
3381:tarawè
3375:hãrara
3358:bèhyra
3353:Apyãwa
3284:PLURAL
3274:-move(
3240:Tamyle
3213:bãhãdʊ
3127:bãhãdʊ
3124:mahãdù
3119:people
3105:mahãdù
3090:mahãdù
3004:kədʊɾa
2983:Karajá
2915:kədʊɾa
2850:animal
2847:irɔdʊ/
2839:animal
2836:/irɔdʊ
2811:mahãdù
2798:Number
2763:-wash=
2699:-wash=
2657:/d-ãdɪ
2604:IMPERF
2524:-wash=
2496:Dikarỹ
2448:-wash=
2420:/d-ādɪ
2359:-walk-
2338:kʊladʊ
2335:kùladù
2277:Syntax
1982:kədʊɾa
1917:IMPERF
1851:/ɗəkɪ/
1818:ASSERT
1810:kaita.
1746:ASSERT
1738:kaita.
1693:dikarỹ
1675:jikarỹ
1614:/ɗəkɪ/
1580:/itʃa/
1578:* The
1566:coffee
1555:thinɡ
1544:river
1500:Gloss
1361:Dental
1317:/dlɗθ/
1185:voiced
1136:Dental
1131:Labial
1120:sounds
1083:/aə̃õ/
1027:ɘ, ə̃
993:Close
982:Front
972:/dadɪ/
932:/ĩə̃õ/
920:vowels
889:mabèra
739:-tebiè
722:Apyãwa
559:Btõiry
550:biditi
532:makiti
508:rikoko
496:rikòrè
486:idjasò
470:itxòrò
331:-dəkə̃
298:, and
258:Brazil
242:Karajá
195:Karajá
122:Karajá
91:(2007)
87:3,600
74:Region
68:Brazil
47:Karajá
6942:Lists
6898:Chile
6852:Chaco
6698:Chono
6676:Chile
6599:Chaco
6581:Kunza
6544:Culle
6522:Arara
6508:Kwazá
6501:Kanoê
6390:Muran
6123:Boran
6103:area)
6051:Camsá
6044:Cofán
6002:Betoi
5964:Guamo
5957:Warao
5870:Wamoé
5782:Guató
5760:Ofayé
5753:Jaikó
5554:Kipeá
5509:Otuke
5420:Ofayé
5251:Jaikó
5161:Acroá
5133:Krẽjê
5107:Krahô
5029:Goyaz
4921:Greek
4911:Dutch
4789:Ninam
4784:Kwaza
4759:Guató
4690:Cubeo
4672:Wariʼ
4609:Kaiwá
4571:Nadëb
4566:Kakwa
4513:Ofayé
4357:Carib
4286:Waurá
4047:2000.
3770:Notes
3739:mená
3678:head
3673:nádo
3659:inati
3634:gloss
3605:Karib
3579:nieru
3530:bikwa
3471:brùrè
3441:toria
3179:IMPRF
3169:-run-
3138:ɗabə̃
3130:group
3116:/idə̄
3099:-boho
3059:–boho
3029:-eat=
3027:TRANS
3001:kdùra
2980:/idə̃
2940:-eat=
2938:TRANS
2912:kdùra
2888:Diarỹ
2880:-boho
2871:-boho
2844:iròdu
2833:iròdu
2805:-boho
2769:PROGR
2732:Watky
2705:PROGR
2697:TRANS
2668:watky
2598:-see=
2564:iximy
2556:/habu
2454:PROGR
2373:PROGR
2341:child
2327:/habu
2252:-die=
2204:-die=
2086:-eat=
2084:TRANS
2047:/idə̃
2007:-eat=
2005:TRANS
1979:kdùra
1955:Diarỹ
1907:-eat=
1905:TRANS
1871:/ɗəkɪ
1860:/ɗɪɪ/
1800:aõkõ,
1797:aõkõ,
1786:Diarỹ
1779:/kai/
1728:aõkõ,
1725:aõkõ,
1714:Diarỹ
1702:diarỹ
1684:jiarỹ
1632:/kai/
1623:/ɗɪɪ/
1494:Women
1368:Front
1207:nasal
1146:Velar
1099:/ɪɨʊ/
1054:a ()
1049:Open
1030:o, õ
996:i, ĩ
988:Back
952:/ɔha/
948:/aθɪ/
855:mandi
829:ikòrò
793:hitxi
763:-tbiè
757:-teji
745:hetxi
713:ixỹju
700:iwyde
687:iwyde
665:-mỹhỹ
659:-mỹhỹ
653:-mahã
647:-wahã
623:butxi
601:wdèna
514:iraso
502:ikòrò
409:-ɗaka
404:-taka
394:-nỹkỹ
345:-ɗəka
300:Javaé
142:Javaé
6913:Peru
6719:Duho
6534:Peru
6487:Leco
6430:Mure
6252:Peru
6209:Peru
6032:and
6009:Hodï
5988:Duho
5948:Máku
5941:Sapé
5891:Yaté
5877:Xokó
5863:Tuxá
5842:Natú
5591:Puri
4649:Zo'é
4639:Xeta
4304:Deni
4236:Baré
4045:wail
3958:2020
3747:mahi
3736:máma
3728:bää
3689:ear
3656:two
3645:one
3613:Tupi
3566:bèrò
3548:lala
3536:bero
3524:wiwi
3518:rara
3435:sata
3409:tori
3403:tãtã
3393:hyty
3369:andu
3331:help
3288:CTPT
3280:CTPT
3272:CTPT
3255:EMPH
3232:-èny
3223:-èny
3197:help
3175:CTFG
3171:VERB
3167:INTR
3163:CTFG
3135:tamy
3049:help
3023:INCL
3007:fish
2991:boho
2988:boho
2968:help
2942:CTFG
2934:CTFG
2918:fish
2902:boho
2899:boho
2817:-eny
2787:help
2765:CTFG
2761:PASS
2757:CTFG
2723:help
2701:CTFG
2693:CTFG
2654:Nadi
2622:help
2600:CTFG
2596:INTR
2592:CTFG
2571:REFL
2553:Hãbu
2544:help
2522:REFL
2518:CTFG
2488:ixi-
2482:exi-
2472:help
2450:CTFG
2446:ANTI
2442:CTFG
2417:Nadi
2391:help
2369:CTFG
2365:VERB
2361:CAUS
2357:CTFG
2324:Hãbu
2316:rira
2310:rika
2298:-dkỹ
2254:CTPT
2250:INTR
2246:CTPT
2206:CTFG
2202:INTR
2198:CTFG
2167:come
2165:and
2157:and
2106:help
2080:INCL
2064:fish
2061:boho
2058:boho
2035:help
2009:CTFG
2001:CTFG
1985:fish
1969:boho
1966:boho
1946:boho
1935:help
1913:CTFG
1901:CTFG
1836:help
1816:you=
1764:help
1744:you=
1699:, ♂
1681:, ♂
1655:Noun
1646:Verb
1584:*ika
1570:café
1375:Back
1329:/kɾ/
1321:/bd/
1103:/ɾɛh
1087:/ɛɔ/
901:tyky
873:hãti
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638:/ S
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626:/ S
610:/ S
598:/ S
586:/ S
544:sõsõ
526:tõsõ
455:/dʒ/
453:and
451:/tʃ/
449:(to
445:and
439:ɾʊkʊ
434:rùkù
429:kɔdɔ
424:kòdò
419:kɔbɔ
414:kòbò
389:bɪdɪ
384:bidi
379:ɾəkʊ
369:kədɔ
355:kəbɔ
340:-tka
326:-dkỹ
321:bədɪ
5898:Otí
5649:of
4561:Hup
4556:Dâw
3928:5/6
3874:at
3554:wii
3452:or
3313:LOC
3309:LOC
3292:IMP
3207:iny
3113:Iny
3071:iny
3065:iny
3031:POT
3019:1PL
2977:Iny
2950:FUT
2661:REL
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2559:Man
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2424:REL
2330:man
2304:-ny
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2210:IMP
2161:or
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2141:kùa
2133:kia
2116:wa-
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2076:1PL
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2017:FUT
1909:NEG
1882:ɔhã
1879:ohã
1868:Tki
1856:tii
1847:tki
1804:NEG
1775:kai
1732:NEG
1628:kai
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1486:/k/
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1333:/i/
1325:/a/
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956:/a/
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