1414:
369:
979:
1124:
1799:
328:
2503:
2388:
2605:
1875:
2638:
2380:
3175:
3160:
birth rate, but the migration attractiveness of St. Petersburg and the surrounding areas of the
Leningrad region is very high. Thus, about 40% of the population of St. Petersburg and about 30% of the population of the Leningrad region live on the Karelian isthmus. There is strong growth in population in all the districts of the Karelian isthmus in addition to the Vyborg district and Priozersk district .
46:
1959:
361:
339:
313:
377:
3159:
The population of the
Karelian isthmus today is slightly less than 3.1 million inhabitants. Of these, about 2.4 million live in St. Petersburg and a little less than 700 thousand in the Leningrad region. The population is growing solely due to migration, as the mortality rate is much higher than the
2450:
of 12 March. According to the protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty, the fighting was ended at noon (Leningrad time) on 13 March and by 26 March the
Finnish troops had been completely withdrawn. The entire Karelian population of the ceded areas of about 422 thousand people was evacuated to
1479:) town (10th–15th centuries) were excavated on a former island in the northern Vuoksi armlet near the Tiuri village (now Vasilyevo). A few treasures of silver adornments and medieval Arabian and Western European coins have also been found, as the isthmus laid on the
733:, with 650–800 mm (25–32 in) average precipitation per year, long snowy winters lasting from November through mid-April and occasionally reaching about -40 °C (-40 F), moderately cool summers and short frost-free period. Compared to other parts of the
2620:
in the conquered territories were renamed to invented
Russian ones by the government around 1948. The Finnish toponyms of the territories included within Karelo-Finnish SSR and of the southern part of the isthmus (albeit assimilated) mostly remained. A lot of
1413:
2561:
ending the war was signed on 19 September 1944. The entire isthmus became Soviet, although most of it had never been captured by the
Soviets in battles. This time the ceded territories of the Karelian Isthmus (including the districts of
1110:
and rendered navigation at
Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and the Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern armlet of the Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet emptying into Ladoga near
1871:(1917) crossed the isthmus, contributing to its economic development. By the end of the 19th century the nearby areas along the Saint Petersburg–Vyborg section had become popular place of summer resort for wealthy Saint Petersburgers.
1083:. Ladoga level gradually sank from 15–18 m to its modern position of 4–5 m above sea-level, and lowland lakes were isolated again. However, the Vuoksi still had a significant direct outflow connection to the
4077:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 2–3. Юго-западный сектор: Уусикиркко – Куолемаярви – Каннельярви (Поляны – Красная Долина – Победа). 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. СПб.: Нива, 2002.
492:. Forests cover approximately 11,700 km of the isthmus, more than three quarters of its total area. Swampy areas occupy 5.5 percent of the territory. In the large contiguous area along the shore of
2526:
in the Soviet Union and Russia.) Finland initially regained the lost territory, reaching the
Russian side of the border of 1939 in what was seen by the Russians as indirectly contributing to the
1526:
63:
232:
situated on the
Karelian Isthmus amounts to 539,000. Many Saint Petersburg residents also decamp to the Isthmus during their vacations. The main population centers of the Isthmus are
2158:
1102:(now Burnaya River). The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m. Originally waters of Lake Suvanto flowed into the Vuoksi River through a waterway at
703:
3902:
368:
4110:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 5 – 6. Западный сектор: Койвисто – Йоханнес (Приморск – Советский). 2-е изд., испр. и доп. СПб.: Нива, 2003.
2531:
1990:
958:
at
Hiitola. In 1993–2006 the zone was formally 5 km wide, although in fact it has always been much wider. Visiting it is forbidden without a permit issued by the
3418:
4121:Орехов Д.И., Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 7. Центральный сектор: Муолаа – Яюряпяя (Красносельское – Барышево). СПб.: Нива, 2004.
4044:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Юго-западный сектор, часть 1: Кивеннапа – Териоки (Первомайское – Зеленогорск). СПб.: Новое время, 1998.
3248:
3144:
3077:
4066:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Юго-западный сектор, часть 3: Каннельярви – Куолемаярви (Победа – Пионерское). СПб.: Новое время, 1998.
1899:
1663:
1519:
4250:
1860:
924:
2151:
157:(1809–1917) of the Russian Empire. When Finland became independent in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day
4196:
1919:
4143:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 9. Центральный сектор: Валкъярви – Вуоксела (Мичуринское – Ромашки). СПб.: Нива, 2005.
2192:
2197:
1512:
1439:, since the late 19th century a number of other archaeological sites have been discovered on the isthmus. Numerous archaeological remnants of the
1106:(now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 the canal was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, revealed
500:, in the southeastern part of the isthmus, bogs occur much more frequently than in other parts. The same was once true of the lowland along the
4255:
4245:
4088:Шитов Д.И. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 4. Восточный сектор: Рауту – Саккола (Сосново – Громово). СПб.: Нордмед-Издат, 2000.
3041:
2734:
1536:
2977:
1907:
1868:
928:
3749:
3645:
2612:
As a result of the war, the population of the
Karelian Isthmus was almost completely replaced. After the war the isthmus was included in the
2144:
1628:
1036:
complexes developed after this point. Around 11000 BP climate began to warm and became humid, first pine and birch forests were established.
4132:Орехов Д.И., Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 8. Восточный сектор: Метсяпиртти (Запорожское). СПб.: Нива, 2005.
1983:
939:
206:
2464:
2367:
1455:
occur all over the isthmus. The eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus hosts a number of medieval remnants. There are many grave pits of
3725:
2187:
1638:
3012:
for fuel. Now it is extracted in smaller quantities, mostly for agricultural purposes. The district is also an important supplier of
2286:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1633:
4159:
4148:
4137:
4126:
4115:
4104:
4099:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 5. Западный сектор: Койвисто (Приморск). СПб.: КультИнформПресс, 2002.
4093:
4082:
4071:
4060:
4049:
3963:
3943:
3876:
3253:
3093:
2728:
1939:
476:
4055:Балашов Е. А. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Юго-западный сектор, часть 2: Уусикиркко (Поляны). СПб.: Новое время, 2000.
1553:
1475:. Remnants of several rural settlements were also discovered there as well as on the shore of Lake Ladoga. Remnants of the Tiuri (
1781:
2336:
3349:
3317:
3271:
2938:
2794:
1976:
1777:
122:
to the westernmost point of Lake Ladoga, Pekonlahti. If the Karelian Isthmus is defined as the entire territory of present-day
4165:Иллюстрированный определитель растений Карельского перешейка / Под ред. А. Л. Буданцева, Г. П. Яковлева. – СПб: СпецЛит, 2000.
3765:
1668:
1087:, possibly as late as in the 12th century AD. The connection disappeared due to ongoing land uplift in the 2nd millennium AD.
49:
Map of the Karelian Isthmus. Shown are some important towns, the current Finnish-Russian border in the North-West and the pre-
951:
433:
2616:
and people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly Russians, were settled there. The vast majority of the old Finnish
1910:. In 1928–1939 parts of the isthmus which belonged to Russia constituted the Kuivaisi National District with its center in
1882:
When Finland declared its independence in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day
1471:
are abundant as well. A lot of large cult stones have been found along these bodies of water, as well as agglomerations of
3299:
2542:
2456:
1287:
4154:Шитов Д.И. Карельский перешеек: Земля неизведанная. Часть 10. Северо-восточный сектор: Ряйсяля (Мельниково). СПб., 2006.
2907:
constructed in 1931, was closed down in 1986. Northern and western parts of the isthmus are also an important reserve of
2557:, in the northwesternmost part of the isthmus, at the closest point only 40 kilometres from the border of 1940. The
1500:
1043:, another stage of the Baltic Sea, retreated, and many lowland lakes were also isolated in depressions formed earlier by
137:
The smaller part of the isthmus to the southeast of the old Russia-Finland border is considered historically as Northern
2301:
1653:
521:) are the most widespread and occupy 51% of the forested area of the Karelian Isthmus, followed by spruce forests (with
1864:
3288:
3230:
3037:
2331:
2045:
1187:
947:
1558:
978:
3815:
3335:
3218:
3212:
3021:
2821:
2817:
2661:
2583:
2579:
2484:
2447:
2351:
2081:
1695:
1227:
1167:
281:
4000:
4235:
3679:
3436:
3361:
3069:
2713:
920:
730:
661:
1720:
394:
at about 205 m (670 ft). There are no mountains on the isthmus, but steep hills occur in some places.
3618:
3389:
2480:
2321:
2117:
2062:
1903:
1103:
796:
39:
4020:
2296:
1648:
1123:
3614:
2916:
2892:
2753:
2717:
2553:, 25 June–9 July, the Finns concentrated their military strength and brought the offensive to a halt at the
2550:
2316:
2202:
2057:
1593:
1060:
691:
76:
3072:(KaUR) is located, which was reconstructed as late as in the 1960s, but now is abandoned as well. There is
3582:
3128:
2926:
2825:
2782:
2665:
2346:
2326:
2247:
2242:
2221:
2122:
1841:
1685:
1680:
1588:
1459:
of the 10th–15th centuries with metal and ceramic artifacts along the northern armlet of the Vuoksi, near
994:
627:
436:. Geobotanically, it lies at the juncture of the Central European, Eastern European and Northern European
387:
154:
1832:, Saint Petersburg, was founded (1703) in the southern end of the isthmus, in place of old Swedish town
3132:
3085:
3065:
2997:
2973:
2953:
2093:
1883:
1856:
1603:
1568:
852:
677:
596:
497:
217:
202:
158:
3871:Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 2. Санкт-Петербург: Изд. СПбГУ, 1995.
2442:
across the isthmus, the strength of which is often exaggerated. Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and
1773:
4181:
1798:
1573:
141:, rather than part of the Karelian Isthmus itself. The rest of the isthmus was historically a part of
3858:
3640:
3630:
3081:
3045:
2515:
2228:
2207:
2098:
2040:
1598:
870:
862:
836:
644:
621:
600:
35:
2502:
3608:
3276:
3124:
2930:
2888:
2523:
2427:
2311:
2269:
2237:
1829:
1464:
943:
892:
682:
671:
652:
604:
539:, 16%). Stands on more fertile soils and in more favorable locations are occasionally dominated by
441:
327:
198:
131:
1935:
161:
and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish. Finnish Karelia was partly ceded to the
102:) is the approximately 45–110-kilometre-wide (30–70 mi) stretch of land situated between the
3566:
3400:
3195:
3017:
2884:
2680:
2649:
2622:
2541:
and pushed the front from the pre-1939 border to Vyborg in ten days. The returned Karelians were
2527:
2460:
2341:
2252:
1825:
1730:
1583:
1578:
1563:
1460:
1305:
844:
588:
568:
564:
472:
437:
182:
150:
3578:
3542:
3781:
4155:
4144:
4133:
4122:
4111:
4100:
4089:
4078:
4067:
4056:
4045:
3959:
3939:
3872:
3745:
3650:
3531:
3442:
3109:
2989:
2985:
2214:
2023:
1769:
1480:
1029:
857:
648:
633:
609:
445:
380:
221:
194:
3113:
3820:
3816:
Climate and environment on the Karelian Isthmus, northwestern Russia, 13000–9000 cal. yrs BP
3596:
3592:
3536:
3527:
3509:
3174:
2832:
2768:
2758:
2739:
2721:
2684:
2613:
2594:
2575:
2558:
2538:
2519:
2496:
2387:
2291:
2274:
2257:
2168:
2069:
1915:
1887:
1848:
1793:
1658:
1618:
1313:
1309:
1197:
1137:
916:
866:
840:
828:
734:
615:
580:
540:
535:
517:
352:
297:
289:
273:
265:
249:
241:
229:
225:
210:
190:
174:
127:
123:
95:
87:
67:
3722:
2895:, however, affects the environment adversely. The predecessor of the Priozersk facilities,
2604:
1931:
1094:(now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a 40-km long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Isthmus) into
950:, as well as the islands and shores of the Gulf of Vyborg, belongs to the strictly guarded
4240:
4024:
4004:
3769:
3729:
3480:
2900:
2706:
2657:
2439:
2404:
2356:
2105:
2035:
2028:
2018:
1962:
1894:, the fourth largest Finnish city. A considerable part of the remaining area populated by
1456:
1428:
1006:
875:
738:
699:
584:
552:
544:
142:
103:
3887:Лебедев Г. С. Археологические памятники Ленинградской области. Ленинград: Лениздат, 1977.
2578:(unlike Ladoga Karelia, which remained within the Karelo-Finnish SSR). The border of the
2399:
A number of defensive lines crossed the isthmus during the Soviet-Finnish hostilities in
1906:, but was reintegrated with Russia in the end of 1920 according to the conditions of the
1014:
3853:
2637:
2379:
1017:, the upland area of the Isthmus remained a large island and many upland lakes emerged.
3635:
3588:
3560:
3121:
2942:
2844:
2443:
1874:
1852:
1821:
998:
848:
832:
816:
529:
146:
3854:
Evolution of the Waterways and Early Human Migrations in the North-Eastern Baltic Area
3701:
508:, which contains massive boulders, especially in the north and northwest, where large
4229:
3839:
3801:
3572:
3554:
3293:
3190:
1895:
1608:
1488:
1468:
1424:
1417:
1316:. Saint Petersburg is represented by seven districts, the Leningrad Oblast by three.
1099:
1084:
1033:
990:
983:
912:
808:
719:
572:
560:
556:
464:
422:
414:
178:
119:
3100:(founded in 1879), a huge area, 740 km (286 sq mi), encircled by the
3762:
3548:
3486:
3259:
3224:
3140:
3101:
2883:, as well as other smaller enterprises all over the isthmus) are well developed in
2800:
2776:
2698:
2626:
2554:
2511:
2423:
2400:
1947:
1814:
1758:
1705:
1484:
1133:
1091:
1052:
1040:
967:
959:
908:
707:
592:
576:
548:
418:
410:
186:
162:
3998:В «Новых районах»: Из истории освоения Карельского перешейка, 1940–1941, 1944–1950
3669:
Location is approximately between 61°21’N, 59°46’N and 27°42’E, 31°08’E.
2563:
2468:
3602:
3520:
3514:
3367:
3355:
3323:
3311:
3185:
3117:
3089:
3025:
3001:
2912:
2904:
2852:
2813:
2772:
2762:
2743:
2653:
1923:
1837:
1745:
1715:
1623:
1613:
1436:
1257:
1217:
1147:
1095:
1076:
1056:
1048:
955:
788:
776:
523:
493:
406:
332:
316:
107:
17:
2712:
The Karelian Isthmus is served by a number of railways; the trains arrive from
45:
3921:
3897:
3383:
3242:
3236:
3005:
2946:
2860:
2804:
2747:
2590:
2431:
2000:
1958:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1237:
1157:
1080:
1072:
1063:, flooding lowland lakes and the Vuoksi, and became connected with the sea at
1044:
1025:
1010:
904:
804:
501:
489:
456:
360:
347:
338:
170:
115:
50:
4211:
4198:
997:, deglaciation in the central parts of the Isthmus started as early as 14000
3504:
3430:
3412:
3329:
3265:
3148:
3057:
3049:
2880:
1927:
1833:
1776:
of 1323 established a border between them along the rivers now known as the
1643:
1444:
1207:
1177:
1002:
900:
888:
780:
757:
429:
320:
257:
1051:
was separated from the sea as well. Due to land uplift, around 5000 BP the
737:, the winter here is usually milder due to the moderating influence of the
312:
134:, the area of the isthmus is about 15,000 km (5,800 sq mi).
2617:
376:
3976:
3465:
3200:
3180:
3061:
2969:
2965:
2790:
2786:
2692:
2676:
2669:
2492:
2435:
2408:
2306:
1847:
Due to its size, favorable climate, rich fishing waters and proximity to
1802:
1432:
1064:
896:
884:
792:
784:
639:
485:
31:
1828:
that started with the Russian conquest of Ingria where the new imperial
181:, most of the ceded territories in the isthmus were included within the
3997:
3916:
3834:
3796:
3475:
3460:
3448:
3406:
3395:
3372:
3342:
3305:
3206:
3136:
3105:
3053:
2908:
2848:
2702:
2641:
2567:
2546:
2472:
2452:
2412:
1943:
1911:
1476:
1277:
1247:
1112:
880:
812:
800:
768:
715:
509:
391:
166:
2438:. Only in February 1940 did the Soviet forces manage to penetrate the
1886:
and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish, part of the
1855:, the Karelian Isthmus became the wealthiest part of Finland once the
1001:, when it formed the bottom of a large lake dammed by the surrounding
3498:
3492:
3470:
3282:
2868:
2808:
2701:(opened in 1856) is an important link connecting inland waterways of
2688:
2571:
2476:
2392:
1968:
1891:
1810:
1765:
1504:
1267:
1107:
1068:
1021:
824:
772:
764:
749:
505:
402:
398:
233:
138:
111:
2459:). On 31 March most of the ceded territories were incorporated into
1922:. However, in 1936 the entire Finnish population of the parishes of
1836:. Then in 1812, the northwestern half was transferred, as a part of
4017:
3835:
Shoreline displacement of Lake Ladoga – new data from Kilpolansaari
2136:
989:
Geologically the Karelian Isthmus lies on the southern edge of the
3898:
The Karelian Isthmus: Origins of the natural and human environment
3424:
2961:
2636:
2603:
2522:
as it is known in Finland. (It is considered to be a front of the
2501:
2488:
2386:
2378:
1957:
1873:
1797:
1472:
1412:
1122:
977:
932:
820:
711:
452:
375:
367:
359:
337:
326:
311:
4175:
3742:Сосудистые растения Карельского перешейка (Ленинградская область)
1090:
In 1818 a canal, which was dug to drain spring flood waters from
3454:
3013:
3009:
2993:
2416:
1844:, created in 1809 as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire.
1115:(now Priozersk) by 4 m, isolating it as a separate river basin.
753:
745:
723:
2140:
1972:
1508:
4187:
3797:
Late- and postglacial history of lakes of the Karelian Isthmus
2668:, which has recently become one of the most efficient Russian
963:
579:. Common vegetation of various types of pine forests includes
480:
1809:
During 17th century Sweden gained the whole isthmus and also
1467:. On the southern shore of Lake Sukhodolskoye small medieval
386:
The isthmus' terrain has been influenced dramatically by the
3936:
Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia
3064:(Vartemyagi) have been abandoned. In the northern part of
993:'s crystalline bedrock. During the final part of the last
919:
citizens since the late 19th century, served by trains of
504:, which has since been drained. The soil is predominantly
3917:
Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland
3591:, born in Viipuri, Törni was a soldier and winner of the
2648:
The western part of the Karelian Isthmus is an important
2434:, which took a disproportionally heavy death toll on the
1761:
wandered to the Karelian Isthmus possibly around 8500BC.
2980:, a facility of the Saint Petersburg nuclear enterprise
681:. Prominent vegetation of various birch forests include
189:
the entire isthmus has been divided between the city of
3599:, who later served with the German and American armies.
2873:
Priozersky Furniture and Woodworking Industrial Complex
2625:
were built all over the isthmus during the time of the
1859:
had gained momentum in the 19th century. The railroads
1020:
Prior to 12650 BP, the land was characterized by harsh
726:(reintroduced) are typical inhabitants of the forests.
2831:
Also on the Karelian isthmus are all lines of the St.
1304:
The Karelian Isthmus is located in two regions of the
760:
are situated on the northwestern part of the isthmus.
1918:
as the official language, according to the policy of
1055:
started emptying into Lake Ladoga as a new outlet of
130:
to the north of the Neva and also a tiny part of the
81:
3763:Флористическиe исследования на Карельском перешейке
2984:is located, which specializes in transportation of
2419:(Soviet), and fronts moved back and forth over it.
704:
List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus
401:, the largest river, runs southeastwards from Lake
3903:Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia
1005:. During further deglaciation, at the time of the
390:. Its highest point lies on the Lembolovo Heights
3833:Saarnisto, Matti & Tuulikki Grönlund (1996).
3143:. 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade is located in
2534:). Some 260,000 Karelian evacuees returned home.
2532:Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)
1950:, and replaced by a Russian-speaking population.
2537:On 9 June 1944, strong Soviet forces opened the
2430:and invaded Finland in what became known as the
38:. For other meanings of the name "Karelia", see
4182:Site of the local history association "Karelia"
3530:, Finnish president, and recipient of the 2008
2506:Finnish defensive lines of the Continuation War
607:, graminoids (i.e. grasses in the wider sense)
118:. Its northwestern boundary is a line from the
3147:, and in the 56th District Training Centre in
3120:(available to visitors since 2003). In 2006 a
2960:is located, which is an important producer of
685:, common wood sorrel, bilberry and graminoids
409:, dividing the isthmus into two uneven parts.
3617:, Finnish chemist, and recipient of the 1945
2152:
1984:
1520:
643:spp. Prominent in various spruce forests are
8:
3076:(195.975 km², founded in 1913) between
2518:. A few days later was the beginning of the
1067:(now Veshchevo), to the east of present-day
763:The Karelian Isthmus is a popular place for
3992:
3990:
1820:From 1721–1917 the isthmus belonged to the
1772:started to compete tax holding rights. The
153:in 1712 and included within the autonomous
3977:"Protocol appended to the treaty of peace"
3791:
3789:
3068:, to the south of the old Finnish border,
2915:, as well as a number of others along the
2467:(in the Karelian Isthmus the districts of
2159:
2145:
2137:
1991:
1977:
1969:
1527:
1513:
1505:
1098:, unexpectedly eroded and turned into the
702:are recorded in the isthmus. See also the
2679:on the isthmus is the recently completed
2644:railway station before renovation in 2008
2395:municipality on their way to West-Finland
1920:national delimitation in the Soviet Union
1813:. In this time many Karelians escaped to
923:. The isthmus, especially the land along
3956:The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–1940
3036:The Karelian Isthmus is included within
1318:
1119:Cities, towns and urban-type settlements
938:A 20–35 km wide stretch of land in
413:opened in 1856 links Lake Saimaa to the
364:There are about 700 lakes on the isthmus
44:
4007:. Saint Petersburg: Нордмедиздат, 2001.
3662:
3084:and a number of military facilities in
2582:was recognized by Finland again in the
3042:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
2972:and other substances. In Kuzmolovsky,
2514:, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in
2391:December 1939. Karelian evacuees from
177:(1941–1944). In 1940–1941, during the
3646:Lyubov Kozyreva (cross-country skier)
2976:, near the station Kapitolovo of the
2383:December 1939. Soviet tanks advancing
1487:had a distributary emptying into the
915:). It is a popular summer resort for
428:The Karelian Isthmus lies within the
7:
3795:Davydova, Natalia N. et al. (1996).
1805:, Finnish-Soviet border in the 1920s
1127:Vyborg as seen from the Castle Tower
3996:Степаков, Виктор, Евгений Балашов.
2735:Saint Petersburg-Riihimäki railroad
2465:Supreme Council of the Soviet Union
1300:Administrative territorial division
1009:, an early high water stage of the
4029:Промышленно-строительное обозрение
3814:Subetto, Dmitry A. et al. (2002).
1013:, when the ice sheet retreated to
25:
3094:Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad
3044:. The isthmus hosts airfields in
2978:Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railroad
2729:Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad
1861:Saint Petersburg–Vyborg–Riihimäki
451:The isthmus is mostly covered by
3173:
1869:Saint Petersburg–Kexholm–Hiitola
3852:Timofeev, V. I. et al. (2005).
3164:Notable people from the isthmus
883:and others), berry picking (of
527:, 29%) and birch forests (with
27:Isthmus in North-Western Russia
4251:Finland–Soviet Union relations
2897:Priozersky Pulp and Paper Mill
2877:Priozersky Woodworking Factory
729:The climate of the isthmus is
434:Scandinavian and Russian taiga
1:
4256:Landforms of Saint Petersburg
4246:Landforms of Leningrad Oblast
3682:(in Finnish). Karjalan Liitto
3625:Soviet and post soviet period
2865:Vyborgsky Pulp and Paper Mill
2495:were, however, included into
2457:Evacuation of Finnish Karelia
1938:along the Finnish border was
1463:and in a few other places in
471:), with numerous lakes (e.g.
145:. This was conquered by the
4178:(site navigation in Russian)
4176:Detailed and historical maps
3958:. London: Frank Cass, 1997.
3569:, Finnish military commander
3545:, Finnish military commander
3539:, Finnish military commander
2629:. Some of them still exist.
1423:Apart from the old towns of
1047:and fluvioglacial activity.
417:passing through the city of
3938:.New York: Palgrave, 2002.
3038:Leningrad Military District
2446:to the Soviet Union in the
82:
4272:
2588:
2580:Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)
2415:, Main line (Finnish) and
1791:
1498:
1071:. Around 3100–2400 BP the
952:zone of the border control
931:railroads, hosts numerous
929:Saint Petersburg–Priozersk
655:, lingonberry, graminoids
479:) as well as small grass,
29:
3704:(in Finnish). Prima Tours
3437:Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
3172:
3070:Karelian Fortified Region
2941:is a leading producer of
2859:, pulp and paper mill in
2714:Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
2574:) were incorporated into
2178:
2009:
1546:
1386:Krasnogvardeysky District
921:Finlyandsky Rail Terminal
687:Calamagrostis arundinacea
662:Calamagrostis arundinacea
71:
3619:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3583:Swedish-speaking Finnish
3112:and Novoye Devyatkino –
3098:Rzhevsky artillery range
3088:in the lowlands between
2672:, is also located here.
1904:Republic of North Ingria
1865:Vyborg–Hiitola–Sortavala
1549:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
1501:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
954:, reaching the shore of
220:, the population of the
40:Karelia (disambiguation)
4016:Малков, Виктор (2006).
3615:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
2917:Vyborg-Hiitola railroad
2893:pulp and paper industry
2754:Vyborg-Joensuu railroad
2718:Ladozhsky Rail Terminal
2551:Battle of Tali-Ihantala
2491:as well as the town of
1495:Prehistory and Medieval
1346:District of Vsevolozhsk
966:during the time of the
925:Saint Petersburg–Vyborg
837:red-capped scaber stalk
356:on the Karelian Isthmus
3744:. Moscow: КМК, 2007.
3074:Bobochinsky tank range
3008:were major sources of
2927:shipbuilding companies
2925:is one of the largest
2789:(earlier also through
2666:Baltic Pipeline System
2645:
2609:
2507:
2422:In November 1939, the
2396:
2384:
1966:
1902:as the Finland-backed
1879:
1842:Grand Duchy of Finland
1806:
1431:, and churches on the
1420:
1141:
1128:
995:Weichselian glaciation
986:
948:Vyborg–Hiitola railway
731:moderately continental
628:Sphagnum angustifolium
512:rocky outcrops occur.
388:Weichselian glaciation
383:
373:
365:
357:
335:
324:
323:in the autumn of 2009.
308:Geography and wildlife
301:
293:
277:
269:
253:
245:
155:Grand Duchy of Finland
114:, to the north of the
99:
91:
54:
3896:Saksa, A. I. (2006).
3133:Vsevolozhsky District
3086:Vsevolozhsky District
3066:Vsevolozhsky District
3056:. Other airfields in
2998:Vsevolozhsky District
2974:Vsevolozhsky District
2954:Vsevolozhsky District
2752:southern part of the
2640:
2607:
2589:Further information:
2505:
2463:by a decision of the
2390:
2382:
1961:
1884:Vsevolozhsky District
1877:
1857:Industrial Revolution
1851:, the capital of the
1801:
1764:In the 11th century,
1416:
1338:District of Priozersk
1126:
981:
698:1184 species of wild
678:Sphagnum girgensohnii
498:Vsevolozhsky District
379:
371:
363:
341:
330:
315:
203:Vsevolozhsky District
159:Vsevolozhsky District
53:border further South.
48:
3641:Nastasya Samburskaya
3631:Elena Pogrebizhskaya
3611:, Finnish politician
3563:, Finnish politician
3000:along the shores of
2733:eastern part of the
2516:Operation Barbarossa
2479:). The districts of
803:for consumption (of
622:Pleurozium schreberi
36:The Karelian Isthmus
4208: /
3934:Vehviläinen, Olli.
3609:Johannes Virolainen
3605:, Finnish architect
3575:, Finnish oral poet
3277:REPUBLIC OF KARELIA
3125:early warning radar
3024:cars was opened in
2935:Roskar Battery Farm
2931:Northwestern Russia
2779:– Nevskaya Dubrovka
2765:– Ladozhskoye Ozero
2524:Great Patriotic War
2428:Shelling of Mainila
2287:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk
1890:with its center in
1788:17th–20th centuries
1483:(at that time, the
1465:Priozersky District
1378:Kalininsky District
946:to the west of the
944:Republic of Karelia
893:woodland strawberry
672:Polytrichum commune
515:Pine forests (with
442:Circumboreal Region
438:floristic provinces
199:Priozersky District
132:Republic of Karelia
83:Karelsky peresheyek
72:Карельский перешеек
4023:2007-09-28 at the
4003:2007-09-28 at the
3915:Kurs, Ott (1994).
3768:2007-09-29 at the
3728:2007-12-06 at the
3567:Karl Lennart Oesch
3551:, Finnish diplomat
3401:Lake Sukhodolskoye
3196:Beryozovye Islands
3018:Ford Motor Company
2664:, terminus of the
2650:transport corridor
2646:
2623:youth summer camps
2610:
2528:Siege of Leningrad
2508:
2461:Karelo-Finnish SSR
2397:
2385:
2302:Beryozovye Islands
1967:
1880:
1826:Great Northern War
1807:
1774:Treaty of Nöteborg
1675:Russo–Swedish Wars
1538:Russo-Swedish wars
1461:Lake Sukhodolskoye
1421:
1370:Vyborgsky District
1362:Primorsky District
1330:District of Vyborg
1306:Russian Federation
1129:
1075:emerged, draining
987:
974:Geological history
940:Vyborgsky District
853:golden chanterelle
649:common wood sorrel
577:European white elm
565:dark-leaved willow
473:Lake Sukhodolskoye
453:coniferous forests
384:
374:
366:
358:
336:
325:
207:Vyborgsky District
183:Karelo-Finnish SSR
151:Great Northern War
55:
3843:322.1-3, 205–215.
3805:322.1-3, 199–204.
3750:978-5-87317-384-6
3651:Elena Kondulainen
3557:, Finnish chemist
3532:Nobel Peace Prize
3139:is a base of the
3116:and the coast of
3110:Novoye Devyatkino
2990:radioactive waste
2986:nuclear materials
2683:(M10) going from
2681:E18 "Scandinavia"
2376:
2375:
2337:Svir–Petrozavodsk
2131:
2130:
1965:of the Winter War
1900:Bolshevist Russia
1770:Novgorod Republic
1754:
1753:
1481:Volga trade route
1401:
1400:
1354:Kurortny District
1045:glacial exaration
1030:sparse vegetation
1022:Arctic conditions
858:Lactarius resimus
657:Avenella flexuosa
610:Avenella flexuosa
573:small-leaved lime
569:tea-leaved willow
446:Holarctic Kingdom
381:Lake Yastrebinoye
372:Bog near Komarovo
228:and the parts of
222:Kurortny District
216:According to the
195:Kurortny District
185:. However, since
80:
16:(Redirected from
4263:
4236:Karelian Isthmus
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4032:
4014:
4008:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3967:
3954:Van Dyke, Carl.
3952:
3946:
3932:
3926:
3913:
3907:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3869:
3863:
3850:
3844:
3831:
3825:
3812:
3806:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3761:Доронина, Анна.
3759:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3723:Karelian Isthmus
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3702:"Karjalankannas"
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3680:"Karjalankannas"
3676:
3670:
3667:
3597:Continuation War
3593:Mannerheim Cross
3537:Georg Elfvengren
3528:Martti Ahtisaari
3177:
2833:Petersburg metro
2769:Saint Petersburg
2759:Saint Petersburg
2740:Saint Petersburg
2722:Saint Petersburg
2685:Saint Petersburg
2614:Leningrad Oblast
2595:Continuation War
2576:Leningrad Oblast
2559:Moscow Armistice
2539:Vyborg Offensive
2520:Continuation War
2510:In 1941, during
2497:Leningrad Oblast
2193:Karelian Isthmus
2173:
2171:
2170:Continuation War
2161:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2013:Karelian Isthmus
2004:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1888:Viipuri province
1849:Saint Petersburg
1794:Viipuri Province
1541:
1539:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1319:
1314:Leningrad Oblast
1310:Saint Petersburg
1198:Saint Petersburg
917:Saint Petersburg
871:saffron milk-cap
829:mushroom hunting
735:Leningrad Oblast
667:Carex globularis
616:Carex globularis
518:Pinus sylvestris
461:Pinus sylvestris
353:Calluna vulgaris
344:Pinus sylvestris
230:Leningrad Oblast
226:Saint Petersburg
211:Leningrad Oblast
191:Saint Petersburg
175:Continuation War
173:(1939–1940) and
128:Leningrad Oblast
124:Saint Petersburg
110:in northwestern
85:
75:
73:
66:
59:Karelian Isthmus
21:
18:Karelian isthmus
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4226:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4188:Terijoki.spb.ru
4172:
4041:
4039:Further reading
4036:
4035:
4025:Wayback Machine
4015:
4011:
4005:Wayback Machine
3995:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3953:
3949:
3933:
3929:
3914:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3870:
3866:
3859:Geochronometria
3851:
3847:
3832:
3828:
3813:
3809:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3770:Wayback Machine
3760:
3756:
3740:Доронина А. Ю.
3739:
3735:
3730:Wayback Machine
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3627:
3579:Edith Södergran
3543:Gustav Hägglund
3524:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3481:GULF OF FINLAND
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
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3296:
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3285:
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3274:
3268:
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3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3171:
3166:
3157:
3034:
2923:Vyborg Shipyard
2891:Districts. The
2841:
2707:Gulf of Finland
2635:
2602:
2597:
2451:other parts of
2448:Peace of Moscow
2440:Mannerheim Line
2405:Mannerheim Line
2377:
2372:
2322:Gulf of Finland
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1963:Mannerheim Line
1956:
1908:Treaty of Tartu
1796:
1790:
1755:
1750:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1503:
1497:
1411:
1406:
1394:Nevsky District
1302:
1297:
1121:
1039:Around 9000 BP
1007:Baltic Ice Lake
976:
876:Lactarius rufus
863:woolly milk-cap
739:Gulf of Finland
700:vascular plants
601:water horsetail
310:
143:Finnish Karelia
104:Gulf of Finland
62:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4269:
4267:
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4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4171:
4170:External links
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4152:
4141:
4130:
4119:
4108:
4097:
4086:
4075:
4064:
4053:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4018:Потенциал недр
4009:
3986:
3968:
3947:
3927:
3925:33.1, 107–113.
3908:
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3693:
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3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Ilia Shtokalov
3633:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3561:Juho Niukkanen
3558:
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3534:
3518:
3513:
3510:ST. PETERSBURG
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3254:Lake Glubokoye
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3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
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3194:
3189:
3184:
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3169:Finnish period
3167:
3165:
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3156:
3153:
3135:. The port of
3033:
3030:
2857:JSC Svetogorsk
2845:pulp-and-paper
2840:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2811:
2798:
2780:
2766:
2756:
2750:
2737:
2731:
2658:Central Russia
2634:
2631:
2601:
2598:
2584:Peace of Paris
2549:again. In the
2444:Ladoga Karelia
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2373:
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2188:Ladoga Karelia
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2052:Ladoga Karelia
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2015:
2014:
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2007:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1995:
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1853:Russian Empire
1822:Russian Empire
1815:Tver's Karelia
1792:Main article:
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1524:
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1499:Main article:
1496:
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1407:
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1402:
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1398:
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1387:
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1298:
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1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1059:. Lake Ladoga
982:Rapids on the
975:
972:
817:European perch
741:, but longer.
645:wood horsetail
637:, and lichens
589:common juniper
530:Betula pendula
477:Lake Glubokoye
405:of Finland to
309:
306:
197:), as well as
169:following the
147:Russian Empire
100:Karelska näset
92:Karjalankannas
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4268:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4212:60.5°N 29.9°E
4189:
4186:
4184:(in Russian).
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4160:5-86456-118-5
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:5-86456-065-0
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:5-86456-116-9
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:5-86456-078-2
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:5-86456-102-9
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:5-8392-0216-9
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:5-93114-040-9
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:5-86456-124-X
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:5-93045-017-X
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:5-87517-022-0
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:5-93045-016-1
4047:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:0-7146-4314-9
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:0-333-80149-0
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:5-87403-052-2
3874:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:Hydrobiologia
3836:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3802:Hydrobiologia
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
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3697:
3694:
3681:
3675:
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3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
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3634:
3632:
3629:
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3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:Larin Paraske
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:Gustaf Komppa
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
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3414:
3408:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3350:Michurinskoye
3345:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3318:Pervomayskoye
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3273:
3272:Kirillovskoye
3267:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3191:Bay of Vyborg
3187:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:was built in
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:Kirillovskoye
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:. A plant of
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2958:Morozov Plant
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:Pervomayskoye
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:(quarries in
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
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2836:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:Michurinskoye
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
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2659:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2600:After the war
2599:
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2592:
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2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
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2328:
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2320:
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2317:Tali-Ihantala
2315:
2313:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
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2201:
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2185:
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2177:
2172:
2162:
2157:
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2142:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:North Karelia
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:seceded from
1897:
1896:Ingrian Finns
1893:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:, won in the
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:Ancestors of
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
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1724:
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1560:
1557:
1555:
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1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1489:Bay of Vyborg
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:burial mounds
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1418:Vyborg Castle
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Taipaleenjoki
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:Bay of Vyborg
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:Steppe-tundra
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Baltic Shield
985:
984:Burnaya River
980:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:stone bramble
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:ugly milk-cap
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
849:slippery Jack
846:
845:velvet bolete
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:and others),
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:northern pike
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
720:mountain hare
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
679:
674:
673:
669:, and mosses
668:
664:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Norway spruce
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
423:South Karelia
420:
416:
415:Bay of Vyborg
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
382:
378:
370:
362:
355:
354:
349:
345:
340:
334:
329:
322:
318:
314:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Interim Peace
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:Bay of Vyborg
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
78:
69:
65:
60:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4193:
4190:(in Russian)
4028:
4012:
3980:
3971:
3955:
3950:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3911:
3906:26.2, 35–44.
3901:
3892:
3883:
3867:
3857:
3848:
3838:
3829:
3819:
3810:
3800:
3783:(in Russian)
3776:
3757:
3741:
3736:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3674:
3665:
3549:Max Jakobson
3487:Lappeenranta
3341:
3260:Kamennogorsk
3225:Saimaa Canal
3158:
3141:Baltic Fleet
3104:, the roads
3102:Road of Life
3097:
3096:, including
3073:
3035:
2981:
2957:
2956:state-owned
2951:
2934:
2922:
2921:
2896:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2855:industries (
2842:
2830:
2801:Kamennogorsk
2777:Petrokrepost
2711:
2699:Saimaa Canal
2697:
2674:
2647:
2627:Soviet Union
2611:
2555:River Vuoksi
2536:
2512:World War II
2509:
2424:Soviet Union
2421:
2401:World War II
2398:
2357:
2327:Narvi Island
2229:
2223:Platinum Fox
2222:
2215:
2208:
2198:East Karelia
2133:
1954:World War II
1948:Central Asia
1936:Miikkulainen
1881:
1878:Ingrian flag
1846:
1819:
1808:
1763:
1759:Baltic Finns
1756:
1674:
1673:
1548:
1485:Vuoksi River
1422:
1303:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1134:Kamennogorsk
1092:Lake Suvanto
1089:
1061:transgressed
1053:River Vuoksi
1041:Ancylus Lake
1038:
1019:
1015:Salpausselkä
988:
968:Soviet Union
937:
909:bog bilberry
874:
856:
841:birch bolete
762:
743:
728:
708:Red squirrel
697:
692:C. canescens
690:
686:
676:
670:
666:
660:
656:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
593:eared willow
553:common aspen
541:Norway maple
536:B. pubescens
534:
528:
522:
516:
514:
484:
468:
460:
450:
427:
419:Lappeenranta
411:Saimaa Canal
396:
385:
351:
343:
285:
261:
237:
215:
187:World War II
163:Soviet Union
136:
58:
56:
4215: /
3981:heninen.net
3824:31.1, 1–19.
3708:January 30,
3686:January 30,
3603:Uno Ullberg
3595:during the
3589:Lauri Törni
3521:Vsevolozhsk
3515:LAKE LADOGA
3368:Sestroretsk
3356:Kuznechnoye
3324:Elisenvaara
3312:Korobitsyno
3300:Zelenogorsk
3186:LAKE SAIMAA
3118:Lake Ladoga
3090:Lake Ladoga
3026:Vsevolozhsk
3002:Lake Ladoga
2913:Kuznechnoye
2905:Lake Ladoga
2853:woodworking
2814:Zelenogorsk
2773:Vsevolozhsk
2763:Vsevolozhsk
2744:Sestroretsk
2654:Scandinavia
2608:Sestroretsk
2481:Kanneljärvi
2426:staged the
2297:Kuuterselkä
2094:Suomussalmi
1924:Valkeasaari
1838:Old Finland
1741:(1788–1790)
1736:(1741–1743)
1731:(1700–1721)
1726:(1656–1658)
1716:(1610–1617)
1711:(1590–1595)
1706:(1558–1583)
1701:(1554–1557)
1691:(1495–1497)
1686:(1479–1482)
1681:(1475–1476)
1437:Lake Ladoga
1409:Archaeology
1288:Zelenogorsk
1258:Vsevolozhsk
1222:Siestarjoki
1218:Sestroretsk
1148:Kuznechnoye
1096:Lake Ladoga
1077:Lake Ladoga
1057:Lake Saimaa
1049:Lake Ladoga
956:Lake Ladoga
789:Kuznechnoye
777:Korobitsyno
683:meadowsweet
634:S. russowii
597:lingonberry
561:grey willow
557:English oak
545:black alder
524:Picea abies
494:Lake Ladoga
490:raised bogs
469:Picea abies
425:, Finland.
407:Lake Ladoga
317:Lake Vuoksa
218:2002 census
149:during the
108:Lake Ladoga
34:album, see
4230:Categories
4217:60.5; 29.9
3922:GeoJournal
3862:24, 81–85.
3780:See maps:
3657:References
3443:Devyatkino
3384:Beloostrov
3243:Lesogorsky
3237:Svetogorsk
3155:Population
3022:Ford Focus
3020:producing
3006:Neva River
2899:, a major
2889:Priozersky
2861:Svetogorsk
2805:Svetogorsk
2748:Beloostrov
2591:Winter War
2432:Winter War
2403:, such as
2368:Baltic Sea
2332:Vyborg Bay
2230:Arctic Fox
2209:Silver Fox
2099:Raate Road
2058:Tolvajärvi
2046:Vyborg Bay
2041:Honkaniemi
2001:Winter War
1453:Bronze Age
1449:Copper Age
1441:Mesolithic
1435:island of
1349:Lenoblast
1341:Lenoblast
1333:Lenoblast
1238:Svetogorsk
1212:Sierattala
1158:Lesogorsky
1081:Baltic Sea
1073:Neva River
1026:permafrost
1011:Baltic Sea
905:cloudberry
879:, various
805:carp bream
549:grey alder
502:Neva River
457:Scots pine
455:formed by
348:understory
342:Forest of
262:Приозе́рск
171:Winter War
116:River Neva
51:Winter War
3505:Priozersk
3431:Vaskelovo
3413:Sertolovo
3377:LEMBOLOVO
3330:Kronstadt
3289:Roshchino
3266:Veshchevo
3231:Pribylovo
3149:Sertolovo
3058:Veshchevo
3050:Pribylovo
3046:Levashovo
3028:in 2002.
2970:abrasives
2966:adhesives
2885:Vyborgsky
2881:Priozersk
2705:with the
2675:The only
2670:sea ports
2633:Transport
2543:evacuated
2352:Ilomantsi
2347:Nietjärvi
2312:Tienhaara
2270:Suursaari
2248:Bengtskär
2082:Ilomantsi
2063:Varolampi
2036:2nd Summa
2019:1st Summa
1840:, to the
1834:Nyenskans
1746:(1808–09)
1639:1350–1351
1634:1348–1349
1629:1338–1339
1624:1321–1323
1614:1311–1314
1609:1300–1301
1604:1293–1295
1599:1283–1284
1594:1256–1257
1589:1249–1250
1579:1236–1237
1569:1227–1228
1457:Karelians
1445:Neolithic
1429:Priozersk
1262:Seuloskoi
1208:Sertolovo
1188:Roshchino
1182:Käkisalmi
1178:Priozersk
1152:Kaarlahti
1104:Kiviniemi
1079:into the
1003:ice sheet
901:cranberry
889:raspberry
781:Kavgolovo
758:Priozersk
619:, mosses
585:crowberry
430:ecoregion
321:Priozersk
286:Примо́рск
270:Käkisalmi
258:Priozersk
77:romanized
64:‹See Tfd›
4021:Archived
4001:Archived
3766:Archived
3726:Archived
3466:Konevets
3336:Komarovo
3219:Sovetsky
3213:Primorsk
3201:Seiskari
3181:Vaalimaa
3129:Lekhtusi
3122:Voronezh
3062:Kasimovo
3032:Military
3004:and the
2901:polluter
2839:Industry
2822:Sovetsky
2818:Primorsk
2791:Zhitkovo
2787:Veschevo
2693:Vaalimaa
2687:through
2677:motorway
2662:Primorsk
2652:linking
2618:toponyms
2586:, 1947.
2493:Terijoki
2485:Koivisto
2436:Red Army
2409:VKT-line
2342:Vuosalmi
2307:Kaprolat
2253:Porlampi
2216:Reindeer
1940:deported
1928:Lempaala
1867:(1893),
1863:(1870),
1803:Rajajoki
1780:and the
1433:Konevets
1322:District
1312:and the
1292:Terijoki
1232:Johannes
1228:Sovetsky
1172:Koivisto
1168:Primorsk
1065:Heinjoki
897:cowberry
885:bilberry
881:Russulas
793:canoeing
785:climbing
752:and the
653:bilberry
640:Cladonia
486:Sphagnum
346:with an
333:Leipäsuo
294:Koivisto
282:Primorsk
193:(mostly
32:Amorphis
30:For the
4203:29°54′E
4200:60°30′N
3476:FINLAND
3461:Toksovo
3449:Burnaya
3419:Sosnovo
3407:Gromovo
3396:Volchya
3379:HEIGHTS
3373:Kilpola
3343:Tiversk
3306:Hiitola
3249:Kamenka
3207:Vysotsk
3145:Kamenka
3137:Vysotsk
3114:Matoksa
3106:Rzhevka
3078:Kamenka
3054:Gromovo
3040:of the
2943:chicken
2909:granite
2703:Finland
2642:Toksovo
2568:Kexholm
2547:Finland
2473:Kexholm
2453:Finland
2413:VT-line
2238:Petsamo
2118:Petsamo
2112:Lapland
2024:Taipale
2003:battles
1944:Siberia
1916:Finnish
1914:, with
1912:Toksova
1892:Viipuri
1830:capital
1782:Volchya
1477:Tiversk
1404:History
1325:Region
1278:Vysotsk
1272:Viipuri
1252:Toksova
1248:Toksovo
1202:Pietari
1192:Raivola
1138:Finnish
1113:Kexholm
833:porcini
801:fishing
769:cycling
716:red fox
605:bracken
581:heather
510:granite
444:of the
440:of the
392:moraine
298:Swedish
290:Finnish
278:Kexholm
274:Swedish
266:Finnish
250:Swedish
246:Viipuri
242:Finnish
167:Finland
96:Swedish
88:Finnish
79::
68:Russian
4241:Ingria
4158:
4147:
4136:
4125:
4114:
4103:
4092:
4081:
4070:
4059:
4048:
3962:
3942:
3875:
3821:Boreas
3748:
3499:Imatra
3493:Vyborg
3471:Valaam
3390:Losevo
3362:Sestra
3294:Kotlin
3283:Vuoksi
2982:Izotop
2962:paints
2869:Vyborg
2849:timber
2826:Vyborg
2809:Imatra
2783:Vyborg
2689:Vyborg
2572:Vyborg
2564:Jääski
2477:Vyborg
2469:Jääski
2393:Muolaa
2292:Vyborg
2275:Someri
2258:Tuulos
2203:Vyborg
2088:Kainuu
2070:Kollaa
1811:Ingria
1778:Sestra
1766:Sweden
1721:(1656)
1696:(1499)
1473:cairns
1425:Vyborg
1268:Vyborg
1162:Jääski
1142:Antrea
1108:rapids
1069:Vyborg
933:dachas
825:burbot
797:Losevo
787:(near
773:skiing
765:hiking
750:Vyborg
506:podsol
463:) and
403:Saimaa
399:Vuoksi
302:Björkö
280:) and
254:Viborg
238:Выборг
234:Vyborg
139:Ingria
112:Russia
3585:poet.
3425:Okhta
2530:(see
2489:Rautu
2455:(see
2358:Hokki
2243:Hanko
2123:Salla
2106:Kuhmo
2029:Kelja
1932:Vuole
1282:Uuras
1024:with
831:(for
821:ruffe
813:roach
712:moose
331:Near
319:near
4156:ISBN
4145:ISBN
4134:ISBN
4123:ISBN
4112:ISBN
4101:ISBN
4090:ISBN
4079:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4057:ISBN
4046:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3940:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3710:2022
3688:2022
3455:Neva
3092:and
3080:and
3060:and
3052:and
3014:sand
3010:peat
2994:Bogs
2988:and
2947:eggs
2945:and
2887:and
2875:and
2851:and
2843:The
2716:and
2691:and
2656:and
2593:and
2570:and
2487:and
2475:and
2417:KaUR
2281:1944
2264:1942
2182:1941
1946:and
1934:and
1768:and
1669:1448
1664:1444
1659:1411
1654:1399
1649:1396
1644:1395
1619:1318
1584:1240
1574:1229
1564:1187
1559:1164
1554:1142
1451:and
1427:and
1397:SPB
1389:SPB
1381:SPB
1373:SPB
1365:SPB
1357:SPB
1242:Enso
1028:and
962:(by
942:and
927:and
911:and
779:and
754:town
746:city
744:The
724:boar
722:and
689:and
675:and
631:and
613:and
533:and
483:and
475:and
397:The
205:and
126:and
106:and
57:The
4031:93.
2996:of
2952:In
2937:in
2929:in
2919:).
2903:of
2879:in
2867:in
2793:to
2720:of
2545:to
1942:to
1491:).
970:).
964:KGB
960:FSB
799:),
791:),
783:),
756:of
748:of
575:or
496:in
481:fen
432:of
421:in
350:of
304:).
256:),
224:of
209:of
165:by
4232::
4027:.
3989:^
3979:.
3919:.
3900:.
3856:.
3837:.
3818:.
3799:.
3788:^
3581:,
3519:*
3503:*
3497:*
3491:*
3485:*
3459:*
3453:*
3447:*
3441:*
3435:*
3429:*
3423:*
3417:*
3411:*
3405:*
3394:*
3388:*
3382:*
3366:*
3360:*
3354:*
3348:*
3340:*
3334:*
3328:*
3322:*
3316:*
3310:*
3304:*
3298:*
3287:*
3281:*
3264:*
3258:*
3247:*
3241:*
3235:*
3229:*
3223:*
3217:*
3211:*
3205:*
3179:*
3151:.
3131:,
3108:–
3048:,
2992:.
2968:,
2964:,
2949:.
2933:.
2871:,
2863:,
2847:,
2835:.
2824:–
2820:–
2816:–
2807:–
2803:–
2785:–
2775:–
2771:–
2761:–
2746:–
2742:–
2724::
2709:.
2695:.
2660:.
2566:,
2499:.
2483:,
2471:,
2411:,
2407:,
1930:,
1926:,
1817:.
1784:.
1447:,
1443:,
1308:,
1294:).
1140::
1032:.
999:BP
935:.
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
873:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
843:,
839:,
835:,
823:,
819:,
815:,
811:,
807:,
771:,
767:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:.
695:.
665:,
659:,
651:,
647:,
625:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
583:,
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
547:,
543:,
448:.
300::
296:;
292::
288:;
276::
272:;
268::
264:;
252::
248:;
244::
240:;
213:.
201:,
98::
94:;
90::
86:;
74:,
70::
4162:.
4151:.
4140:.
4129:.
4118:.
4107:.
4096:.
4085:.
4074:.
4063:.
4052:.
3983:.
3966:.
3752:.
3712:.
3690:.
3270:*
2797:)
2160:e
2153:t
2146:v
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1528:e
1521:t
1514:v
1290:(
1284:)
1280:(
1274:)
1270:(
1264:)
1260:(
1254:)
1250:(
1244:)
1240:(
1234:)
1230:(
1224:)
1220:(
1214:)
1210:(
1204:)
1200:(
1194:)
1190:(
1184:)
1180:(
1174:)
1170:(
1164:)
1160:(
1154:)
1150:(
1144:)
1136:(
795:(
775:(
467:(
459:(
284:(
260:(
236:(
61:(
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