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1369:) by subordinates and peers alike. In addition, the individual has needs for a degree of personal admiration by those within this person's social circle and, lastly, for raw personal achievement. These characteristics comprise the "expansive" neurotic type. Expansive types also tend to keep people around them. On the other hand, they only care about their wants and needs. They would do whatever they can to satisfy their needs and wouldn't desist from hurting anyone in the obtainment of them.
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1657:" and the "ideal self". The real self is who and what we actually are. The ideal self is the type of person we feel we should be. The real self has the potential for growth, happiness, will power, realization of gifts, etc., but it also has deficiencies. The ideal self is used as a model to assist the real self in developing its potential and achieving self-actualization. (Engler 125) But it is important to know the differences between our ideal and real self.
1481:" occurs just as much in men: Horney felt men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children. The degree to which men are driven to success may be merely a substitute for the fact they cannot carry, bear, and nurture children. Horney also thought men were envious of women because they fulfill their position in society by simply "being", whereas men achieve their manhood according to their ability to provide and succeed.
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1604:, her major work published in 1950. It's in this book she summarizes her ideas regarding neurosis, clarifying her three neurotic "solutions" to the stresses of life. The expansive solution became a tripartite combination of narcissistic, perfectionistic and arrogant-vindictive approaches to life. (Horney had previously focused on the psychiatric concept of
1321:". Those within the compliance category tend to exhibit a need for affection and approval on the part of their peers. They may also seek out a partner, somebody to confide in, fostering the belief that, in turn, all of life's problems would be solved by the new cohort. A lack of demands and a desire for inconspicuousness both occur in these individuals.
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disciplinary figure," who also held his son Berndt in higher regard than Karen. Instead of being offended or feeling indignation over Karen's perceptions of him, her father brought her gifts from far-away countries. Despite this, Karen always felt deprived of her father's affection and instead became attached to her mother.
1612:.) Her other two neurotic "solutions" were also a refinement of her previous views: self-effacement, or submission to others, and resignation, or detachment from others. She described case studies of symbiotic relationships between arrogant-vindictive and self-effacing individuals, labeling such a relationship bordering on
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Like others whose views differed from that of Freud, Horney felt sex and aggression were not the primary factors that shape personality. Horney, along with Adler, believed there were greater influences on personality, including social relationship factors during childhood, rather than just repressed
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In 1926, Horney and her husband separated; they would divorce in 1937. She and their three daughters moved out of Oskar's house. Oskar had proven to be very similar to Horney's father, with an authoritarian personality. After studying more psychoanalytic theory, Horney regretted not objecting to her
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Horney's apparent loss of interest in feminine psychology has led some to contend she was never really a feminist, despite the fact she was far ahead of her time in her trenchant critique of the patriarchal ideology of her culture and the phallocentricity of psychoanalysis. Janet Sayers argues that
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comprise another part of this category; those withdrawing may strive for perfection above all else, to the point where being flawed is utterly unacceptable. Everything the "detached" type does must be unassailable and refined. They suppress or deny all feelings towards others, particularly love and
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From her experiences as a psychiatrist, Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs. These ten needs are based upon things which she thought all humans require to succeed in life. Horney modified these needs somewhat to correspond with what she believed were individuals' neuroses. A neurotic person
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of the
American Institute of Psychoanalysis, a training institute for those who were interested in Horney's own organization, the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. She founded this organization after becoming dissatisfied with the generally strict, orthodox nature of the prevailing
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From roughly the age of nine Karen became ambitious and somewhat rebellious. She felt she could not become pretty, and instead decided to vest her energies into her intellectual qualities â despite the fact she was seen by most as pretty. At this time she developed a crush on her older brother, who
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or solutions in that it is not compensatory. Self-idealization is compensatory in her theory, but it differs from narcissism. All the defensive strategies involve self-idealization, but in the narcissistic solution, it tends to be the product of indulgence rather than deprivation. The narcissist's
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in a different light from other psychoanalysts of the time. Her expansive interest in the subject led her to compile a detailed theory of neurosis, with data from her patients. Horney believed neurosis to be a continuous processâwith neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in a person's lifetime.
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These
Freudian revisionistsâincluding Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Harry Stack Sullivanâagreed that relational, social, and cultural factors were of great significance in shaping personality. Even though these three therapists are typically called neo-Freudians, it would be more appropriate, as
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is something that all people strive for. By "self" she understood the core of one's own being and potential. Horney believed that if we have an accurate conception of our own self, then we are free to realize our potential and achieve what we wish, within reasonable boundaries. Thus, she believed
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Horney believed both men and women have a drive to be ingenious and productive. Women are able to satisfy this need normally and internallyâto do this they become pregnant and give birth. Men satisfy this need only through external ways; Horney proposed that the striking accomplishments of men in
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Women, according to Horney, traditionally gain value only through their children and the wider family. She de-romanticized the
Victorian concept of how a marriage bond should be. Horney explained that the "monogamous demand represents the fulfillment of narcissistic and sadistic impulses far more
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Horney kept diaries beginning at the age of thirteen. These journals showed Horney's confidence in her path for the future. She considered becoming a doctor, even though, at that time, women were not allowed to attend universities. According to Horney's adolescent diaries her father was "a cruel
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indifference towards the child, believing a child's perception of events, as opposed to the parent's intentions, is the key to understanding a person's neurosis. For instance, a child might feel a lack of warmth and affection should a parent make fun of the child's feelings. The parent may also
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soon after. He rapidly became embittered, morose and argumentative. That same year, Horney's brother died of a pulmonary infection. Both events contributed to a worsening of Horney's mental health. She entered into a second period of deep depression; she swam out to sea during a vacation and
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The Karen Horney Clinic opened on May 6, 1955 in New York City, in honor of Horney's achievements. The institution seeks to research and train medical professionals, particularly in the psychiatric fields, as well as serving as a low-cost treatment center. Patients that are not suitable for
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Horney was also a pioneer in the discipline of feminine psychiatry. As one of the first female psychiatrists, she was the first known woman to present a paper regarding feminine psychiatry. Fourteen of the papers she wrote between 1922 and 1937 were amalgamated into a single volume titled
1099:. She then took up a teaching position within the Institute. She helped design and eventually directed the Society's training program, taught students, and conducted psychoanalytic research. She also saw patients for private psychoanalytic sessions, and continued to work at the hospital.
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The neurotic person's self is split between an idealized self and a real self. As a result, neurotic individuals feel they somehow do not live up to the ideal self. They feel there is a flaw somewhere in comparison to what they "should" be. The goals set out by the neurotic are not
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Despite her increasing deviation from orthodox
Freudian doctrine, she practised and taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Society until 1932. Freud's increasing coolness toward her and her concern over the rise of Nazism in Germany motivated her to accept an invitation by
1673:" and the neurotic's hopeless "search for glory". She concluded these ingrained traits of the psyche forever prevent an individual's potential from being actualized unless the cycle of neurosis is somehow broken, through treatment or, in less severe cases, life lesson.
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Through her fellow student Carl MĂŒller-Braunschweigâwho later became a psychoanalystâshe met the business student Oskar Horney. They married in 1909. The couple moved to Berlin together, where Oskar worked in industry while Karen continued her studies at the
895:. Her father, Berndt Wackels Danielsen (1836â1910), was Norwegian but had German citizenship. He was a ship's captain in the merchant marine, and a Protestant traditionalist (his children nicknamed him "the Bible-thrower", as he did indeed throw Bibles).
1665:, or indeed possible. The real self then degenerates into a "despised self", and the neurotic person assumes this is the "true" self. Thus, the neurotic is like a clock's pendulum, oscillating between a fallacious "perfection" and a manifestation of
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Heinz
Ansbacher (1979) has suggested, to refer to them as neo-Adlerians because they moved away from Freud's biological and deterministic point of view and toward Adler's social-psychological and teleological (or goal-oriented) view of human nature.
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although Horney's "rejection of Freud's work in the name of women's self-esteem has certainly inspired many feminists," she herself "was far too much of an individualist ever to engage in collective political struggleâfeminist or otherwise."
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Although we do not have any evidence Adler and Horney may have influenced each other directly, the two theories share some striking similarities at theoretical and practical levels regarding the development of psychological problems (Mosak
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This is to a large extent due to the fact that her father was hardly ever present. The ship of which he was a captain went back and forth to South
America. A son and a daughter from the captain's first marriage died in Chile and Bolivia
1477:" was particularly subject to criticism, as well. She thought Freud had merely stumbled upon women's jealousy of men's generic power in the world. Horney accepted penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic women, but stated that "
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Karen's elder brother was also named Berndt, and Karen cared for him deeply. She also had four elder half-siblings from her father's previous marriage. However, there was no contact between the children of her father's two marriages.
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Her mother, Clotilde, née van
Ronzelen (1853â1911), known as "Sonni", was also Protestant, of Dutch origin. She was said to be more open-minded than Berndt, and yet she was "depressed, irritable, and domineering toward Karen".
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but saw the narcissistic personality as the product of a certain kind of early environment acting on a certain kind of temperament. For her, narcissistic needs and tendencies are not inherent in human nature.
1530:(1967). As a woman, she felt the mapping out of trends in female behaviour was a neglected issue. Women were regarded as objects of charm and beautyâat variance with every human being's ultimate purpose of
1365:. Manipulative qualities aside, under Horney's assertions the expansive individual may also wish for social recognition, not necessarily in terms of limelight, but in terms of simply being known (perhaps
1130:. Brooklyn was home to a large Jewish community, including a growing number of refugees from Nazi Germany, and psychoanalysis thrived there. It was in Brooklyn Horney became friends with analysts such as
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was in fact one of the first institutions in
Germany to enroll women in medical coursesâwith higher education only becoming available to women in Germany in 1900. By 1908, Horney had transferred to the
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This was in contrast to the opinions of her contemporaries who believed neurosis was, like more severe mental conditions, a negative malfunction of the mind in response to external stimuli, such as
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Kondo, A. (1961). The therapist-patient relationship in psychotherapy: On Horney's school and Morita therapy. Seishin
Bunseki Kenyu. (Japanese Journal of Psychoanalytic Research), (7), 30â35.
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Oberst, Ursula E.; Stewart, Alan E. (2003). "Adlerian therapy and its relationship to other psychotherapeutic approaches: Neo-psychoanalytic theories: Horney's psychoanalytic approach".
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Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo-Freudian member of 'the cultural school,' which also includes Eric Fromm, Harry Stack
Sullivan, Clara Thompson, and Abraham Kardiner
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of the sexual elements, claiming the clinging to one parent and jealousy of the other was simply the result of anxiety, caused by a disturbance in the parent-child relationship.
848:. She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, and like Adler, she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology.
1590:, according to Paris, "makes a major contribution to psychological thoughtâparticularly the study of personalityâthat deserves to be more widely known and applied than it is."
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became embarrassed by her attentions â soon pushing her away. She suffered the first of several bouts of depression â an issue that would plague her for the rest of her life.
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1565:. The book asserted that those, both male and female, with relatively minor neurotic problems could, in effect, be their own psychiatrists. She continually stressed
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psychoanalysis are treated with psychotherapeutic modalities such as supportive psychotherapy, and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, all based on Horney's ideas.
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9. The need for perfection; while many are driven to perfect their lives in the form of well being, the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed.
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While non-neurotic individuals may strive for these needs, neurotics exhibit a much deeper, more willful and concentrated desire to fulfill the said needs.
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solution or a detached personality. As neither aggression nor compliance solve parental indifference, Horney recognized children might simply try to become
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7. The need for personal achievement; though virtually all persons wish to make achievements, as with No. 3, the neurotic may be desperate for achievement.
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sexual passions. The two focused more on how the conscious mind plays a role in human personality, not just subconscious repression. Freud's notion of "
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could theoretically exhibit all of these needs, though in practice fewer than the ten here need to be present for a person to be considered a neurotic.
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views. This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding
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DeMartino, R. (1991). Karen Horney, Daisetz T. Suzuki, and Zen Buddhism. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, September, 51(3), 267â83.
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Horney believed these stimuli to be less important, except for influences during childhood. Rather, she placed significant emphasis on
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to become his assistant at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis, and in 1932, she and her daughters moved to the United States.
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In the mid-1930s, Horney stopped writing on the topic of feminine psychology and never resumed. Her biographer B.J. Paris writes:
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before graduating with an M.D. in 1913. Attending several universities was common at the time to gain a basic medical education.
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to those around them. That is, there is a need for power, a need for control and exploitation, and a maintenance of a facade of
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self-actualization is the healthy person's aim through lifeâas opposed to the neurotic's clinging to a set of key needs.
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Despite these variances with the prevalent Freudian view, Horney strove to reformulate Freudian thought, presenting a
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Horney delves into a detailed explanation of the above needs (and their corresponding neurotic solutions) in her book
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10. Lastly, the need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders; to live as inconspicuous a life as possible.
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While Horney acknowledged and agreed with Freud on many issues, she was also critical of him on several key beliefs.
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Horney's deviation from Freudian psychology led to her resigning from her post, and she soon took up teaching in the
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883:(Ansbacher, 1979), although it is contended neither Horney nor Adler directly influenced one another (Mosak, 1989).
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Upon investigating the ten needs further, Horney found she was able to condense them into three broad categories:
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casually neglect to fulfill promises, which in turn could have a detrimental effect on the child's mental state.
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Dee Garrison, (Summer 1981) "Karen Horney and Feminism," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6, no.4
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In 1904, when Karen was 19, her mother left her father (without divorcing him), taking the children with her.
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The Dynamic Self Searching for Growth and Authenticity: Karen Horney's Contribution to Humanistic Psychology
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Horney is often thought of primarily as a neo-Freudian member of "the cultural school," which also includes
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LeVine, P. (1994). Impressions of Karen Horney's final lectures. Australian Psychologist. 29 (1), 153â57.
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While living in Brooklyn, Horney taught and trained psychoanalysts in New York City, working both at the
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and achieve control over othersâwhile most persons seek strength, the neurotic may be desperate for it.
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who practiced in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional
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Eckardt,M.H.(2006) Karen Horney: a portrait. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2, 105.
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attempted to shed new light on the problems women experience when raising adolescents.
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and Horney influenced one another, they landed at similar theoretical understandings.
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4. The need for personal admiration; for both inner and outer qualitiesâto be valued.
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Horney was bewildered by psychiatrists' tendency to place so much emphasis on the
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2. The need for a partner; one whom they can love and who will solve all problems.
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It was in Brooklyn Horney developed and advanced her composite theories regarding
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Horney was born Karen Danielsen on 16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany, near
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Instead, she became increasingly interested in the subject of neurosis. Horney's
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Karen Horney Papers (MS 1604). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
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1. The need for affection and approval; pleasing others and being liked by them.
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Horney developed her ideas to the extent that she released one of the first "
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is not strong, however, because it is not based on genuine accomplishments.
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The ten needs, as set out by Horney, (classified according to her so-called
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Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Chapter 10. The masculinity complex
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Lead Article: Health and Growth (The article is devoted to Karen Horney's
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8. The need for self-sufficiency and independence; while most desire some
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was fixed upon marriage, as were six other of Horney's papers. Her essay
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solution. Neurotic children or adults within this category often exhibit
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Against her parents' wishes, Horney entered medical school in 1906. The
2615:. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 459.
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Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search. Part 5. Horney's mature theory.
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1989:
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The Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis
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952: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Dr. C. George Boeree (Psychology Department, Shippensburg University)
2163:(1. publ., 3. print. ed.). Cambridge: Worth Publishers. pp.
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than it indicates the wishes of genuine loveâ. Most notably, her work
1313:, "power") were assimilated into the compliance category, also called
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Adlerian Psychotherapy: An Advanced Approach to Individual Psychology
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6. The need to exploit others; to get the better of them. To become
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Karen and Oskar had three daughters. The first, born in 1911, was
1798:(reprint of papers written between 1922 and 1937), Norton, 1967.
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Near the end of her career, Karen Horney summarized her ideas in
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1850:, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.
1837:, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999.
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1138:. She had a sexual relationship with Fromm that ended bitterly.
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Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization
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was a part of becoming a better, stronger, richer human being.
1266:, fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used.
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NYC Municipal Archives / WNYC audio recording of Karen Horney
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Karen Horney: a Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-understanding
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Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding
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Karen Horney: A Psychoanalyst's Search for Self-Understanding
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Lecture notes alongside psychological opinions at Sonoma.edu
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According to Horney we can have two views of our self: the "
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view of the individual psyche which placed much emphasis on
1385:) are assimilated into the detachment category, also called
808:
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Paul, Henry (1991). "A report on the Karen Horney Clinic".
2114:"Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures"
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Mosak (1989) states that while there is no direct evidence
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and independence as the way forth. The stringent needs for
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husband ruling over their children when they were younger.
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1168:, which had wide popular readership. By 1941, Horney was
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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
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Cold War Freud: Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes
2542:"Codependency Is About Your Relationship With Yourself"
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Two years after moving to Chicago, Horney relocated to
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1990:"Beyond Freud: Towards a New Psychotherapy for Women"
1863:, ed. Douglas H. Ingram, Norton, 1991. 128 pp.
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832:; 16 September 1885 â 4 December 1952) was a German
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Part 2. The Freudian phase and feminine psychology.
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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
805:
802:
124:
106:
98:
90:
74:
48:
32:
3632:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
1438:Narcissism is different from Horney's other major
2420:, edited by Robert Frager and James Fadiman, 1998
3622:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
3637:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1579:
1554:for their inability to give birth to children.
1067:
547:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1160:, based on experiences gained from working in
2816:
2791:Books by Karen Horney at the Internet Archive
1943:"Notes from Underground: A Horneyan Analysis"
1669:. Horney referred to this phenomenon as the "
1422:Horney saw narcissism quite differently from
1095:In 1920, Horney was a founding member of the
774:
94:Theory of Neurotic Needs, Feminine Psychology
8:
2679:Karen Horney: Gentle Rebel of Psychoanalysis
2340:
2338:
2336:
2223:(10 ed.). Cengage Limited. p. 98.
1835:The Therapeutic Process: Essays and Lectures
2738:Psychoanalytic Social Theory â Karen Horney
2061:
2059:
2057:
1255:5. The need for power; the ability to bend
3164:
2842:
2823:
2809:
2801:
2695:, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1986.
2653:, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994.
2236:
2234:
1550:work or some other field can be viewed as
781:
767:
689:International Psychoanalytical Association
139:
40:
29:
2748:The American Institute for Psychoanalysis
2665:Mind of Her Own: the Life of Karen Horney
2283:
2281:
2279:
2155:Schacter, Gilbert Wegner, Daniel (2011).
1012:Learn how and when to remove this message
2629:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2195:. Yale University Press. p. xviii.
2092:. Yale University Press. p. xxiii.
1455:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2611:Carlson, N.R. & Heth, C.D. (2007).
2452:Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search.
2289:Karen Horney: a psychoanalyst's search.
2186:
2184:
2053:
2033:
151:
3642:European Association for Psychotherapy
2568:The American Journal of Psychoanalysis
2530:Neurosis and human growth. Chaps. 1â5.
1822:The Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney
1698:The following are all still in print:
1624:with an arrogant-vindictive neurotic.
1430:theorists in that she did not posit a
1033:, and would transfer once more to the
3713:German emigrants to the United States
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
1994:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
1540:"The Problem of the Monogamous Ideal"
1270:Moving Away from People (Withdrawal)
823:
7:
3768:20th-century German women physicians
1783:The Neurotic Personality of our Time
1488:. Horney also reworked the Freudian
1298:
1240:3. The need for social recognition;
1166:The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
950:adding citations to reliable sources
683:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
473:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
3683:20th-century American psychologists
2927:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
2693:The Feminist Legacy of Karen Horney
2613:Psychology the science of behaviour
2465:The feminist legacy of Karen Horney
2271:The feminist legacy of Karen Horney
1809:The Collected Works of Karen Horney
1719:Are You Considering Psychoanalysis?
1563:Are You Considering Psychoanalysis?
1251:Moving Against People (Aggression)
694:World Association of Psychoanalysis
3723:German people of Norwegian descent
3647:Society for Psychotherapy Research
2875:Transference focused psychotherapy
2753:International Karen Horney Society
2707:Personality Theories. Karen Horney
1230:Moving Toward People (Compliance)
1183:American Journal of Psychoanalysis
1180:. She also founded a journal, the
182:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
25:
2932:Rational emotive behavior therapy
2905:Functional analytic psychotherapy
2900:Acceptance and commitment therapy
2273:, New Haven, Conn. 1986, pp. 7â8.
1988:Walstedt, Joyce Jennings (1976).
1147:New York Psychoanalytic Institute
844:in response to Freud's theory of
699:List of schools of psychoanalysis
2681:, Summit Books, New York, 1978.
2667:, Summit Books, New York, 1987.
2519:Chapter 6. Alienation from self.
1881:
926:
798:
748:
675:British Psychoanalytical Society
527:Civilization and Its Discontents
159:
27:German psychoanalyst (1885â1952)
3652:World Council for Psychotherapy
2418:Personality and Personal Growth
1824:, Basic Books, New York, 1980.
1111:considered committing suicide.
1097:Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
1060:, who became a famous actress.
937:needs additional citations for
3763:20th-century German physicians
3718:German people of Dutch descent
2713:The same article in PDF format
2429:Myers, Psychology 10th edition
1426:, Kohut, and other mainstream
1143:New School for Social Research
875:Horney is often classified as
681:Columbia University Center for
670:British Psychoanalytic Council
567:The Sublime Object of Ideology
537:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
2865:Mentalization-based treatment
2773:Our Inner Conflicts: excerpts
1608:in a book published in 1939,
1102:By 1923, Oskar Horney's firm
507:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
497:Psychology of the Unconscious
3698:American women psychologists
3693:American women psychiatrists
2922:Dialectical behavior therapy
2912:Cognitive behavioral therapy
463:The Interpretation of Dreams
3753:People from Altona, Hamburg
2952:Emotionally focused therapy
2313:Karen Horney: gentle rebel.
1451:Neo-psychoanalytic theories
1049:in 1910, then she moved to
860:of thought include Horney,
3784:
3738:German women psychologists
3733:German women psychiatrists
3703:Analysands of Karl Abraham
3223:Systematic desensitization
3152:Practitionerâscholar model
2895:Clinical behavior analysis
2517:Neurosis and human growth.
2245:. Routledge. p. 124.
2191:Paris, Bernard J. (1994).
2088:Paris, Bernard J. (1994).
1941:Paris, Bernard J. (1973).
1764:New Ways in Psychoanalysis
1707:, Norton, New York, 1950.
1685:Clinic on East 62nd Street
1634:
1610:New Ways in Psychoanalysis
1561:" books in 1946, entitled
1518:
1454:
1329:Needs four through eight (
1305:Needs one, two and three (
1173:psychoanalytic community.
484:Three Essays on the Theory
2763:Biography at Webster.edu.
2721:Neurosis and Human Growth
2329:10.1007/s11231-006-9008-4
1811:(2 vols.), Norton, 1950.
1704:Neurosis and Human Growth
1588:mature theory of neurosis
1412:Neurosis and Human Growth
1292:Three categories of needs
662:Boston Graduate School of
134:
117:
39:
3234:Other individual therapy
2467:, New Haven, Conn. 1986.
2135:"Merriam-Webster online"
1637:True self and false self
1377:Needs nine through ten (
1178:New York Medical College
1164:. In 1937 she published
879:but may also be seen as
177:Psychosexual development
3256:Cognitive restructuring
2977:Person-centered therapy
2066:Boeree, Dr. C. George.
1511:differences worldwide.
1383:restrict life practices
1031:University of Göttingen
852:Theoretical orientation
3688:American psychiatrists
3187:Contingency management
3066:Transtheoretical model
3056:Eclectic psychotherapy
3033:Transactional analysis
2785:50 Psychology Classics
2350:Langenderfer, Gretchen
1686:
1671:tyranny of the shoulds
1584:
1307:affection and approval
1106:, and Oskar developed
1093:
1026:University of Freiburg
18:Karen Danielsen Horney
3743:History of psychiatry
3137:Common factors theory
3101:Residential treatment
2137:. merriam-webster.com
1908:History of narcissism
1903:History of psychology
1684:
1519:Further information:
1373:Detachment/Withdrawal
1347:moving against people
755:Psychology portal
734:Psychoanalytic theory
3758:Women and psychology
3728:German psychiatrists
3566:Lorna Smith Benjamin
3401:Harry Stack Sullivan
3326:Sensitivity training
3127:Clinical formulation
2406:Our inner conflicts.
2383:, Feministvoices.com
2346:"Psychology History"
1544:"Maternal Conflicts"
1440:defensive strategies
1343:personal achievement
1325:Expansion/Aggression
1315:moving toward people
1132:Harry Stack Sullivan
1075:Harry Stack Sullivan
1035:University of Berlin
946:improve this article
866:Harry Stack Sullivan
719:Child psychoanalysis
207:Id, ego and superego
145:a series of articles
3298:Group psychotherapy
3209:Counterconditioning
3086:Brief psychotherapy
2957:Existential therapy
2780:Our Inner Conflicts
2723:) // MANAS Journal
1796:Feminine Psychology
1734:Our Inner Conflicts
1677:Karen Horney Clinic
1641:Horney also shared
1528:Feminine Psychology
1521:Feminine psychology
1515:Feminine psychology
1339:personal admiration
858:The Cultural School
842:feminist psychology
242:Countertransference
85:New York City, U.S.
3748:Narcissism writers
3426:Milton H. Erickson
3261:Emotion regulation
3241:Autogenic training
3132:Clinical pluralism
3061:Multimodal therapy
2860:Analytical therapy
2725:Volume XXIII, 1970
2691:Westkott, Marcia.
2649:Paris, Bernard J.
2580:10.1007/BF01249256
2416:Paris, Bernard J,
2219:Corey, G. (2020).
1918:Narcissistic abuse
1898:Auto-psychotherapy
1687:
1647:self-actualization
1631:Theory of the self
1532:self-actualization
1432:primary narcissism
1335:social recognition
1227:) are as follows:
1219:Ten neurotic needs
1190:Theory of neurosis
584:Schools of thought
517:The Ego and the Id
3660:
3659:
3586:William R. Miller
3571:Marsha M. Linehan
3541:Jean Baker Miller
3501:Salvador Minuchin
3381:Ludwig Binswanger
3334:
3333:
3169:Behaviour therapy
3096:Online counseling
3074:
3073:
3013:Narrative therapy
2917:Cognitive therapy
2463:Marcia Westcott,
2269:Marcia Westcott,
2252:978-1-5839-1122-8
1889:Psychology portal
1618:morbid dependency
1486:male sexual organ
1225:coping strategies
1194:Horney looked at
1022:
1021:
1014:
996:
791:
790:
275:Important figures
202:Psychic apparatus
138:
137:
119:Scientific career
63:16 September 1885
16:(Redirected from
3775:
3576:Vittorio Guidano
3546:Otto F. Kernberg
3416:Donald Winnicott
3273:Free association
3218:Exposure therapy
3197:Stimulus control
3177:Aversion therapy
3165:
3028:Systemic therapy
3003:Feminist therapy
2855:Adlerian therapy
2843:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2727:No. 16 April 22.
2677:Rubins, Jack L.
2640:
2600:
2599:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:psychcentral.com
2538:
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2362:
2361:
2352:. Archived from
2342:
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2315:
2309:
2303:
2301:Mind of her own.
2297:
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2274:
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2063:
2042:
2038:
2023:
2021:
2020:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1928:Unconscious mind
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1785:, Norton, 1937.
1767:, Norton, 1939.
1752:, Norton, 1942.
1737:, Norton, 1945.
1594:Self-realization
1387:moving-away-from
1104:became insolvent
1091:
1090:Bernard J. Paris
1064:Career and works
1017:
1010:
1006:
1003:
997:
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724:Depth psychology
626:Object relations
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3663:
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3661:
3656:
3610:
3591:Steven C. Hayes
3521:Paul Watzlawick
3506:Paul Watzlawick
3461:Virginia Axline
3371:SĂĄndor Ferenczi
3330:
3311:Couples therapy
3292:
3266:Affect labeling
3229:
3214:Desensitization
3156:
3142:Discontinuation
3115:
3070:
3042:
3023:Reality therapy
2981:
2967:Gestalt therapy
2938:
2886:
2879:
2834:
2829:
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2608:
2606:Further reading
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2018:
2016:
2006:10.2307/3346162
1987:
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1940:
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1935:Further reading
1932:
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1696:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1596:
1575:
1523:
1517:
1490:Oedipal complex
1460:
1457:Neo-Freudianism
1453:
1420:
1395:self-sufficient
1374:
1359:basic hostility
1326:
1302:
1294:
1221:
1192:
1121:Franz Alexander
1092:
1089:
1066:
1058:Brigitte Horney
1018:
1007:
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641:Self psychology
616:Intersubjective
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455:Important works
448:
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332:Freud (Sigmund)
276:
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86:
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79:
78:4 December 1952
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53:Karen Danielsen
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3710:
3708:Ego psychology
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3568:
3563:
3561:Arnold Lazarus
3558:
3556:Irvin D. Yalom
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Eugene Gendlin
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Ogden Lindsley
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Virginia Satir
3488:
3483:
3481:James Bugental
3478:
3476:Silvano Arieti
3473:
3468:
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3348:
3346:Philippe Pinel
3342:
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3329:
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3323:
3318:
3316:Family therapy
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3251:Clean language
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3111:Support groups
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2885:Cognitive and
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2878:
2877:
2872:
2870:Psychoanalysis
2867:
2862:
2857:
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2836:
2835:
2830:
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2813:
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2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:Commentary on
2775:
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2755:
2750:
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2733:
2732:External links
2730:
2729:
2728:
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2715:
2703:
2689:
2675:
2663:Quinn, Susan.
2661:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2636:978-1107072398
2635:
2623:Herzog, Dagmar
2619:
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2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2574:(3): 341â342.
2558:
2533:
2521:
2508:
2496:
2494:Paris, p. xvi.
2487:
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2394:Self-Analysis.
2385:
2381:"Karen Horney"
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2174:978-1429241076
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2068:"Karen Horney"
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1985:
1959:10.2307/461530
1953:(3): 511â522.
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1869:978-0393307559
1861:Final Lectures
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1806:
1793:
1780:
1777:alternate link
1760:
1745:
1730:
1722:Norton, 1946.
1715:
1695:
1692:
1678:
1675:
1643:Abraham Maslow
1632:
1629:
1595:
1592:
1574:
1571:
1567:self-awareness
1516:
1513:
1452:
1449:
1428:psychoanalytic
1419:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1375:
1372:
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1331:exploit others
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1245:
1244:and limelight.
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1217:
1191:
1188:
1087:
1083:Abram Kardiner
1079:Clara Thompson
1065:
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1020:
1019:
961:"Karen Horney"
934:
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870:Clara Thompson
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633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Ego psychology
593:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
574:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
513:
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493:
481:
479:
469:
458:
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454:
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450:
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444:
439:
434:
429:
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419:
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409:
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399:
394:
389:
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364:
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309:
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199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
156:
155:
153:Psychoanalysis
149:
148:
136:
135:
132:
131:
129:Psychoanalysis
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:Known for
88:
87:
84:
82:(aged 67)
76:
72:
71:
65:
52:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3780:
3769:
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3764:
3761:
3759:
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3741:
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3711:
3709:
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3684:
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3668:
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3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Jeffrey Young
3599:
3597:
3596:Michael White
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Les Greenberg
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
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3534:
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3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Carl Whitaker
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Viktor Frankl
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Jacques Lacan
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Wilhelm Reich
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Melanie Klein
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Sigmund Freud
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:Token economy
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Music therapy
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Dance therapy
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
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2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
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2914:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
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2890:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:Psychodynamic
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:Psychotherapy
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
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2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
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2642:
2638:
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2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2485:Paris, p. 92.
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2356:on 2010-07-09
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:0-300-06860-3
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2099:0-300-06860-3
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2041:respectively.
2037:
2034:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:Self-analysis
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:'s view that
1644:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:co-dependency
1619:
1615:
1614:sadomasochism
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1573:Mature theory
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1319:basic anxiety
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:psychotherapy
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1005:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
963: â
962:
958:
957:Find sources:
951:
947:
941:
940:
935:This section
933:
929:
924:
923:
917:
915:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:psychoanalyst
830:
826:
819:
795:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
762:
761:
756:
746:
745:
744:
743:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
709:
708:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
684:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
659:
658:
651:
650:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:Interpersonal
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
581:
580:
569:
568:
564:
559:
558:
554:
549:
548:
544:
539:
538:
534:
529:
528:
524:
519:
518:
514:
509:
508:
504:
499:
498:
494:
488:
487:
480:
475:
474:
470:
465:
464:
460:
459:
452:
451:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
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410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
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378:
375:
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370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
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345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
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310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
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272:
271:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
197:Consciousness
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
167:
166:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:3, including
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
77:
73:
68:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3615:Associations
3606:Peter Fonagy
3551:Nathan Azrin
3526:Arthur Janov
3486:Joseph Wolpe
3471:Albert Ellis
3451:George Kelly
3436:Erik Erikson
3396:Karen Horney
3395:
3366:Alfred Adler
3361:Pierre Janet
3351:Josef Breuer
3283:Hypnotherapy
3018:Play therapy
2784:
2779:
2720:
2692:
2678:
2664:
2650:
2626:
2612:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2548:. 2017-09-13
2545:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2349:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2242:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2192:
2158:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2108:
2089:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2036:
2017:. Retrieved
1997:
1993:
1978:. Retrieved
1950:
1946:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1763:
1748:
1733:
1718:
1702:
1697:
1688:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1556:
1552:compensation
1548:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1494:
1483:
1471:
1468:
1464:Alfred Adler
1461:
1437:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1269:
1264:manipulative
1250:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1175:
1165:
1151:
1140:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1094:
1068:
1055:
1047:Karl Abraham
1039:
1023:
1008:
999:
989:
982:
975:
968:
956:
944:Please help
939:verification
936:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
881:neo-Adlerian
877:neo-Freudian
874:
857:
855:
828:
794:Karen Horney
793:
792:
565:
557:Anti-Oedipus
555:
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
486:of Sexuality
482:
471:
461:
346:
327:Freud (Anna)
237:Transference
222:Introjection
212:Ego defenses
192:Preconscious
118:
102:Oskar Horney
80:(1952-12-04)
34:Karen Horney
3678:1952 deaths
3673:1885 births
3536:R. D. Laing
3511:Haim Ginott
3441:Carl Rogers
3406:Fritz Perls
3321:Psychodrama
3246:Biofeedback
3048:Integrative
2993:Art therapy
2972:Logotherapy
2073:17 February
1445:self-esteem
1363:omnipotence
1201:bereavement
1158:personality
1136:Erich Fromm
1071:Erich Fromm
1051:Hanns Sachs
862:Erich Fromm
187:Unconscious
3667:Categories
3496:Aaron Beck
3411:Anna Freud
3306:Co-therapy
3161:Techniques
3091:Counseling
3079:Approaches
2944:Humanistic
2887:behavioral
2701:0300042043
2687:0803744250
2673:0201155737
2659:0300068603
2552:2020-08-23
2360:2010-10-14
2159:Psychology
2141:2010-04-07
2120:2010-04-07
2049:References
2019:2022-10-30
2000:(3): 1â9.
1980:2022-10-30
1856:0300080425
1843:0300075278
1830:046500055X
1817:1199366358
1804:0393006867
1791:0393010120
1773:0393001326
1758:0393001342
1743:0393001334
1728:0393001318
1713:0393001350
1635:See also:
1606:narcissism
1501:humanistic
1475:penis envy
1418:Narcissism
1403:perfection
1379:perfection
1301:Compliance
1108:meningitis
972:newspapers
887:Early life
846:penis envy
636:Relational
247:Resistance
217:Projection
67:Blankenese
59:1885-09-16
3456:Rollo May
3391:Otto Rank
3376:Carl Jung
3106:Self-help
2116:. loc.gov
1975:163467535
1667:self-hate
1663:realistic
1655:real self
1559:self-help
1479:womb envy
1391:resigning
1351:expansive
1349:, or the
1002:July 2023
918:Education
856:Those in
829:Danielsen
437:Winnicott
417:Spielrein
397:Laplanche
317:Fairbairn
257:Dreamwork
69:, Germany
3288:Modeling
3278:Homework
3182:Chaining
3120:Research
2962:Focusing
2625:(2017).
2596:27891903
2528:Horney,
2515:Horney,
2404:Horney,
2392:Horney,
2311:Rubins,
1875:See also
1505:cultural
1497:holistic
1399:solitude
1279:autonomy
1242:prestige
1208:parental
1196:neurosis
1154:neurosis
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