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such by a scholar of
Japanese garden history, Wybe Kuitert in 1988. This was well before scholars jumped on the bandwagon in the 1990s to deconstruct the promotion and reception of Zen. The critique comes down to the fact that Buddhist priests were not trying to express Zen in gardens. A review of the quotes of Buddhist priests that are taken to "prove" Zen for the garden are actually phrases copied from Chinese treatises on landscape painting. Secondary writers on the Japanese garden like Keane and Nitschke, who were associating with Kuitert when he was working on his research at the Kyoto University joined the Zen garden critique, like Kendall H. Brown, who took a similar distance from the Zen garden. In Japan the critique was taken over by Yamada Shouji who took a critical stance to the understanding of all Japanese culture, including gardens, under the nominator of Zen. Christian Tagsold summarized the discussion by placing perceptions of the Japanese garden in the context of an interdisciplinary comparison of cultures of Japan and the West.
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921:, resist easy interpretation. Many different theories have been put forward about what the garden is supposed to represent, from islands in a stream to swimming baby tigers to the peaks of mountains rising above the clouds to theories about secrets of geometry or of the rules of equilibrium of odd numbers. Garden historian Gunter Nitschke wrote: "The garden at Ryōan-ji does not symbolize anything, or more precisely, to avoid any misunderstanding, the garden of Ryōan-ji does not symbolize, nor does it have the value of reproducing a natural beauty that one can find in the real or mythical world. I consider it to be an abstract composition of "natural" objects in space, a composition whose function is to incite meditation."
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279:, built in the late 15th century where for the first time the Zen garden became purely abstract. The garden is a rectangle of 340 square meters. Placed within it are fifteen stones of different sizes, carefully composed in five groups; one group of five stones, two groups of three, and two groups of two stones. The stones are surrounded by white gravel, which is carefully raked each day by the monks. The only vegetation in the garden is some moss around the stones. The garden is meant to be viewed from a seated position on the veranda of the
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1912:*The Sakuteiki is a garden book with notes on garden making that dates back to the late seventeenth century. Its oldest title is Senzai Hishõ, "Secret Extracts on Gardens", and was written nearly 1000 years ago, making it the oldest work on Japanese gardening. It is assumed that this was written in the 11th century by a noble man named Tachibana no Tichitsuna. In this text lies the first mention of the karesansui in literature. Only recently we saw an English modern translation of this gardening classic.
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859:, has an aesthetic function. Zen priests practice this raking also to help their concentration. Achieving perfection of lines is not easy. Rakes are according to the patterns of ridges as desired and limited to some of the stone objects situated within the gravel area. Nonetheless, often the patterns are not static. Developing variations in patterns is a creative and inspiring challenge. There are typically four raking patterns, line, wave, scroll, and check.
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863:"Shirakawa-sand") which is known for its rather muted colour palette. This type of muted black-speckled granite is a mix of three main minerals, white feldspar, grey quartz, and black mica which matches the aesthetic for most Zen gardens. Shirakawa-suna also has an eroded texture that alternates between jagged and smooth and is prized for its ability to hold raked grooves, with patterns that last weeks unless weather, animals or humans intervene.
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designed to stimulate meditation. "Nature, if you made it expressive by reducing it to its abstract forms, could transmit the most profound thoughts by its simple presence", Michel
Baridon wrote. "The compositions of stone, already common in China, became in Japan, veritable petrified landscapes, which seemed suspended in time, as in certain moments of Noh theater, which dates to the same period."
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a tall vertical rock with a reclining rock; a short vertical rock and a flat rock; and a triad of a tall vertical rock, a reclining rock and a flat rock. Other important principles are to choose rocks which vary in color, shape and size, to avoid rocks with bright colors which might distract the viewer, and make certain that the grains of rocks run in the same direction.
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301:(died 1525) greatly simplified their views of nature, showing only the most essential aspects of nature, leaving great areas of white around the black and gray drawings. Soami is said to have been personally involved in the design of two of the most famous Zen gardens in Kyoto, Ryōan-ji and Daisen-in, though his involvement has never been documented with certainty.
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778:; literally, the "act of setting stones upright." It laid out very specific rules for choice and the placement of stones, and warned that if the rules were not followed the owner of the garden would suffer misfortune. In Japanese gardening, rocks are classified as either tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat.
253:, which feature mountains rising in the mist, and a suggestion of great depth and height. The garden at Tenryū-ji has a real pond with water and a dry waterfall of rocks looking like a Chinese landscape. Saihō-ji and Tenryū-ji show the transition from the Heian style garden toward a more abstract and stylized view of nature.
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Zen priests quote from
Chinese treatises on landscape painting indicating that the Japanese rock garden, and its karesansui garden scenery was and still is inspired by or based on first Chinese and later also Japanese landscape painting. Landscape painting and landscape gardening were closely related
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Since the banning of extraction from the
Shirakawa River the gravel used for both maintenance of existing gardens and the creation of new ones is sourced from quarried mountain granite of similar composition that is crushed and sieved. However the process of manufacturing creates rounded particles of
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Make sure that all the stones, right down to the front of the arrangement, are placed with their best sides showing. If a stone has an ugly-looking top you should place it so as to give prominence to its side. Even if this means it has to lean at a considerable angle, no one will notice. There should
874:. However, since the late 1950s the river has been a protected waterway and extraction of gravel from the river has been illegal. Over time the gravel becomes weather-beaten and becomes finer, forcing gardeners to occasionally replenish it in order for the gravel to retain the patterns made in them.
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As of 2018 in Kyoto alone there are 341 areas spread over 166 temples covering a surface area of over 29,000 m which have used "Shirakawa-suna". Gravel is used in the entrance, main garden, and corridor area and takes four forms, spread gravel, gravel terrace, gravel pile, and garden path. Typically
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Rocks are rarely if ever placed in straight lines or in symmetrical patterns. The most common arrangement is one or more groups of three rocks. One common triad arrangement has a tall vertical rock flanked by two smaller rocks, representing Buddha and his two attendants. Other basic combinations are
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class and war lords, who admired its doctrine of self-discipline. The gardens of the early Zen temples in Japan resembled
Chinese gardens of the time, with lakes and islands. But in Kyoto in the 14th and 15th century, a new kind of garden appeared at the important Zen temples. These Zen gardens were
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temple in Kyoto, one of the oldest temples in the city, were destroyed by a fire. In 1940, the temple commissioned the landscape historian and architect
Shigemori Mirei to recreate the gardens. He created four different gardens, one for each face of the main temple building. He made one garden with
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transformed a
Buddhist temple into a Zen monastery in 1334, and built the gardens. The lower garden of Saihō-ji is in the traditional Heian period style; a pond with several rock compositions representing islands. The upper garden is a dry rock garden which features three rock "islands". The first,
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landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks, water features, moss, pruned trees and bushes, and uses gravel or sand that is raked to represent ripples in water. Zen gardens are commonly found at temples or monasteries. A Zen garden is usually relatively small, surrounded by a wall or
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In Japan, the garden has the same status as a work of art. Though each garden is different in its composition, they mostly use rock groupings and shrubs to represent a classic scene of mountains, valleys and waterfalls taken from
Chinese landscape painting. In some cases it might be as abstract as
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Sometimes, when mountains are weak, they are without fail destroyed by water. It is, in other words, as if subjects had attacked their emperor. A mountain is weak if it does not have stones for support. An emperor is weak if he does not have counselors. That is why it is said that it is because of
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Chinese landscape painting was one of the many
Chinese arts that came to Japan with Zen Buddhism in the fourteenth century. That the Buddhism of Zen influenced garden design was first suggested not in Japan, but in the West by a Hawaiian garden journalist Loraine Kuck in the 1930s and disputed as
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rocks are used for the borders of gravel "rivers" or "seashores." In
Chinese gardens of the Song dynasty, individual rocks which looked like animals or had other unusual features were often the star attraction of the garden. In Japanese gardens, individual rocks rarely play the starring role; the
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or dry landscape". This kind of garden featured either rocks placed upright like mountains, or laid out in a miniature landscape of hills and ravines, with few plants. He described several other styles of rock garden, which usually included a stream or pond, including the great river style, the
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The gravel used in Japanese gardens is known as "suna" (sand) despite the individual particles being much bigger than those of what is regarded as normal sand. These vary from 2 mm to up to even 30 to 50 mm in size. Gardens in Kyoto have historically used "Shirakawa-suna", (白川砂利,
290:(1509–1513) took a more literary approach than Ryōan-ji. There a "river" of white gravel represents a metaphorical journey through life; beginning with a dry waterfall in the mountains, passing through rapids and rocks, and ending in a tranquil sea of white gravel, with two gravel mountains.
242:, a dry "waterfall" composed of a stairway of flat granite rocks. The moss which now surrounds the rocks and represents water, was not part of the original garden plan; it grew several centuries later when the garden was left untended, but now is the most famous feature of the garden.
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260:, also known as the Silver Pavilion, are also attributed to Muso Kokushi. This temple garden included a traditional pond garden, but it had a new feature for a Japanese garden; an area of raked white gravel with a perfectly shaped mountain of white gravel, resembling
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453:, the large promenade garden became the dominant style of Japanese garden, but Zen gardens continued to exist at Zen temples. A few small new rock gardens were built, usually as part of a garden where a real stream or pond was not practical.
175:, it was used to symbolize purity, and was used around shrines, temples, and palaces. In Zen gardens, it represents water, or, like the white space in Japanese paintings, emptiness and distance. They are places of meditation.
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Ono Kenkichi and Walter Edwards: "Bilingual (English and Japanese) Dictionary of Japanese Garden Terms (Karesansui. p. 20) from Kansai Main Pageocess, Nara 2001 The Karesansui definition was extracted with permission from
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and practiced by intellectuals, the literati inspired by Chinese culture. A primary design principle was the creation of a landscape based on, or at least greatly influenced by, the three-dimensional monochrome ink (
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stones that a mountain is sure, and thanks to his subjects that an emperor is secure. It is for this reason that, when you construct a landscape, you must at all cost place rocks around the mountain.
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Gravel is usually used in Zen gardens, rather than sand, because it is less disturbed by rain and wind. The act of raking the gravel into a pattern recalling waves or rippling water, known as
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in areas covering less than 100 m, the gravel is 20 to 50 mm deep and has a particle size of 9 mm. Among the gardens which used Shirakawa-suna have been Ryōan-ji and Daitoku-ji.
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101:, the residence of the chief monk of the temple or monastery. Many, with gravel rather than grass, are only stepped into for maintenance. Classical Zen gardens were created at temples of
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always be more horizontal than vertical stones. If there are "running away" stones there must be "chasing" stones. If there are "leaning" stones, there must be "supporting" stones.
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Stone arrangements and other miniature elements are used to represent mountains and natural water elements and scenes, islands, rivers and waterfalls. Stone and shaped shrubs (
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The garden of Ginkaku-ji features a replica of Mount Fuji made of gravel, in a gravel sea. it was the model for similar miniature mountains in Japanese gardens for centuries.
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in Europe, was characterized by political rivalries which frequently led to wars, but also by an extraordinary flourishing of Japanese culture. It saw the beginning of
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mountain river style, and the marsh style. The ocean style featured rocks that appeared to have been eroded by waves, surrounded by a bank of white sand, like a beach.
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272:, or small mountain facing the Moon, and similar small Mount Fuji made of sand or earth covered with grass appeared in Japanese gardens for centuries afterwards.
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136:("Records of Garden Keeping"), written at the end of the 11th century by Tachibana no Toshitsuna (1028–1094). They adapted the Chinese garden philosophy of the
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five artificial hills covered with grass, symbolizing the five great ancient temples of Kyoto; a modern rock garden, with vertical rocks, symbolizing Mount
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in Taoist mythology); or they can be boats or a living creature (usually a turtle, or a carp). In a group, they might be a waterfall or a crane in flight.
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The selection and placement of rocks is the most important part of making a Japanese rock garden. In the first known manual of Japanese gardening, the
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the same size, lacking the pattern holding characteristics of true "Shirakawa-suna", which have corners and are not uniform in size. For instance the
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just a few islands in a sea. Any Japanese garden may also incorporate existing scenery outside its confinement, e.g. the hills behind, as "
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mind is sensitive to a subtle association between the rocks. They suggest this may be responsible for the calming effect of the garden.
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The invention of the Zen garden was closely connected with developments in Japanese ink landscape paintings. Japanese painters such as
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In the earliest rock gardens of the Heian period, the rocks in a garden sometimes had a political message. As the Sakutei-ki wrote:
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showed that Japan had carried the art of gardens to the highest degree of intellectual refinement that it was possible to attain."
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buildings, and is usually meant to be seen while seated from a single viewpoint outside the garden, such as the porch of the
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The Moss Garden, an early Zen garden from the mid-14th century. The moss arrived much later, when the garden was not tended.
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was introduced into Japan at the end of the 12th century, and quickly achieved a wide following, particularly among the
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Kuitert, Wybe (March 2013). "Composition of Scenery in Japanese Pre-Modern Gardens and the Three Distances of Guo Xi".
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experimented with granite chips sourced from Canadian quarries to compensate for the loss of access to Shirakawa-suna.
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topiary) are used interchangeably. In most gardens moss is used as a ground cover to create "land" covered by forest.
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Grotenhuis, Elizabeth ten (2003). "Reviewed work: Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art, Wybe Kuitert".
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In Zuiho-in garden – some of the rocks are said to form a cross. The garden was built by the daimyō
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emphasis is upon the harmony of the composition. For arranging rocks, there are many rules in the
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Nitschke, Le jardin Japonais," p. 92. Translation of this citation from French by D.R. Siefkin.
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The first garden to begin the transition to the new style is considered by many experts to be
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The garden of Tōfuku-ji (1940). The five hills symbolize the five great Zen temples of Kyoto.
163:"In a place where there is neither a lake or a stream, one can put in place what is called a
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Landscape Ecological Applications in Man-Influenced Areas: Linking Man and Nature Systems
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Maintenance of the gravel in Japan is typically undertaken two to three times per month.
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130:(794–1185). These early gardens were described in the first manual of Japanese gardens,
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1480:"Kyoto as a garden city – A landscape ecological perception of Japanese garden design"
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The white gravel "ocean" of the garden of Daisen-ji, to which the gravel river flows.
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volcanic rocks, rugged mountain rocks with sharp edges, are used. Smooth, rounded
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Part of the modern Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940). The "islands" of the immortals.
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225:, the Moss Temple, in the western part of Kyoto. The Buddhist monk and Zen master
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1939:"Stanford University article on the history and meaning of some Japanese gardens"
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In the last century, Zen gardens have appeared in many countries outside Japan.
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268:, literally "sand of silver and open sea". This garden feature became known as
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The Muromachi period in Japan, which took place at roughly the same time as the
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1482:. In Hong, Sun-Kee; Nakagoshi, Nobukazu; Fu, Bojie; Morimoto, Yukihiro (eds.).
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In the Japanese rock garden, rocks sometimes symbolize mountains (particularly
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Zhang, Pingxing; Fukamachi, Katsue; Shibata, Shozo; Amasaki, Hiromasa (2015).
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The Garden of the Blissful Mountain at Zuiho-in, a sub-temple of Daitoku-ji.
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1624:, pp. 150–60, Japonica Neerlandica Volume 3, Gieben Publishers, Amsterdam
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White sand and gravel had long been a feature of Japanese gardens. In the
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described exactly how rocks should be placed. In one passage, he wrote:
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At the end of the Edo period, a new principle was invented: the use of
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1410:"The Use and Maintenance of Shirakawa-suna in Temples of Kyoto City"
1420:(5). Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture: 497–500.
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in the Zen garden of the temple Kosan Ryumonji. Kosan Ryumon-Ji in
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1331:, p. 474. Translation of this excerpt from French by D.R. Siefkin.
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351:(late 15th century), the most abstract of all Japanese Zen gardens
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Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art
1622:
Themes, Scenes, and Taste in the History of Japanese Garden Art
221:, "The Temple of the Perfumes of the West", popularly known as
3545:
2631:
1632:
733:
189:
1966:
1199:
1971:– A virtual tour of the karesansui garden in The Netherlands
995:
1699:
Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes
1414:
Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
870:"Shirakawa-suna" was sourced from the upper reaches of the
504:
A Zen garden in a checkboard pattern, at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
696:
Japanese Garden at Hamilton Gardens, Waikato, New Zealand
569:
Japanese Tea Garden of Golden Gate Park, in San Francisco
1563:
van Tonder, Gert; Lyons, Michael J. (September 2005).
1486:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. p. 377.
1271:
1269:
304:
Michel Baridon wrote, "The famous Zen gardens of the
1979:
karesansui gardens of Traditional Samurai Residences
1889:
Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West
1685:
Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West
203:
style of Japanese architecture, and the Zen garden.
5035:
4963:
4937:
4889:
4843:
4760:
4651:
4593:
4489:
4315:
4278:
4198:
4131:
4124:
4073:
4066:
3996:
3902:
3895:
3809:
3802:
3711:
3690:
3683:
3616:
3573:
3544:
3513:
3504:
3479:
3433:
3385:
3327:
3277:
3159:
3150:
2974:
2911:
2878:
2640:
2183:
2048:
1928:
Virtual tour of the Zen Gardens in and around Kyoto
1795:Le jardin japonais: Angle droit et forme naturelle
1565:"Visual Perception in Japanese Rock Garden Design"
1200:The on-line "living" guide to realize a Zen garden
720:Japanese Rock Garden (Phase 2), Chandigarh (India)
708:Japanese Rock Garden (Phase 1), Chandigarh (India)
540:Part of the modern Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
126:Stone gardens existed in Japan at least since the
179:Zen Buddhism and the Muromachi period (1336–1573)
1975:Study into the karesansui gardens of the Edo era
845:
828:
283:, the residence of the abbot of the monastery.
275:The most famous of all Zen gardens in Kyoto is
69:
952:Landscape painting and the Zen garden critique
852:
835:
63:
3779:
3128:
2022:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1226:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardinieres, Poetes
991:List of shrines and temples with rock gardens
140:(960–1279), where groups of rocks symbolized
49:A mountain, waterfall, and gravel "river" at
8:
2898:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1933:Geometrical concepts of Japanese rock garden
1814:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jardiniers, Poetes
1757:Themes in the History of Japanese Garden Art
1473:
1471:
1469:
245:Muso Kokushi built another temple garden at
144:, the legendary mountain-island home of the
1672:Shots in the Dark, Japan, Zen, and the West
516:A courtyard Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
363:Classic triad rock composition at Ryōan-ji.
4967:
4128:
4070:
3899:
3806:
3786:
3772:
3764:
3687:
3510:
3156:
3135:
3121:
3113:
2029:
2015:
2007:
1990:Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden
1984:Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden
924:A recent suggestion by Gert van Tonder of
492:The modern Zen garden at Tōfuku-ji (1940).
1583:
1425:
1403:
1401:
1399:
823:Gravel replica of Mount Fuji (Ginkaku-ji)
41:, Japan, a famous example of a Zen garden
1774:David Young; Michiko Young (July 2005).
1687:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017
1452:. London: Francis Lincoln. p. 198.
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
3666:Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)
1674:, The University of Chicago Press, 2009
1190:
470:
310:
264:, in the center. The scene was called
1923:Photo Gallery of Japanese Zen Gardens
1670:Yamada Shoji, (Earl Hartman transl.)
582:Sand and stone garden located in the
7:
3083:
1891:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
403:, who was a convert to Christianity.
3095:
1998:Criticisms of the term "Zen Garden"
1818:, Éditions Robert Lafont, Paris, (
781:For creating "mountains", usually
753:Selection and arrangement of rocks
25:
1849:Danielle Elisseeff (2010-09-23).
913:Some classical Zen gardens, like
5090:Buddhism in the Muromachi period
4945:Architectural Institute of Japan
4052:
3094:
3082:
3071:
3070:
3058:
1133:
725:
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
646:
634:
622:
591:
575:
560:
545:
533:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
435:
426:
417:
408:
392:
380:
368:
356:
340:
328:
313:
4975:Groups of Traditional Buildings
3506:Schools and objects of worship
3152:Japanese Buddhist architecture
1868:Virginie Klecka (2011-04-15).
1776:The Art of the Japanese Garden
1375:The Art of the Japanese Garden
1:
4950:Japan Institute of Architects
3729:Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
1853:. Nouvelles éditions Scala.
1711:10.1080/02666286.2012.753189
1263:Baridon, Les Jardins p. 472.
983:" (using a technique called
944:. The researchers claim the
897:, the legendary home of the
684:Jissō-in, in Kyoto (Iwakura)
88:, is a distinctive style of
5100:Japanese style of gardening
2929:Index of pesticide articles
1759:. Hawaii University Press.
1646:Journal of Japanese Studies
1478:Morimoto, Yukihiro (2007).
846:
829:
122:Early Japanese rock gardens
70:
5136:
4050:
3734:Japanese Buddhist pantheon
2073:Climate-friendly gardening
1887:Christian Tagsold (2017).
456:In 1880, the buildings of
92:. It creates a miniature
4970:
3144:Buddhist temples in Japan
3052:
2949:Plant disease forecasting
2903:Vegan organic agriculture
2753:Genetically modified tree
1834:. LGF/Le Livre de Poche.
1594:10.1007/s10516-004-5448-8
853:
836:
584:Portland Japanese Gardens
64:
1986:(Requires subscription)
1812:Baridon, Michel (1998).
1793:Günter Nitschke (2007).
1492:10.1007/1-4020-5488-2_22
1448:Kawaguchi, Yoko (2014).
880:Portland Japanese Garden
2002:Japanese Garden Journal
152:, known in Japanese as
37:(late 16th century) in
27:Type of Japanese garden
4316:Structural and spatial
3471:Ōbaku Zen architecture
3160:Architectonic elements
2888:Biodynamic agriculture
2825:Postharvest physiology
2773:Landscape architecture
2470:Indonesian home garden
1830:Miyeko Murase (1996).
1149:Adelaide Himeji Garden
965:) landscape painting,
930:Ritsumeikan University
911:
824:
801:
567:A small garden in the
347:Part of the garden at
54:
42:
3796:Japanese architecture
3661:Shitennō (Four Kings)
2135:Historic conservation
1755:Wybe Kuitert (2002).
1736:Wybe Kuitert (1988).
932:is that the rocks of
928:and Michael Lyons of
906:
822:
796:
195:Japanese tea ceremony
48:
33:
3852:Imperial Crown Style
3065:Gardening portal
2964:Aquamog weed remover
2939:List of insecticides
1740:. Gieben Amsterdam.
1450:Japanese Zen Gardens
1160:List of garden types
641:Adachi Museum of Art
82:Japanese rock garden
5115:Zen art and culture
4955:Metabolist Movement
3234:Niō or Kongōrikishi
1683:Christian Tagsold,
1427:10.5632/jila.78.497
776:ishi wo tateru koto
59:Japanese dry garden
5037:National Treasures
4852:Chōzuya (Temizuya)
3618:Objects of worship
2934:List of fungicides
2699:Companion planting
1578:(3): 353–71 (19).
1515:Funderburg, Lise.
1342:Le jardin Japonais
1316:Le Jardin Japonais
1303:Le Jardin Japonais
1290:Le jardin japonais
1277:le jardin japonais
1252:le jardin japonais
1213:Le Jardin japonais
825:
445:Later rock gardens
55:
43:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:
4411:Nightingale floor
4335:Disordered piling
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4067:Types of building
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3698:kei (ritual gong)
3679:
3678:
3500:
3499:
3110:
3109:
2982:Community orchard
2808:drought tolerance
1913:
1898:978-0-8122-4674-2
1879:978-2-8153-0052-0
1860:978-2-35988-029-8
1841:978-2-253-13054-3
1804:978-3-8228-3034-5
1785:978-0-8048-3598-5
1766:978-0-8248-2312-2
1747:978-90-5063-021-4
1459:978-0-7112-3447-5
1373:Young and Young,
1211:Gunter Nitschke,
1165:Higashiyama Bunka
1123:
1122:
1065:Harima Ankokuji (
150:Chinese mythology
84:, often called a
16:(Redirected from
5127:
5105:Rock art in Asia
5065:Other structures
4968:
4129:
4071:
4056:
3900:
3807:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3765:
3688:
3511:
3387:Japanese pagodas
3340:chōzuya/temizuya
3157:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3039:Plant collecting
2975:Related articles
2912:Plant protection
2093:French intensive
2031:
2024:
2017:
2008:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1944:. Archived from
1943:
1911:
1902:
1883:
1870:Jardins Japonais
1864:
1851:Jardins japonais
1845:
1817:
1808:
1789:
1770:
1751:
1723:
1722:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1587:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1405:
1394:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1358:
1353:Michel Baridon,
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1327:Michel Baridon,
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1237:Michel Baridon,
1235:
1229:
1224:Michel Baridon,
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:by P.M. Patings.
1195:
1169:Muromachi period
1143:
1138:
1137:
1058:Bingo-Ankokuji (
996:
981:borrowed scenery
926:Kyoto University
858:
856:
855:
849:
843:
841:
840:
832:
738:Taisen Deshimaru
729:
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
650:
638:
626:
595:
579:
564:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
489:
477:
439:
430:
421:
412:
396:
384:
372:
360:
344:
332:
317:
306:Muromachi period
297:(1420–1506) and
111:Muromachi period
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
21:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5095:Types of garden
5080:
5079:
5078:
5069:
5031:
4987:Japanese garden
4959:
4933:
4885:
4844:Outdoor objects
4839:
4756:
4647:
4589:
4499:
4485:
4311:
4266:
4194:
4120:
4062:
4057:
4040:
3992:
3891:
3798:
3792:
3762:
3753:
3707:
3675:
3636:Dainichi Nyorai
3612:
3569:
3540:
3496:
3475:
3429:
3381:
3372:kyōzō or kyō-dō
3323:
3273:
3202:kentozuka: see
3181:kaerumata: see
3146:
3141:
3111:
3106:
3057:
3048:
3044:Turf management
3029:Lists of plants
3024:List of gardens
2970:
2907:
2874:
2636:
2186:
2179:
2044:
2035:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1867:
1861:
1848:
1842:
1829:
1811:
1805:
1792:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1754:
1748:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1416:(in Japanese).
1407:
1406:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1155:Japanese garden
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1047:Outside Kyoto:
993:
954:
899:Eight Immortals
891:
872:Shirakawa River
850:
833:
817:
794:, for example:
755:
748:
730:
721:
718:
709:
706:
697:
694:
685:
682:
673:
670:
661:
651:
642:
639:
630:
629:Rosan-ji garden
627:
618:
596:
587:
580:
571:
565:
556:
550:
541:
538:
529:
526:
517:
514:
505:
502:
493:
490:
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478:
447:
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
397:
388:
385:
376:
373:
364:
361:
352:
345:
336:
333:
324:
318:
256:The gardens of
181:
173:Shinto religion
146:Eight Immortals
124:
119:
90:Japanese garden
76:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4964:Related topics
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
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4774:
4766:
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4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4597:
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4587:
4573:
4566:
4559:
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4538:
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4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4500:
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4484:
4483:
4476:
4469:
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4455:
4448:
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4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4355:Irimoya-zukuri
4351:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4323:Burdock piling
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4247:Shichidō garan
4243:
4238:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4051:
4049:
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4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
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3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3684:Other elements
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3671:Yakushi Nyorai
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:shichidō garan
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Garden tourism
3016:
3011:
3009:Groundskeeping
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:free-flowering
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
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1917:External links
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1872:. Rustica éd.
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1832:L Art Du Japon
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1778:. Tuttle Pub.
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1652:(2): 429–432.
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1620:Wybe Kuitert,
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1585:10.1.1.125.463
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1517:"Set in Stone"
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5024:
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4891:Measurements
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3794:Elements of
3656:Shaka Nyorai
3626:Amida Nyōrai
3456:Shoin-zukuri
3359:
3355:
3351:
3278:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3056:
2959:Weed control
2848:horticulture
2778:Olericulture
2758:Hydroculture
2748:Fruticulture
2726:Floriculture
2655:Permaculture
2642:Horticulture
2038:Horticulture
2001:
1978:
1967:
1953:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1910:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1831:
1813:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1737:
1730:Bibliography
1702:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1621:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1575:
1571:
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1549:
1541:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1483:
1449:
1417:
1413:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1354:
1349:
1344:, pp. 217–18
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
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999:
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946:subconscious
923:
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861:
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756:
555:Honbō garden
467:
455:
448:
303:
292:
285:
280:
274:
269:
265:
255:
251:Song dynasty
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:Musō Kokushi
216:
207:Zen Buddhism
205:
198:
188:
182:
170:
165:kare-sansui,
164:
162:
157:
138:Song dynasty
131:
128:Heian period
125:
103:Zen Buddhism
98:
85:
81:
71:
58:
56:
5120:Zen gardens
4652:Furnishings
4279:Roof styles
3719:bussokuseki
3651:Marishi-ten
3350:main hall (
3280:Mon (gates)
3167:hidden roof
3101:WikiProject
2870:Monoculture
2865:Viticulture
2843:agriculture
2803:propagation
2743:Hügelkultur
2665:sustainable
2650:Agriculture
2592:Therapeutic
2572:Shakespeare
2383:Renaissance
2175:Xeriscaping
2170:Sustainable
2165:Square foot
2155:Proplifting
2120:Garden tool
2088:Foodscaping
1797:. Taschen.
1705:(1): 1–15.
1542:Les Jardins
1355:Les Jardins
1329:Les Jardins
1239:Les Jardins
1174:Rock garden
1098:Kōmyōzen-ji
940:image of a
787:sedimentary
763:hako-zukuri
672:KōmyōZen-ji
553:Shitennō-ji
449:During the
401:Ōtomo Sōrin
295:Sesshū Tōyō
185:Renaissance
109:during the
53:(1509–1513)
5084:Categories
5050:Residences
4991:rock (Zen)
4762:Partitions
4496:Approaches
4007:Daibutsuyō
3945:Ishi-no-ma
3749:saisenbako
3691:Implements
3441:Daibutsuyō
3198:karesansui
2763:Indigenous
2660:stock-free
2632:Zoological
2512:Pollinator
2405:Greenhouse
2348:Sharawadgi
2336:Vietnamese
2297:East Asian
2205:Australian
2160:Raised bed
2125:Green wall
1955:2006-01-06
1607:2007-01-08
1572:Axiomathes
1340:Nitschke,
1314:Nitschke,
1301:Nitschke,
1288:Nitschke,
1275:Nitschke,
1250:Nitschke,
1185:References
1108:Shitennoji
1086:Kinbyōzan
1051:An'yō-in (
973:suiboku-ga
938:subliminal
660:, in Kyoto
658:Myōshin-ji
601:Garden of
451:Edo period
270:kogetsudai
266:ginshanada
262:Mount Fuji
258:Ginkaku-ji
236:Zazen-seki
86:Zen garden
72:karesansui
18:Karesansui
5019:Wabi-sabi
4866:Ishigantō
4674:Emakimono
4609:Daidokoro
4602:Chashitsu
4583:Mihashira
4417:Onigawara
4397:Nakazonae
4236:Main Hall
4223:Hōkyōintō
4125:Religious
4087:Chashitsu
4058:Model of
4014:Ōbaku Zen
3980:Sumiyoshi
3927:Hiyoshi (
3896:Religious
3631:Benzaiten
3461:Shin-Wayō
3400:hōkyōintō
3335:Chinjusha
3328:Buildings
3269:onigawara
3229:nakazonae
3204:nakazonae
3183:nakazonae
3034:Perennial
2997:Floristry
2944:Pesticide
2924:Herbicide
2919:Fungicide
2813:hardiness
2577:Shrubbery
2557:Sculpture
2378:landscape
2307:Cantonese
2282:Container
2277:Community
2245:Byzantine
2240:Butterfly
2230:Botanical
2130:Guerrilla
2078:Community
2068:Butterfly
2063:Arboretum
2058:Allotment
2050:Gardening
2042:gardening
1719:163624117
1602:121488942
1580:CiteSeerX
1544:, p. 492.
1540:Baridon,
1254:, p. 67.
1179:Wabi-sabi
1025:Myoshinji
1014:Daisen-in
1009:Daitokuji
936:form the
915:Daisen-in
889:Symbolism
792:Sakuteiki
771:Sakuteiki
603:Taisan-ji
458:Tōfuku-ji
288:Daisen-in
247:Tenryū-ji
240:kare-taki
232:Kameshima
223:Koke-dera
158:Sakuteiki
133:Sakuteiki
51:Daisen-in
4834:Tsuitate
4723:Mitamaya
4709:Kamidana
4695:Getabako
4667:Chabudai
4660:Butsudan
4642:Washitsu
4473:Tsumairi
4459:Tokonoma
4438:Tamagaki
4376:Katsuogi
4369:Katōmado
4299:Karahafu
4209:Butsuden
4200:Buddhist
4035:Zenshūyō
4021:Setchūyō
3998:Buddhist
3920:Hachiman
3744:miyadera
3739:jingū-ji
3724:butsudan
3526:Nichiren
3466:Zenshūyō
3451:Setchūyō
3410:kasatōba
3360:butsuden
3214:katōmado
3193:karahafu
3077:Category
2987:Features
2893:Grafting
2853:forestry
2835:Tropical
2820:Pomology
2793:cuttings
2788:breeding
2622:Wildlife
2602:Tropical
2552:Scottish
2502:Pleasure
2490:Paradise
2485:Charbagh
2455:Monastic
2450:Medieval
2360:Floating
2314:Japanese
2265:Communal
2255:Colonial
2220:Biblical
2185:Types of
2150:Parterre
1992:(Mirror)
1968:Tsubo-en
1658:25064424
1391:samon 砂紋
1377:. p. 22.
1318:, p. 90.
1292:, p. 86.
1241:, p. 488
1215:, p. 65.
1127:See also
1092:Kamakura
1088:Zuisenji
1081:Kamakura
1077:Jōmyō-ji
1060:Fukuyama
1040:Tofukuji
1030:Rozan-ji
1021:Jisso-in
934:Ryōan-ji
919:Ryōan-ji
809:suteishi
759:karikomi
654:Taizō-in
599:An'yō-in
349:Ryōan-ji
321:Saihō-ji
277:Ryōan-ji
219:Saihō-ji
94:stylized
35:Ryōan-ji
5060:Temples
5055:Shrines
5045:Castles
4989: (
4873:Komainu
4859:Giboshi
4816: (
4806:Shitomi
4785:Jinmaku
4744:Zabuton
4730:Oshiire
4716:Kotatsu
4636:Toilets
4580: (
4535:Nijūmon
4521:Karamon
4348:Hisashi
4306:Mokoshi
4292:Irimoya
4101:Machiya
4074:Secular
3973:Shinmei
3959:Kibitsu
3938:Irimoya
3913:Azekura
3872:Shinden
3846:Hirairi
3818:Azekura
3810:Secular
3703:mokugyō
3583:Jōjitsu
3548:schools
3531:Shingon
3395:gorintō
3294:nijūmon
3289:karamon
3219:mokoshi
3209:komainu
3177:irimoya
3172:hisashi
3089:Commons
3002:Ikebana
2954:Pruning
2880:Organic
2830:Roguing
2716:Cutting
2607:Victory
2582:Spanish
2562:Sensory
2507:Prairie
2475:Persian
2465:Orchard
2430:Kitchen
2425:Keyhole
2420:Italian
2415:Islamic
2410:Hanging
2369:French
2355:Fernery
2343:English
2302:Chinese
2287:Cottage
2215:Baroque
2187:gardens
2140:History
1387:JAANUS,
1102:Fukuoka
1035:Ryoanji
1018:Jishoji
985:Shakkei
783:igneous
230:called
211:Samurai
117:History
5005:Ryokan
4998:Kumiko
4827:Sudare
4778:Fusuma
4702:Kamado
4616:Mizuya
4563:Sanmon
4542:Niōmon
4507:Genkan
4452:Tenshu
4445:Tatami
4404:Namako
4383:Kuruwa
4341:Engawa
4286:Hidden
4261:Tahōtō
4241:Pagoda
4163:Honden
4156:Hokora
4149:Heiden
4142:Haiden
4133:Shinto
4115:Yagura
4081:Castle
3987:Taisha
3966:Nagare
3952:Kasuga
3904:Shinto
3886:Sukiya
3858:Jutaku
3839:Giyōfū
3832:Gassho
3803:Styles
3712:Others
3646:Kannon
3608:Sanron
3565:Rinzai
3536:Tendai
3480:Others
3434:Styles
3425:tahōtō
3420:muhōtō
3415:sotōba
3356:hon-dō
3352:kon-dō
3309:sanmon
3299:niōmon
2839:Urban
2736:Taiwan
2731:Canada
2694:Botany
2687:Saikei
2682:Bonsai
2627:Winter
2612:Walled
2547:School
2542:Sacred
2497:Physic
2460:Mughal
2440:Market
2395:German
2373:formal
2365:Flower
2331:Korean
2250:Cactus
2235:Bottle
2195:Alpine
2145:Native
2098:Garden
2083:Forest
1960:
1895:
1876:
1857:
1838:
1822:
1801:
1782:
1763:
1744:
1717:
1656:
1628:
1600:
1582:
1526:11 May
1498:
1456:
1118:
968:sumi-e
847:hōkime
815:Gravel
746:France
736:master
197:, the
156:. The
5012:Sentō
4921:Shaku
4819:washi
4813:Shōji
4799:Noren
4792:Kichō
4771:Byōbu
4737:Tansu
4688:Futon
4630:Shoin
4623:Nando
4594:Rooms
4577:Torii
4570:Sōmon
4556:Sandō
4549:Rōmon
4514:Kairō
4493:Gates
4480:Shibi
4466:Tokyō
4431:Sōrin
4424:Ranma
4362:Irori
4329:Chigi
4254:Shōrō
4230:Kyōzō
4189:Torii
4170:Kofun
4108:Minka
3879:Shoin
3865:Omoya
3603:Ritsu
3598:Kegon
3593:Kusha
3588:Hossō
3560:Ōbaku
3377:shoin
3319:torii
3314:sōmon
3304:rōmon
3259:tokyō
3254:sōrin
3249:shōrō
3239:sandō
3188:kairō
2783:Plant
2721:Flora
2670:urban
2617:Water
2597:Trial
2567:Shade
2527:Roman
2400:Greek
2390:Front
2292:Dutch
2260:Color
2000:- in
1949:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1715:S2CID
1654:JSTOR
1598:S2CID
1568:(PDF)
1112:Osaka
1071:Hyogo
1002:Kyoto
895:Horai
830:samon
615:Japan
611:Hyogo
463:Horai
299:Soami
200:shoin
154:Horai
107:Kyoto
39:Kyoto
5026:Yabo
4907:Koku
4880:Tōrō
4751:Zafu
4681:Furo
4406:wall
4390:Moya
4094:Kura
4028:Wayō
3825:Buke
3641:Jizō
3555:Sōtō
3521:Jōdo
3487:A-un
3446:Wayō
3405:hōtō
3367:kuri
3264:tōrō
3224:moya
2704:Crop
2537:Rose
2532:Roof
2522:Rock
2517:Rain
2480:Bāgh
2445:Mary
2435:Knot
2319:Roji
2210:Back
2040:and
1907:Note
1893:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1528:2017
1496:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1067:Kato
1053:Kobe
963:sumi
942:tree
607:Kobe
281:hōjō
99:hojo
57:The
4981:Iki
4928:Sun
4900:Ken
4528:Mon
3929:Hie
3546:Zen
3492:ken
3345:-dō
2587:Tea
2324:Zen
2225:Bog
1707:doi
1590:doi
1488:doi
1422:doi
1167:in
1000:In
987:).
975:.
971:or
844:or
744:in
734:Zen
605:in
190:Noh
148:in
105:in
80:or
65:枯山水
5086::
4914:Ri
4216:Dō
3358:,
3354:,
1977:–
1713:.
1703:33
1701:.
1650:29
1648:.
1596:.
1588:.
1576:15
1574:.
1570:.
1519:.
1494:.
1468:^
1436:^
1418:78
1412:.
1398:^
1362:^
1268:^
1069:,
1004::
854:箒目
838:砂紋
761:,
656:,
613:,
609:,
68:,
4993:)
4822:)
4586:)
3931:)
3787:e
3780:t
3773:v
3362:)
3136:e
3129:t
3122:v
2030:e
2023:t
2016:v
1958:.
1901:.
1882:.
1863:.
1844:.
1826:)
1816:.
1807:.
1788:.
1769:.
1750:.
1721:.
1709::
1660:.
1610:.
1592::
1530:.
1504:.
1490::
1462:.
1430:.
1424::
1393:"
1389:"
1114:)
1110:(
1104:)
1100:(
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