309:
threat to the country's territorial integrity." As a result the
Oiapoque Colonization Commission was created in 1920. Later in 1927, an inspection commission commanded by the Ministry of War began to patrol the Oiapoque and report on the groups living there. The reports were the first to use the term of "Karipúna" for the inhabitants of the Cupiri River, and has been the label employed since. The Ministry of War intended to "incorporate the Indians into society," and from 1934–37, and then from 1945 onwards, non-indigenous teachers were recruited by the government to teach in Karipúna villages. This education "played a fundamental role in formulating the contemporary identity of these groups, in the propagation of the use of Portuguese and in the configuration of the villages."
373:
tends to be the mother tongue for speakers under 60 in the Karipúna community, and Karipúna French Creole is the mother tongue primarily only for speakers over 60. Anonby paraphrases from interviews with speakers, that "although most people understand KFC," a Karipúna speaker "admitted about half of the people in the village of Manga cannot speak it. He said there were no monolingual Karipúna speakers." Speakers of KFC tend to speak it as a second language, first learning
Portuguese, and only learning KFC via a three-year Kheuól education primary school programme implemented by CIMI.
333:, and later MEC." Since this period, there has been a stated focus on promoting the maintenance of KFC as a second language and defending Amerindian rights while also providing a "bridge to the outside world," to a varying degree of success, often criticized, both by members of the community and linguistic anthropologists such as Jo-Anne Ferreira. Only in the 1990s did indigenous teachers, however, begin to receive training first by CIMI, then by the Organization of Indigenous Teachers of Oiapoque established in 2005, and now "many of the teachers are Karipúna or Galibi-Marwono."
2725:
Process verbs. Event verbs typically include transitives such as /ale/, "go," and /aʃte/, "buy." Experience and
Process verbs, vaguely, characterize intransitive experiences and processes, although Tobler fails to provide specific examples of the distinctions. Tobler does note that Event and Experience verbs take a semantic agent, while Process and State phrases lack one, such that Experience verbs (like /sɔtʃi/, "leave/get out," and /asi/, "sit") could be analyzed as unergatives, and Process verbs (like /bule/, "be burned," and /tõbe/, "fall") as unaccusatives.
423:
a medium for inter-ethnic communication." This confirms that KFC's superstratum language is primarily French, but the other influences on the language are diverse and numerous. Alleyne and
Ferreira suggest that the original "Karipúna" language — that is, that spoken by the original emigrants from Pará — "may or may not" have been a Tupi-Guarani language, and contributed to parts of the lexicon. Chris Corne notes that the indigenous influence is "substantial, particularly in the vocabulary of flora and fauna.
3510:
173:
1215:
morphological agglutination and "article reduction." Ladhams suggests that the Karipúna community is historically composed of "French
Guinean Blacks, Chinese, Arabs, and Europeans," although the extent of non-European influence, outside of flora and fauna words, appears to be minimal. Arab and Chinese lexical influence is virtually nonexistent. Thus the generic open class of nouns involves morphologically reducing "la + noun" or "l’ + noun" to a monomorphemic word.
524:
working since 1978 to develop this educational process, but the "materials " are not readily available and are most likely used in the community for the three-year language education program. According to Anonby some of the Karipúna French Creole texts have been published and they are "mainly
Biblical stories and folk tales," along with language "primers, such as those edited and organized by Fransisca Picanco Montejo (1985)."
353:, who also speak a French Creole language incredibly similar to Karipúna, and the Palikúr and Galibi do Oiapoque indigenous groups who speak their own non-creole languages. Members of the latter groups are often bilingual in Amapá French Creole, though only the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono speak AFC natively. Anonby finds that "the differences between all the French Creoles do not pose a serious problem to intelligibility."
499:-level. The description is in-depth, categorical, and provides examples for various basic and complex sentence structures and clause types, along with justification of the classifications made. Based on Tobler's description and elicitation test, a phonetic inventory was made available for KFC online. Ladhams also notes that Monserrat & Silva published a
1513:
other French creoles, (346) and is thus presumably an innovative change, by analogy with the 1st person singular /mo/. Similarly, Tobler cites /nu/ as the 1st person plural pronoun, but
Alleyne and Ferreira explain that KFC has "regularized" this to /no/. The 2nd and 3rd person plural pronouns are consistent between accounts.
1521:
In
Alleyne and Ferreira, the bare possessive pronouns and the forms with the /-pa/ suffix are taken as equals. However, Tobler refers to the /-pa/ form as "possessive pronouns," and the bare form as "possessive adjectives." The difference appears to be that the pronominal form can occasionally fill a
1512:
Tobler, and
Alleyne and Ferreira, give slightly different accounts of the pronouns, and the table above generally reflects the more recent account. Tobler does not make note of the /to/ and /so/ variants of the 2nd and 3rd person singular pronouns, which Alleyne and Ferreira explain is not present in
532:
The majority of rigorous Karipúna linguistic documentation was done in the 1980s, with Tobler (1983), Tobler (1987), Monserrat & Silva (1984) and Picanço (1988). Present-day language documentation agencies (such as Soas, Museu do Índio, Museu Goeldi, and Dobes, amongst others) do not seem to have
304:
Ladhams explains the adoption of a French creole by the group as a result of the broad ethnic backgrounds of the Karipúna. "Since at least the 1840s," the Karipúna community was "a highly disparate group ... and that there would have been an immediate need for a medium for inter-ethnic communication.
1981:
produces agglutination in KFC. Morpheme reanalysis and agglutination of this variety is common in creole languages, especially French-lexified creoles. Amongst French creole languages some of these categories are shared, but others are not, and
Alleyne and Ferreira (amongst others) suggest that this
1141:
Relative to French and its substratum languages, Karipúna French Creole is more morphologically isolating, as tends to be the case with Caribbean creole languages. Morphemes in Karipúna French Creole are either root forms or derivational affixes, and inflectional affixes are apparently not present.
1132:
Nonetheless, the French influence is obvious. Like in French, only the open-mid and open vowels have phonemic nasalized variants. Alleyne and Ferreira note that this is consistent with other French creoles, and evidence for the hypothesis that all (or many) Atlantic French creole languages descended
475:
Karipúna do Amapá is referred to by a wide variety of names colloquially and in linguistic literature, including "Karipúna do Norte (Karipúna French Creole)," Kheuól, Crioulo, Patoá, Patuá, Patúa, and Amazonian/Amapá/Amerindian French Creole (which all also include the closely related Galibi-Marwono
422:
Alleyne and Ferreira, inspired by Ladham's social history generally agree that KFC is a direct descendant of Guyanais, or Guianan French Creole. As noted above, Ladham interprets the language as a tool which the ethnically fragmented early Karipúna communities employed to meet an "immediate need for
1890:
Some of these classes are open, such as class I, which takes new words loaned from French, while the others are not. The morphological reduction of the French article from these words does not have a consistent result on the syntactic category, despite all being non-proper nouns. Tobler claims that
308:
In December 1900, the Amapá region was ceded to Brazil from France, putting the Karipúna community in Brazilian territory, and in the 1920s, "Brazilian authorities deemed it necessary to implement projects for occupying the formerly contested territory whose ‘frenchified’ populations were seen as a
3205:
The "conditional tense marker" /teke/ indicates a strictly hypothetical conditional relation ("if S had been, H would have"). The conditional marker /si/ can also be used with other tense markers than /teke/ however, but requires strict correspondence between the markers used. Tobler distinguishes
2590:
It is apparent that there is a valency increase with the introduction of the "make" auxiliary, given that the tense marker "te" is no longer present in the /mo lẽj sɛk/ verbal compliment(s). While KFC can, and often does, use a null tense marker to indicate present completeness for "experience and
2359:
As stated before, the vast majority of French creoles lack a passive form. While in some French creole communities a passive form can be used, such as in Haitian French Creole, it doesn’t seem to be considered a part of a creole itself, but rather a French borrowing (Mandaly 2011). Jacobs analyzes
1530:
Alleyne and Ferreira give a simple account of reflexive pronouns by appending the /-kɔ/ suffix, but Tobler's grammar explains the nuance of KFC reflexives. To indicate a reflexive pronoun, KFC uses the bare possessive form in the object position and appends the word "body" (/kɔ/), or the body part
523:
in the 1980s, little other linguistic documentation appears to be available. Ferreira states that "the Catholic mission, CIMI, has been largely responsible for promoting a three-year Kheuól education primary school programme." According to CIMI statements, the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono have been
376:
Anonby notes that "generally, people feel that the loss of KFC is not a good thing. They feel nostalgia for the time when they all spoke it. At the same time, people feel very positive about speaking Portuguese." Ferreira likewise confirms this, referencing the "discontent felt by many indigenous
372:
Ethnologue considers Karipúna French Creole to be "threatened," with a rating of 6b on the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS). This designation seems generally due to the waning use of KFC as a mother tongue, and the steadily decreasing transmission rate. Anonby notes that Portuguese
2447:
This kind of construction for the verb is not necessarily a full passive, and can only form strictly stative constructions, using only auxiliary or verb-null copula phrases. Tobler notes "one cannot say, ‘The house was painted by John’; this must be expressed actively as ‘John painted the house’"
2192:
Creole languages tend to be characterized by a lack of "complex inflectional morphology in general," and appropriately syntactically- or morphologically-induced changes in verb valency are generally rare. Tobler's grammar does however mention a limited passive syntactic construction, as well as a
2451:
Interaction with verb stativity appears to be a common feature of Atlantic creole languages, and Winford (1988) looks to creole passivity to discuss the possible West African origins of the passive form. Karipúna French Creole's semi-passive verbal adjective form may, rather than the result of a
536:
Anonby's A Report on the Creoles of Amapá is the result of a joint study between SIL and the University of the West Indies to "investigate sociolinguistic aspects of the French-lexifier Creole languages spoken in the state of Amapá," albeit not funded by a particular major documentation project.
3380:
The hypothetical conditional construction translates roughly to "if S had been, H would have," and uses the past complete /te/ marker for the conditional clause, and the conditional /teke/ marker for the main clause. This construction applies strictly to hypothetical situations that might have
2724:
Tobler (1983) distinguishes five classes of verb phrase: Event, Experience, Process, State A, and State B. State A and B are typically copular, comparative, possessive or similar phrases that lack a main verb statement. KFC non-auxiliary verbs fall into the categories of Event, Experience, and
2355:
stative) verbs in Karipúna French Creole, the passive form cannot be used. While in (3) the number of arguments has been reduced to only a subject (‘banana’), /hete/ is an intransitive verb typically. In other words, Karipúna French Creole non-stative verbs do not have a valency-reducing form.
888:
Karipúna French Creole's consonants are relatively similar to French, with some exceptions. The palatal nasal stop, /ɲ/, voiced uvular fricative, /ʁ/, and labialized palatal approximant, /ɥ/, or /jʷ/, all of which are present in French, are not in KFC. Furthermore, /t/ and /d/ from French are
336:
Overall, Karipúna populations are healthily growing after the original migration from Pará that lessened populations drastically. Alleyne and Ferreira note that "the Karipúna population in 2001 is six times larger than it was in 1943." However, despite the optimistic growth in population, the
292:
speakers. Moving between French Guiana and Brazil in hotly contested territory from the Ounary to the Oyapock rivers, and finally towards the Curipi, where the Karipúna now live, these groups were joined by "members of the Palikúr and Galibí tribes, as well as Guianan Creoles, Arabs, Chinese,
2712:
A similar analysis can be taken to the monotransitive-to-ditransitive use of /fɛ/. Tobler's gloss suggests that the null past complete tense marker that "event and process" verbs take applies to "make," rather than "chop" in the causative construction, and therefore does not represent mere
1214:
Pronouns in KFC form a two-number and three-case system, which is undergoing a regularizing change by analogy. The /li/ pronoun, and /ka/ tense marker (see below), will elide with an adjacent verb. The KFC lexicon on the whole is greatly derived from French and has undergone a process more
545:
A series of anthropological analyses of the Karipúna community have been undertaken, especially in light of the Karipúna identity and schooling system. Tassinari and Cohn in 2009 critically evaluated, just like Ferreira, the bilingual education program and demonstrated the caveats in the
2460:
Karipúna French Creole does have a causative construction, using the auxiliary verb "make" (/fɛ/), which appears to be a widely productive, valency-increasing form. The "make" auxiliary changes either an intransitive construction into a transitive one, or a transitive to a ditransitive.
1990:
Reduplication is often considered a hallmark of creole language morphology, along with morphological conversion and compounding. Compounding, as above, is present in KFC, and as expected so too is reduplication. Tobler (1983) notes the highly productive reduplication possible in KFC.
312:
The 1970s "were marked by greater political participation of the Uaçá leaders," including the Karipúna amongst the other three groups in the Uaçá reserve, "who began to act in more organized fashion." Particularly, they opposed the installation of the proposed route for the
3209:
The first conditional, "authentic" construction is used for genuine, specific, events, that haven’t occurred yet. This construction uses the present progressive tense marker /ka/ in the conditional phrase and the future tense marker /ke/ in the result phrase. For example:
377:
leaders" who feel as though the state of education in KFC is not of a sufficient standard to be beneficial for the maintenance of KFC. This program was implemented in the 1980s by CIMI, the Catholic mission, but recently a new modified version of this program, the
2360:
another potential source for creole passives, however, suggesting that substratum origins and contact with earlier creole languages likely was the result of the oddly-distributed use of the passive in Papiamento, rather than top-down European-language influence.
317:
highway, and this struggle resulted in further pressure to fight for the demarcation of their land. A new route of the highway was eventually accepted with "the hiring of indigenous heads to assist in the inspection of the borders of the indigenous territory."
2183:
Tobler shows that reduplication in possible in a large variety of syntactic and morphological contexts. In all cases it tends to "emphasize the degree or quantity of that which is reduplicated," which corresponds to the generalized "more of the same meaning."
2591:
state" verbs, like /sɛk/, the gloss Tobler provides gives no evidence of a present-complete meaning. Therefore, we analyze this not as an embedded CP complement to /fɛ/, but rather as a valency-increase of the VP /sɛk/ from intransitive to monotransitive.
1894:
Morphophonemic shifts also occur in the 3rd-person singular pronoun and the present progressive marker in KFC. In the pre-verbal subject position, /li/ is often reduced to /i-/, and reduced to a verb suffix /-l/ in the post-verbal object position.
401:) and is spoken mainly around Macapá, the capital of Amapá state. Northern Amapá consists of two (relatively mutually intelligible) French-lexified creoles, both of which are considered "Amazonian French Creole," also often referred to as
2217:
Tobler notes that outside of certain stative clauses, the passive form can’t be used. Utterances are expressed solely in the active form. For example, the phrase "I was bitten by a wasp" must be expressed as "the wasp bit me," as below:
546:
CIMI-organized three-year educational programme. Ladhams is a well-cited and succinct socio-historical investigation of the Karipúna community's origins, which is generally accepted by anyone writing about KFC ethnography afterwards.
426:
Despite the contact with African speakers that GFC no doubt had in its creolization process, Corne explains that "the African contribution, on present information, is surprisingly small, including only a handful of words from
3295:
The "generalization" conditional construction applies to general rules and principles about the world, using the null tense marker in the conditional phrase and the present progressive /ka/ in the result phrase, as such:
1891:"almost all words are monomorphemic roots" in KFC, and the morphological reanalysis from French loanwords appears to move towards this conformity, as the French article, nor the noun stem, are "never found in isolation."
383:, is in the process of being implemented, although the value of the new program in maintaining KFC is unclear. Overall, due to the difficulty in transmitting the language to younger speakers as either a mother tongue or
1726:
Karipúna French Creole both in historical sound shifts and in present variation has agglutinative morphophonemic changes. As in many French Creole languages, many French calques were glossed into KFC and subsequently
4039:
Wittmann, Henri. 1987. "Substrat et superstrat dans le français créole des Indiens Karipouns." Paper, 7th Annual Congress of the Association québécoise de linguistique, University of Ottawa, May 19–22. Abstract in:
2902:
Exclusive to Event and Process class VPs is the present progressive /ka/ marker, and the past incomplete tense marker /teka/. For event and process verbs, a null tense marker is analyzed as the past complete tense.
360:, contained 465 people. They are far more dispersed as compared to the Galibi-Marwono community in the same reservation, wherein 1,578 out of a total population of 1,787 Galibi-Marwono are concentrated in the
3692:
Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. (2010). "Bilingual education among the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono: Prospects and possibilities for language preservation". In Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle; Bartens, Angela (eds.).
261:. Alleyne and Ferreira explain that "today, the Karipúna people are a highly mixed group, comprising not only descendants of Amerindians, but also of Africans, Asians and Europeans, and mixtures thereof."
2721:
Karipúna French Creole's system of tense marking is complex, with "five overt tense markers and another marker." However the meaning of the null tense marker is dependent on the class of verb phrase.
4301:
1396:
The distinction between subject, direct object, and indirect object pronouns from French is simplified to a set of personal pronouns in KFC, which may occupy both subject and object position.
2193:
causative transitive construction. No mention of other valency-changing constructions, such as antipassives or comitative case, seem to be present in any investigation of the language.
2728:
Tense marking for sentences in KFC interacts with the class of verb phrase in the sentence. All classes of VP use the /ke/ future tense marker, and /teke/ conditional tense marker.
439:
languages," although the African influences in grammar are more obvious. Lastly and unsurprisingly Corne mentions that "Portuguese has contributed basic vocabulary" of KFC for both
305:
A prime candidate for this would have been Guyanais," as it was already used by parts of the Amerindian members and most of the non-Amerindian members of the Karipúna community.
3099:
For Experience and State class VPs, the past complete tense is marked by the tense marker /te/, whereas the null tense marker is understood as the present progressive tense.
1522:
DP (as English "mine") as well as act as a genitive adjunct to a noun phrase (/u-pa liv/, "your book"), whereas the bare possessive form must be adjunct to the possessed NP.
4294:
467:(‘window’)", generally as a result of increasing sociohistorical pressures from the mid-1900s as the Portuguese education system began to erode the transmission of KFC.
293:
Europeans, and Brazilians" and eventually settled in the Uaçá area. "These were ‘displaced Brazilians … called Karipúnas’." Furthermore in 1854, due to a gold rush in
2448:(Tobler 1983, 54). Clearly in this phrase /pẽtʃihe/ is no longer functioning as a VP in the passive construction, as it cannot take an agentive adjunct (‘by John’).
245:
tends to be the mother tongue for speakers under 60 in the Karipúna community, and Karipúna French Creole is the mother tongue primarily only for speakers over 60.
4922:
3920:
Kouwenberg, Silvia; LaCharité, Darlene (2001). "The iconic interpretations of reduplication: Issues in the study of reduplication in Caribbean Creole languages".
2363:
Tobler demonstrates how a pseudo-passive can be formed by coercing the verb into a verbal adjective, turning a monotransitive sentence into an intransitive one.
4963:
4287:
3633:
Alleyne, Mervyn C.; Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. (2007). "Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole".
519:
Corne criticizes the "lack of serious lexicological research" for Karipúna French Creole and Guyanais in general. Despite the relatively large focus on
512:
is published in Portuguese and contains an (approximately) 2100 Karipúna words with their Portuguese translation, and vice versa, and also provides an
5824:
835:
5839:
4069:
554:
Karipúna French Creole has 32 phonemes — 22 consonants and 10 vowels. Its phoneme inventory is notably smaller than its lexifier language, French.
5834:
264:
John Ladhams offers what is probably the best description of the migration and formation of the current-day Karipúna population. Members of the
3852:
Tassinari, Antonella Imperatriz; Cohn, Clarice (2009). ""Opening to the Other": Schooling among the Karipúna and Mebengokré‐Xikrin of Brazil".
3579:
3904:
877:
861:
3381:
happened, rather than ones that have habitually (the generalization construction) or may in the future (the "authentic" construction).
330:
4171:
3818:
4956:
395:
French creoles in Brazil form two sub-groups, both in the Amapá regions. Southern Amapá consists only of "Amapá French Creole" (or
257:
to such a degree that at times (such as in the early 1930s) doubt arose as to whether or not the Karipúna should be referred to as
1223:
Karipúna French Creole's personal pronouns form a two-number, three-person system as in French, and are shown in the table below.
889:
dentalized in KFC. Lastly /h/ is present phonemically in KFC, despite having been lost in French due to historical sound changes.
5844:
5068:
768:
677:
506:
Also, in the same decade, two Karipúna-Portuguese dictionaries were published by A.W. Tobler (1987) and Montejo (1988). Tobler's
3895:
Hagemeijer, Tjerk (2009). "Initial vowel agglutination in the Gulf of Guinea creoles". In Aboh, Enoch O.; Smith, Norval (eds.).
995:
752:
513:
443:
categories of words. Some Kheuól words are even used in variation with Portuguese contributions to the lexicon, "for example,
1095:
1024:
4078:
1119:
811:
720:
100:
4838:
4204:
5829:
4949:
4746:
4699:
4188:
4062:
1107:
1008:
795:
761:
258:
4498:
4103:
1042:
966:
779:
5083:
4592:
4577:
1509:
KFC has a no-case system and retained the nominative form, whereas other French creoles retained the oblique form.
1067:
870:
661:
5681:
1938:
The present tense marker /ka/, like /li/, also elides with non-back vowels at the beginning of a preceding verb.
1125:
1089:
804:
585:
5330:
5219:
1982:
may be an effective area of research for understanding the origins and development of French creole languages.
1645:
979:
668:
163:
157:
5707:
5436:
3961:
Eckkrammer, Eva Martha (2004). "Passive voice in Papiamento: A corpus-based study on dialectal variability".
5702:
5315:
5012:
4991:
4540:
4358:
4353:
4310:
4134:
4129:
4055:
704:
686:
3292:
The (former) conditional clause in this construction can also drop /ka/, with no apparent semantic change.
2452:
superstratum French influence, be a construction derived from one of Karipúna's many substratum languages.
4804:
4729:
4528:
4166:
4108:
3509:
3473:
520:
484:
4047:
479:
Tolber provided what is apparently the first rigorous descriptive grammar of KFC. His account includes a
5557:
4928:
4815:
4704:
4611:
4093:
3701:. Creole Language Library Volume 36. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamis Publishing Company. pp.
711:
622:
613:
436:
419:. The two languages are "Karipúna French Creole" (KFC) as well as "Galibi-Marwono French Creole" (GMFC)
220:
5282:
5058:
211:
spoken by the Karipúna community, which lives in the Uaçá Indian Reservation in the Brazilian state of
5712:
5686:
5616:
5565:
5501:
5471:
5345:
5234:
4986:
4895:
4825:
4798:
4694:
4435:
4176:
729:
2262:
And the expression "all the bananas were eaten" might be expressed in either of the following ways:
5666:
5611:
5570:
5476:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5204:
5166:
5161:
5098:
4972:
4884:
4714:
4572:
4534:
4363:
4149:
2206:
As seems to be the case with the majority of creole languages, Karipúna French Creole lacks a true
745:
654:
322:
273:
242:
235:
5491:
4336:
3839:
No Djisone Kheuol-Portxige: O Nosso Dicionário Português-Khueol (Povos Karipúna e Galibi Marworno)
3544:
Ladhams, I. (1995). "Investigating the background of Karipúna Creole French". In Baker, P. (ed.).
172:
5738:
5524:
5456:
5446:
5365:
5262:
5118:
5050:
4857:
4513:
4475:
4406:
4373:
4250:
4220:
4032:
1355:
1336:
1317:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1229:
633:
580:
265:
232:
5636:
5591:
5575:
5431:
5360:
5350:
5325:
5224:
5189:
5113:
4023:
3702:
3659:
297:, many "coolies, Blacks, Chinese, Martinicans and French adventurers" moved to the Oyapock and
17:
5773:
5728:
5621:
5601:
5514:
5451:
5413:
5390:
5375:
5370:
5355:
5320:
5272:
5176:
5128:
5123:
5093:
5088:
5073:
4849:
4684:
4552:
4503:
4396:
4386:
4240:
4230:
4144:
4139:
3900:
1101:
600:
590:
326:
269:
182:
5798:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5606:
5596:
5509:
5423:
5380:
5340:
5267:
5257:
5249:
5229:
5214:
5194:
5151:
5138:
5108:
5078:
5063:
5024:
5007:
4890:
4844:
4820:
4769:
4764:
4752:
4629:
4557:
4401:
4391:
4345:
4245:
4235:
4161:
4124:
3706:
3694:
3478:
1246:
788:
697:
575:
570:
178:
298:
5803:
5793:
5768:
5748:
5733:
5646:
5641:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5486:
5466:
5441:
5335:
5305:
5239:
5209:
5184:
5156:
5103:
4878:
4810:
4780:
4679:
4602:
4582:
4562:
4508:
4416:
4325:
989:
607:
595:
428:
384:
289:
208:
92:
5398:
4470:
357:
3206:
three kinds of conditional constructions, employing distinct uses of the tense markers.
476:
French Creole language). Ethnologue refers to the language as "Karipúna Creole French."
5763:
5758:
5753:
5676:
5631:
5626:
5532:
5408:
5199:
5029:
4915:
4734:
4724:
4639:
4567:
4518:
4465:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4425:
4381:
4279:
4225:
4156:
1978:
1018:
825:
440:
356:
The Karipúna people numbered 1,726 between 16 different villages in 2001. The largest,
350:
338:
4007:
3749:
From French to Creole: The development of new vernaculars in the French colonial world
1087:
Again, compared to French's 17 vowels, KFC is significantly less complicated, losing /
149:
5818:
5481:
5146:
4719:
4546:
4480:
4460:
3695:
2207:
1375:
910:
432:
285:
301:
rivers, where the Karipúna inhabited, further contributing to the broad ethnic mix.
5403:
4709:
4587:
4523:
1728:
851:
483:
with around 300 words, phonetic description of KFC, and analysis of the grammar at
288:. They joined with existing ethnic groups, thus coming into contact with French or
254:
3942:
Jacobs, Bart (2011). "The origin and originality of passivization in Papiamentu".
4832:
4644:
4634:
4268:
1113:
1074:
1049:
1031:
960:
952:
940:
928:
905:
3801:
1172:
The "verbalizing" suffix /-e/ however can coerce some nouns into a verb class.
1150:
The "verbalizing" suffix /-e/ however can coerce some nouns into a verb class.
4792:
4663:
4657:
4650:
3502:
2211:
1732:
1310:
1057:
915:
739:
648:
562:
Karipúna French Creole's 22 phonemic consonants are shown in the table below.
294:
3976:
Winford, Donald (1988). "Stativity and other aspects of the creole passive".
3899:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 29–50.
3497:
5461:
4623:
4036:. Série Lingüística Nº 10: 1-156. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brasília.
380:
Projeto Político Pedagógico das Escolas Indígenas Karipúna e Galibi-Marworno
277:
142:
126:
349:
Today in the Uaçá Reservation there are three other Amerindian groups: the
3874:
1644:
In the case that no body part is affected, KFC can also use /mɛm/ for the
133:
3963:
Creoles, Contact, and Language Change: Linguistic and Social Implications
3312:
643:
496:
361:
212:
72:
3447:
3418:
3390:
3258:
3226:
3154:
3107:
2970:
2852:
2816:
2783:
2744:
2684:
2662:
2640:
2554:
2469:
2411:
2242:
2137:
2076:
2043:
2021:
1999:
1946:
1918:
1903:
1693:
1671:
1656:
1616:
1594:
1561:
1539:
1531:
affected, as the possessed NP of the pronoun. position (in bold below).
1489:
1451:
1426:
1404:
1180:
5019:
4617:
3370:
3322:
3032:
3014:
1731:. Alleyne and Ferreira list four classes, based on the original French
500:
480:
281:
216:
4941:
3710:
3004:
2762:
2599:
2270:
5743:
4786:
4774:
4757:
4491:
4183:
4098:
3457:
3400:
3139:
3121:
3089:
3055:
2509:
2491:
1239:
488:
314:
61:
3352:
3240:
2923:
2536:
3697:
Creoles in Education: An appraisal of current programs and projects
3158:
2558:
2473:
2319:
1697:
1620:
1565:
325:
programme was instituted, largely through the efforts of CIMI (the
231:
terms, with a complex mix of substratum languages—most notably the
4689:
4486:
4430:
3428:
2862:
228:
224:
276:
since the 16th century, and around 1830 to the 1840s, due to the
3820:
Dicionário Crioulo Karipúna/Português Português/Crioulo Karipúna
492:
4945:
4283:
4051:
3348:
3236:
3176:
2949:
2919:
2826:
2532:
2379:
2090:
1960:
3268:
2772:
2108:
321:
It was also during this period that the "Kheuól-to-Portuguese
2787:
2246:
1922:
1675:
1493:
1430:
3728:
2151:
2067:"He/she walked for a long time/long way." (CP reduplication)
462:
456:
450:
444:
402:
396:
201:
49:
43:
3635:
Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages
2214:
may be the only Atlantic Creole to possess a full passive.
284:
region moved to what is now Amapá and which was claimed by
507:
378:
3727:
Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2016).
3111:
2688:
2666:
2644:
2603:
2415:
2274:
2141:
2080:
2047:
2025:
2003:
1950:
1907:
1660:
1598:
1543:
1455:
1408:
1184:
4024:
Dicionário crioulo karipúna/português português/karipúna
3729:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition"
4042:
Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée
2898:"If I had had the money, I would have bought a radio."
1205:
1195:
2179:"It was very white/white as snow." (AP reduplication)
280:, a revolt by a group of indigenous people from the
5721:
5695:
5659:
5584:
5556:
5523:
5500:
5422:
5389:
5281:
5248:
5175:
5137:
5049:
5040:
5000:
4979:
4871:
4672:
4601:
4415:
4372:
4344:
4335:
4318:
4261:
4213:
4197:
4117:
4086:
3762:Moore, Denny (2005). "Brazil: language situation".
156:
140:
124:
119:
89:
79:
67:
57:
32:
3463:"If he had arrive, I would have talked with him."
337:linguistic vitality of Karipúna French Creole is
4027:. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brasília, DF.
4011:. SIL Electronic Survey Report. SILESR 2007-020.
4000:Cultura Crioula e Lanc-Patuá no Norte do Brasil.
1142:Tobler notes that most words are monomorphemic.
414:
408:
3751:. Westminster: University of Westminster Press.
897:Karipúna French Creole has 10 phonemic vowels.
3795:
3793:
4957:
4295:
4063:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
2895:if 1SG PRES have money 1SG COND buy one radio
8:
4018:. Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, Göteborg.
3722:
3720:
516:pronunciation guide for Kheuól orthography.
387:, KFC is justifiably in a threatened state.
4923:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
3764:Encyclopedia of languages and linguistics 2
1729:agglutinated with a French definite article
5046:
4964:
4950:
4942:
4341:
4302:
4288:
4280:
4070:
4056:
4048:
3869:
3867:
3666:. Instituto Socioambiental. February 2016.
3539:
2128:"He/she is very angry." (VP reduplication)
171:
29:
3937:
3935:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
2705:3SG.SUBJ make 3SG.SUBJ chop 3SG.SUBJ much
2064:3SG.SUBJ walk 3SG.SUBJ walk 3SG.SUBJ walk
253:The Karipúna community includes a mix of
3965:. Amsterdam: Benjamis. pp. 209–219.
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
1737:
1225:
899:
564:
3890:
3888:
3875:"Inventory Karipuna Creole French (PH)"
3742:
3740:
3738:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3490:
2583:sun PRES.PROG make 1SG.POSS clothes dry
2403:Compared with the active construction:
272:linguistic trunks were in contact with
4016:Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn
3854:Anthropology & Education Quarterly
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3376:"If you cut it quickly it will break."
2892:si mo te gã lajõ mo teke aʃte wun hadj
2708:"He/she made them chop a lot of wood."
1714:1SG.SUBJ buy-3SG.OBJ for 1SG.POSS self
533:assisted in the documentation of KFC.
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
7:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3285:if 3SG PRES.PROG arrive 3SG FUT good
2799:"If it's ripe, then we will eat it."
1502:3SG.SUBJ take this/that give 1SG.OBJ
3922:European Journal of English Studies
3837:Montejo, Francisca Picanço (1988).
3038:"He went where they were fighting."
2586:"The sun is making my clothes dry."
2125:3SG.SUBJ PRES be.angry FUT be.angry
503:of Karipúna in Portuguese in 1984.
4927:Languages between parentheses are
3897:Complex Processes in New Languages
3806:. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1856:Class IV: (du, de l’, des + noun)
25:
3944:Journal of Portuguese Linguistics
3546:From Contact to Creole and Beyond
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1073:
1066:
1048:
1041:
1030:
1023:
1007:
994:
978:
965:
876:
869:
860:
834:
810:
803:
794:
778:
767:
760:
751:
728:
719:
710:
703:
685:
676:
667:
660:
632:
621:
612:
5825:French-based pidgins and creoles
4008:A report on the creoles of Amapá
3581:A Report on the Creoles of Amapá
3508:
3288:"If he arrives it will be good."
5840:French language in the Americas
2961:"The fire is melting the lard."
2796:if 3SG ripe 1PL FUT eat-3SG.OBJ
1505:"He/she took this/that for me."
1133:from a common creole ancestor.
18:Karipúna French Creole language
5835:Endangered pidgins and creoles
4931:of the language on their left.
4033:The grammar of karipúna creole
3803:The Grammar of Karipúna Creole
3453:si-l te hive mo teke pale ke-l
1:
4079:French-based creole languages
4002:Escola de Folclore, S. Paulo.
3460:arrive 1SG COND talk with-3SG
2347:"There were no bananas left."
3841:. Belem: Edicoes Mensageiro.
3028:li ale la kote je teka bhiga
2958:fire PRES.PROG melt lard DEM
1823:Class III: (un, une + noun)
1790:Class II: (les, des + noun)
1637:1SG.SUBJ cut 1SG.POSS finger
3998:Andrade, Julieta de. 1984.
3373:cut quickly PRES.PROG break
2443:"He/she painted the house."
509:Dicionário Crioulo Karipúna
329:) and with the approval of
5861:
3095:"The rain fell all night."
1742:Karipúna French Creole IPA
1582:1SG.SUBJ hit 1SG.POSS body
5682:Paulista General Language
4906:
3664:Povos Indígenas No Brasil
3366:si u ø kupe vitmã ka fãde
2310:"We ate all the bananas."
2176:3SG.SUBJ PAST white white
1855:
1822:
1789:
1757:Class I: (la, l’ + noun)
1756:
1717:"I bought it for myself."
1373:
1309:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1228:
914:
909:
904:
902:
850:
824:
738:
642:
606:
567:
508:
379:
170:
71:Uaça Indian Reservation,
42:
37:
27:Creole language of Brazil
4081:and pidgins by continent
4021:Tobler, Alfred W. 1987.
4014:Nimuendajú, Curt. 1926.
2515:"My clothes (were) dry."
1210:"He/she shoots an arrow"
5845:Creoles of the Americas
4992:Brazilian Sign Language
4311:Gallo-Romance languages
3800:Tobler, S. Joy (1983).
3031:3SG go there where 3PL
2399:"The house is painted."
2307:1PL.SUBJ eat all banana
2061:li maʃe li maʃe li maʃe
1360:/so/, /so-pa/, /di-li/
463:
457:
451:
445:
403:
397:
202:
50:
44:
4030:Tobler, S. Joy. 1983.
3498:Karipúna French Creole
3474:French Guianese Creole
3282:si li ka hive li ke bõ
3193:1SG.POSS body PRES hot
3085:lapli ø tõbe tu nanwit
2702:li fɛ ye fãde bwa boku
2580:solej ka fɛ mo lẽj sɛk
528:Documentation projects
441:lexical and functional
415:
409:
193:Karipúna French Creole
109:Karipúna French Creole
105:French Guianese Creole
33:Karipúna French Creole
5687:Portunhol fronteiriço
4921:A star (*) indicates
4816:Poitevin-Saintongeais
4747:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
3817:Tobler, A.W. (1987).
3747:Corne, Chris (1999).
3578:Anonby, Stan (2007),
2793:si li mi nu ke mãje-l
219:rivers. It is mostly
4005:Anonby, Stan. 2007.
3731:. SIL International.
2955:dʒife ka fun ghɛs la
2631:"They chopped wood."
2440:3SG.SUBJ paint house
1931:3SG.SUBJ cut-3SG.OBJ
1439:3SG.SUBJ cut 3SG.OBJ
1299:‘he/she/it/him/her’
215:, on the Curipi and
207:, is a French-based
5830:Languages of Brazil
4973:Languages of Brazil
4374:Bourbonnais Creoles
3587:, SIL International
1934:"He/she/it cut it."
1746:French Orthography
1711:mo aʃte-l pu mo mɛm
1517:Possessive pronouns
368:Linguistic vitality
323:bilingual education
197:Amapá French Creole
38:Amapá French Creole
5437:Gavião of Jiparaná
5001:Regional languages
2628:3PL.SUBJ chop wood
2304:nu mãdʒe tut bakɔv
2258:"The wasp bit me."
2122:li ka kɔlɛ ke kɔlɛ
1640:"I cut my finger."
1526:Reflexive pronouns
391:Linguistic origins
274:European explorers
259:indigenous peoples
241:Anonby notes that
5812:
5811:
5655:
5654:
5341:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
4980:Official language
4939:
4938:
4916:extinct languages
4872:Francoprovencalic
4867:
4866:
4850:Wisconsin Walloon
4277:
4276:
3906:978-90-272-5257-9
3506:(21st ed., 2018)
3092:fall all in.night
2508:1SG.POSS clothes
2255:wasp bite 1SG.OBJ
1888:
1887:
1743:
1499:li pote sa bay mo
1394:
1393:
1378:
1085:
1084:
886:
885:
791:
748:
700:
657:
236:Karipúna language
190:
189:
85:2,400 (2008)
16:(Redirected from
5852:
5047:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4943:
4885:Franco-Provençal
4881:/Faetar-Cigliàje
4770:Louisiana French
4765:Louisiana Creole
4578:Saint-Barthélemy
4346:Antillean Creole
4342:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4281:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4049:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3826:. Brasília: SIL.
3825:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3700:
3689:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3575:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3495:
3479:Antillean creole
3459:
3449:
3430:
3420:
3402:
3392:
3372:
3354:
3350:
3324:
3314:
3270:
3260:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3178:
3160:
3156:
3141:
3123:
3113:
3109:
3091:
3057:
3034:
3016:
3006:
2972:
2951:
2925:
2921:
2864:
2854:
2828:
2818:
2789:
2785:
2774:
2764:
2746:
2690:
2686:
2668:
2664:
2646:
2642:
2605:
2601:
2560:
2556:
2538:
2534:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2471:
2417:
2413:
2381:
2321:
2276:
2272:
2248:
2244:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2110:
2092:
2082:
2078:
2049:
2045:
2027:
2023:
2005:
2001:
1970:1SG.SUBJ PRES-go
1962:
1952:
1948:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1905:
1741:
1738:
1699:
1695:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1622:
1618:
1600:
1596:
1567:
1563:
1545:
1541:
1495:
1491:
1457:
1453:
1442:"He/she cut it."
1432:
1428:
1410:
1406:
1374:
1347:/zɔt/, /zɔt-pa/
1226:
1207:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1077:
1070:
1052:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1011:
998:
982:
969:
955:
948:
943:
936:
931:
924:
900:
880:
873:
864:
838:
814:
807:
798:
787:
782:
771:
764:
755:
744:
732:
723:
714:
707:
696:
689:
680:
671:
664:
653:
636:
625:
616:
565:
511:
466:
460:
454:
448:
418:
412:
406:
400:
382:
327:Catholic mission
205:
195:, also known as
175:
166:
152:
136:
129:
95:
53:
47:
30:
21:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5717:
5691:
5651:
5580:
5552:
5519:
5496:
5418:
5385:
5277:
5244:
5171:
5133:
5042:
5036:
4996:
4975:
4970:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4902:
4863:
4781:Moselle Romance
4741:Karipúna Creole
4668:
4597:
4509:Franco-Ontarian
4411:
4368:
4331:
4326:Canadian French
4314:
4308:
4278:
4273:
4257:
4209:
4193:
4113:
4104:Petit Mauresque
4082:
4076:
3995:
3993:Further reading
3990:
3989:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3691:
3690:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3632:
3631:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3517:
3507:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3470:
3465:
3451:
3440:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3404:
3394:
3378:
3364:
3356:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3290:
3280:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3244:
3230:
3220:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3180:
3170:
3162:
3147:
3133:
3125:
3115:
3097:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3049:
3040:
3026:
3018:
3008:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2913:
2900:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2801:
2791:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2748:
2738:
2719:
2710:
2700:
2692:
2678:
2670:
2656:
2648:
2633:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2588:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2548:
2540:
2526:
2517:
2503:
2495:
2485:
2477:
2458:
2445:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2401:
2396:house DEM paint
2391:
2383:
2373:
2349:
2344:NEG stay banana
2339:
2331:
2323:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2260:
2250:
2236:
2228:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2145:
2130:
2120:
2112:
2102:
2094:
2084:
2069:
2059:
2051:
2037:
2029:
2015:
2007:
1988:
1977:Morphophonemic
1975:
1965:
1954:
1936:
1926:
1911:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1701:
1687:
1679:
1664:
1642:
1634:mo kupe mo dwet
1632:
1624:
1610:
1602:
1587:
1585:"I hit myself."
1577:
1569:
1555:
1547:
1528:
1519:
1507:
1497:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1444:
1434:
1420:
1412:
1363:‘his/hers/its’
1350:‘yours/y’alls’
1312:
1248:
1221:
1212:
1204:3SG.SUBJ arrow-
1199:
1188:
1170:
1160:
1148:
1139:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
895:
647:
586:Palato-alveolar
560:
552:
543:
530:
473:
393:
385:second language
370:
347:
290:Guianese Creole
251:
221:French-lexified
209:creole language
186:
162:
148:
132:
125:
115:
96:
93:Language family
91:
82:
81:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5858:
5856:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5759:Haitian Creole
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Brazilian Sign
5699:
5697:
5696:Sign languages
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5660:Interlanguages
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4882:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4735:Haitian Creole
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4705:Burundi Pidgin
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Burundi Pidgin
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3968:
3953:
3931:
3912:
3905:
3884:
3863:
3844:
3829:
3809:
3769:
3754:
3734:
3716:
3669:
3644:
3590:
3551:
3515:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3441:
3433:
3423:
3413:
3405:
3395:
3384:
3383:
3357:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3317:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3245:
3231:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3181:
3171:
3163:
3149:
3148:
3126:
3116:
3102:
3101:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2749:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2715:
2713:CP-embedding.
2693:
2679:
2671:
2657:
2649:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2608:
2594:
2593:
2571:
2563:
2549:
2541:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2496:
2486:
2478:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2428:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2393:kaz la pẽtʃihe
2384:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2332:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Valency change
2195:
2189:
2186:
2164:
2156:
2146:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2085:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2038:
2030:
2016:
2008:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1955:
1941:
1940:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:‘arch’, ‘ark’
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:English Gloss
1750:
1747:
1744:
1723:
1720:
1702:
1688:
1680:
1665:
1651:
1650:
1625:
1611:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1570:
1556:
1548:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1421:
1413:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1390:‘these/those’
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:Demonstratives
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:/je/, /je-pa/
1364:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:/no/, /no-pa/
1326:
1323:
1322:/mo/, /mo-pa/
1320:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1220:
1217:
1189:
1175:
1174:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
992:
986:
985:
983:
976:
974:
972:
970:
963:
957:
956:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
894:
891:
884:
883:
881:
874:
867:
865:
858:
856:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
832:
830:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
815:
808:
801:
799:
792:
784:
783:
776:
774:
772:
765:
758:
756:
749:
742:
736:
735:
733:
726:
724:
717:
715:
708:
701:
693:
692:
690:
683:
681:
674:
672:
665:
658:
651:
640:
639:
637:
630:
628:
626:
619:
617:
610:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
559:
556:
551:
548:
542:
539:
529:
526:
472:
469:
392:
389:
369:
366:
351:Galibi Marwono
346:
345:Current status
343:
268:, Tupían, and
250:
247:
188:
187:
176:
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
146:
138:
137:
130:
122:
121:
120:Language codes
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:
99:
97:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
59:
58:Native to
55:
54:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5857:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Frainc-Comtou
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:Middle French
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:St. Marys Bay
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Langues d'oïl
4334:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3833:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3145:"I was sick."
3143:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2506:
2505:mo lẽj te sɛk
2502:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:i pẽtʃihe kaz
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:With active (
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:pa hete bakɔv
2338:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:passive voice
2201:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:li te blã blã
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1986:Reduplication
1985:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1722:Agglutination
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1646:emphatic self
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1146:Verb coercion
1145:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
977:
975:
973:
971:
968:
964:
962:
959:
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
920:
917:
912:
907:
901:
898:
892:
890:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
866:
863:
859:
857:
855:
853:
849:
846:
844:
842:
840:
837:
833:
831:
829:
827:
823:
820:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
785:
781:
777:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
741:
737:
734:
731:
727:
725:
722:
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
684:
682:
679:
675:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
650:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
629:
627:
624:
620:
618:
615:
611:
609:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
566:
563:
557:
555:
549:
547:
540:
538:
534:
527:
525:
522:
521:documentation
517:
515:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
470:
468:
465:
459:
453:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
424:
420:
417:
411:
405:
399:
390:
388:
386:
381:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
354:
352:
344:
342:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
316:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
291:
287:
286:French Guiana
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
239:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
198:
194:
184:
180:
174:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
144:
139:
135:
131:
128:
123:
118:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
101:French Creole
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5722:Non-official
5708:Ka'apor Sign
5671:
5291:Akwẽ-Xerénte
5084:Enawenê-Nawê
4911:
4856:
4837:
4826:Saintongeais
4803:
4791:
4779:
4745:
4740:
4710:Camfranglais
4656:
4649:
4622:
4612:Anglo-Norman
4610:
4573:Newfoundland
4558:Metropolitan
4545:
4535:Jersey Legal
4533:
4524:Houma French
4364:Saint Lucian
4319:Areal groups
4313:and dialects
4214:Indian Ocean
4150:Saint Lucian
4041:
4031:
4022:
4015:
4006:
3999:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3947:
3943:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3896:
3878:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3819:
3812:
3802:
3763:
3757:
3748:
3696:
3663:
3638:
3634:
3580:
3545:
3501:
3493:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3371:PAST.INCOMPL
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3323:PAST.INCOMPL
3321:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3201:Conditionals
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3033:PAST.INCOMPL
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3015:PAST.INCOMPL
3013:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2205:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1973:"I'm going."
1972:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1916:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1798:(les) armes
1725:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:mo bat mo kɔ
1578:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1384:‘this/that’
1341:/u/, /u-pa/
1305:‘they/them’
1286:‘you/y’all’
1222:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1086:
896:
887:
852:Approximants
561:
553:
544:
535:
531:
518:
505:
478:
474:
425:
421:
394:
375:
371:
355:
348:
335:
320:
311:
307:
303:
263:
252:
240:
200:
196:
192:
191:
158:Linguasphere
141:
108:
5734:Vlax Romani
5713:Terena Sign
5677:Macarrônico
5558:Nambikwaran
5316:Djeoromitxí
4918:or dialects
4805:Petit nègre
4695:Bourbonnais
4640:Guernésiais
4635:Cotentinais
4514:Frenchville
4476:New England
4407:Seychellois
4251:Seychellois
4221:Bourbonnais
4109:Petit nègre
3196:"I am hot."
3135:mo te malad
2625:ye fãde bwa
2252:muʃ mɔde mo
1779:(la) fumée
1749:French IPA
1311:Possessive
1296:/li/, /so/
541:Ethnography
437:Senegambian
255:ethnicities
223:except for
177:The rivers
5819:Categories
5672:Lanc-Patuá
5571:Nambikwara
5502:Chapacuran
5477:Tenetehara
5351:Mẽbêngôkre
5311:Chiquitano
5220:Pará Arára
5205:Hixkaryana
5041:Indigenous
5013:Pomeranian
4987:Portuguese
4793:Old French
4715:Champenois
4700:Burgundian
4664:Sercquiais
4658:Old Norman
4651:Law French
4593:Vietnamese
4553:Meridional
4387:Chagossian
4231:Chagossian
4189:Belle Isle
4177:Lanc-Patuá
4145:Martinican
4140:Guadeloupe
3984:: 271–297.
3860:: 150–169.
3711:2139/41236
3503:Ethnologue
3485:References
3458:PAST.COMPL
3401:PAST.COMPL
3190:mo kɔ ø ʃɔ
3140:PAST.COMPL
3122:PAST.COMPL
3090:PAST.COMPL
3056:PAST.COMPL
2510:PAST.COMPL
2492:PAST.COMPL
2456:Causatives
2212:Papiamento
1979:reanalysis
1845:(une) âme
1834:/œ̃n‿aʁk/
1801:/lez‿aʁm/
1782:/la fyme/
1765:(la) boue
1733:determiner
1436:li kupe li
1356:3rd person
1337:2nd person
1318:1st person
1292:3rd person
1277:/u/, /to/
1273:2nd person
1254:1st person
1137:Morphology
740:Fricatives
649:Affricates
558:Consonants
471:Literature
398:Lanc-Patúa
339:threatened
295:Approuague
243:Portuguese
203:Lanc-Patuá
164:51-AAC-cdd
45:Lanc-Patuá
5739:Hungarian
5462:Nheengatu
5457:Munduruku
5447:Kagwahiva
5366:Rikbaktsa
5263:Kashinawa
5119:Wapishana
5059:Asháninka
5043:languages
4929:varieties
4914:indicate
4896:Valdôtain
4887:/Arpitan
4858:Zarphatic
4799:Orléanais
4685:Berrichon
4624:Auregnais
4499:Cambodian
4481:Québécois
4402:Rodriguan
4392:Mauritian
4359:Grenadian
4354:Dominican
4246:Rodriguan
4236:Mauritian
4162:Louisiana
4135:Grenadian
4130:Dominican
4125:Antillean
3660:"History"
3138:1SG.SUBJ
1878:(du) riz
1867:/dy sɛl/
1864:(du) sel
1831:(un) arc
1812:(les) os
1776:/lafime/
1473:this/that
1369:‘theirs’
1247:Personal
1201:li flɛʃ-e
990:Close-mid
746:voiceless
655:voiceless
550:Phonology
455:(‘pen’),
364:village.
278:Cabanagem
143:Glottolog
127:ISO 639-3
5774:Romanian
5729:Japanese
5622:Katawixi
5617:Kanamarí
5566:Mamaindê
5525:Tukanoan
5472:Tapirapé
5371:Tapayúna
5346:Maxakalí
5321:Kaingang
5283:Macro-Jê
5273:Yaminawa
5235:Ye'kuana
5152:Jamamadí
5124:Warekena
5094:Mehinaku
5089:Mapidian
5074:Barawana
5051:Arawakan
4891:Savoyard
4821:Poitevin
4730:Guianese
4645:Jèrriais
4630:Cauchois
4583:Standard
4563:Missouri
4504:Francien
4454:Kinshasa
4172:Karipúna
4167:Guianese
4118:Americas
3950:: 31–56.
3928:: 59–80.
3468:See also
3081:in.night
2202:Passives
2118:be.angry
2100:be.angry
1967:mo k-ale
1928:i kupe-l
1881:/dy ʁi/
1861:/disɛm/
1848:/yn‿am/
1815:/lez‿o/
1785:‘smoke’
1768:/la bu/
1344:‘yours’
1313:pronouns
1267:‘we/us’
1249:pronouns
1235:Singular
1219:Pronouns
1123:/, and /
1019:Open-mid
644:Plosives
581:Alveolar
497:morpheme
485:sentence
362:Kumaruma
266:Arawakan
233:Arawakan
150:kari1301
75:, Brazil
5799:Chinese
5789:Turkish
5784:Tagalog
5779:Russian
5667:Cafundó
5612:Kadiwéu
5607:Irantxe
5597:Arutani
5510:Oro Win
5391:Nadahup
5381:Xavante
5376:Timbira
5331:Kĩsêdjê
5301:Arikapú
5296:Apinajé
5268:Shipibo
5258:Amawaka
5230:Sikiana
5215:Macushi
5195:Bakairi
5177:Cariban
5167:Zuruahá
5162:Paumarí
5109:Tariana
5099:Palikúr
5064:Atorada
5025:Italian
5020:Hunsrik
4912:Italics
4845:Walloon
4839:Tây Bồi
4753:Lorrain
4680:Angevin
4618:Augeron
4568:Muskrat
4541:Laotian
4519:Haitian
4466:Belgian
4449:Abidjan
4443:African
4426:Acadian
4397:Réunion
4382:Agalega
4262:Oceania
4241:Réunion
4226:Agalega
4205:Tây Bồi
4157:Haitian
4044:6:1.26.
3881:. 2014.
3879:PHOIBLE
3456:if-3SG
3369:if 2SG
3340:quickly
2568:clothes
2483:clothes
2422:pẽtʃihe
2386:pẽtʃihe
1884:‘rice’
1875:/duhi/
1870:‘salt’
1851:‘soul’
1818:‘bone’
1762:/labu/
1331:‘ours’
1325:‘mine’
1261:‘I/me’
1168:"Arrow"
911:Central
601:Glottal
591:Palatal
501:grammar
481:lexicon
410:Crioulo
270:Cariban
249:History
217:Oyapock
185:in 1926
183:Aracaua
5804:Slovak
5794:Korean
5769:Polish
5749:French
5744:Arabic
5647:Xukuru
5642:Ticuna
5637:Pirahã
5592:Aikanã
5585:Others
5576:Sabanê
5548:Wanano
5543:Tuyuca
5538:Tukano
5487:Xipaya
5467:Omagua
5442:Juruna
5432:Akwáwa
5424:Tupian
5361:Panará
5336:Krenak
5326:Karajá
5306:Bororo
5250:Panoan
5240:Waiwai
5225:Salumá
5210:Ikpeng
5190:Apalaí
5185:Amonap
5157:Kulina
5139:Arawan
5114:Terêna
5104:Paresi
5069:Baniwa
5030:Talian
5008:German
4879:Faetar
4811:Picard
4787:Nouchi
4775:Michif
4758:Welche
4673:Others
4603:Norman
4529:Indian
4492:Magoua
4461:Aostan
4417:French
4184:Michif
4099:Nouchi
4087:Africa
3980:. 76.
3978:Lingua
3946:. 10.
3903:
3856:. 40.
3641:: 325.
3410:arrive
3250:arrive
3078:nanwit
2779:mãje-l
2337:banana
2300:banana
2188:Syntax
1914:kupe-l
1842:/nam/
1828:/nak/
1804:‘gun’
1795:/zam/
1771:‘mud’
1667:aʃte-l
1630:finger
1283:/zɔt/
1280:‘you’
1240:Plural
1230:Person
1194:arrow-
1191:flɛʃ-e
893:Vowels
789:voiced
698:voiced
608:Nasals
576:Dental
571:Labial
495:, and
489:clause
458:la nét
435:, and
413:, and
404:Kheuól
315:BR-156
179:Curipi
68:Region
62:Brazil
51:Kheuól
5764:Greek
5754:Dutch
5632:Ninam
5627:Kwaza
5602:Guató
5533:Cubeo
5515:Wariʼ
5452:Kaiwá
5414:Nadëb
5409:Kakwa
5356:Ofayé
5200:Carib
5129:Waurá
4725:Gallo
4690:Bolze
4588:Swiss
4487:Joual
4471:Métis
4431:Chiac
3924:. 5.
3824:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3446:with-
3362:break
3337:vitmã
3128:malad
3088:rain
3044:lapli
3035:fight
3024:fight
3021:bhiga
2996:where
2988:there
2908:dʒife
2888:radio
2844:money
2717:Tense
2521:solej
2433:house
2425:paint
2389:paint
2371:house
2334:bakɔv
2297:bakɔv
2281:mãdʒe
2169:white
2161:white
1957:k-ale
1809:/zo/
1387:/le/
1381:/sa/
1302:/je/
1264:/no/
1258:/mo/
1165:arrow
1158:arrow
961:Close
953:nasal
947:plain
941:nasal
935:plain
929:nasal
923:plain
906:Front
596:Velar
464:janél
452:kanét
446:stilo
429:Bantu
416:Patuá
358:Manga
331:FUNAI
229:fauna
225:flora
213:Amapá
73:Amapá
5492:Zo'é
5482:Xeta
5147:Deni
5079:Baré
4833:Tayo
4269:Tayo
4198:Asia
3901:ISBN
3443:ke-l
3438:talk
3435:pale
3429:COND
3425:teke
3407:hive
3386:si-l
3359:fãde
3353:PROG
3349:PRES
3329:kupe
3278:good
3247:hive
3241:PROG
3237:PRES
3177:PRES
3168:body
3159:POSS
3142:sick
3131:sick
3112:SUBJ
3065:fall
3062:tõbe
3047:rain
3011:teka
2993:kote
2941:lard
2938:ghɛs
2933:melt
2924:PROG
2920:PRES
2911:fire
2885:hadj
2869:aʃte
2863:COND
2859:teke
2841:lajõ
2836:have
2827:PRES
2782:eat-
2754:ripe
2698:much
2695:boku
2689:SUBJ
2676:chop
2673:fãde
2667:SUBJ
2654:make
2645:SUBJ
2621:wood
2613:chop
2610:fãde
2604:SUBJ
2559:POSS
2546:make
2537:PROG
2533:PRES
2474:POSS
2416:SUBJ
2353:c.f.
2329:stay
2326:hete
2275:SUBJ
2234:bite
2231:mɔde
2226:wasp
2152:PAST
2142:SUBJ
2115:kɔlɛ
2097:kɔlɛ
2091:PRES
2081:SUBJ
2057:walk
2054:maʃe
2048:SUBJ
2035:walk
2032:maʃe
2026:SUBJ
2013:walk
2010:maʃe
2004:SUBJ
1961:PRES
1951:SUBJ
1917:cut-
1908:SUBJ
1707:self
1698:POSS
1670:buy-
1661:SUBJ
1627:dwet
1621:POSS
1605:kupe
1599:SUBJ
1575:body
1566:POSS
1544:SUBJ
1481:give
1465:take
1462:pote
1456:SUBJ
1415:kupe
1409:SUBJ
1206:VERB
1196:VERB
1185:SUBJ
1162:flɛʃ
1155:flɛʃ
1117:/, /
1111:/, /
1105:/, /
1099:/, /
1093:/, /
1058:Open
916:Back
826:Flap
493:word
461:and
449:and
299:Uaçá
282:Pará
227:and
199:and
181:and
5404:Hup
5399:Dâw
3707:hdl
3703:211
3500:at
3448:3SG
3419:1SG
3391:3SG
3389:if-
3332:cut
3313:2SG
3269:FUT
3259:3SG
3227:3SG
3186:hot
3155:1SG
3108:1SG
3073:all
3005:3PL
2977:ale
2971:3SG
2950:DEM
2930:fun
2880:one
2877:wun
2872:buy
2853:1SG
2817:1SG
2788:OBJ
2784:3SG
2773:FUT
2763:1PL
2745:3SG
2685:3SG
2681:bwa
2663:3SG
2641:3SG
2618:bwa
2600:3PL
2576:dry
2573:sɛk
2565:lẽj
2555:1SG
2524:sun
2512:dry
2501:dry
2498:sɛk
2480:lẽj
2470:1SG
2430:kaz
2412:3SG
2380:DEM
2368:kaz
2320:NEG
2292:all
2289:tut
2284:eat
2271:1PL
2247:OBJ
2243:1SG
2223:muʃ
2166:blã
2158:blã
2138:3SG
2109:FUT
2077:3SG
2044:3SG
2022:3SG
2000:3SG
1963:-go
1947:1SG
1923:OBJ
1919:3SG
1904:3SG
1704:mɛm
1694:1SG
1685:for
1676:OBJ
1672:3SG
1657:1SG
1617:1SG
1608:cut
1595:1SG
1562:1SG
1553:hit
1550:bat
1540:1SG
1494:OBJ
1490:1SG
1478:bay
1452:3SG
1431:OBJ
1427:3SG
1418:cut
1405:3SG
1181:3SG
1129:/.
721:d͡ʒ
678:t͡ʃ
514:IPA
433:Kwa
134:kmv
48:,
5821::
4483:*
4445:*
3934:^
3887:^
3877:.
3866:^
3772:^
3737:^
3719:^
3705:.
3672:^
3662:.
3647:^
3639:32
3637:.
3593:^
3554:^
3518:^
3415:mo
3397:te
3345:ka
3304:if
3301:si
3275:bõ
3265:ke
3255:li
3233:ka
3223:li
3218:if
3215:si
3183:ʃɔ
3165:kɔ
3151:mo
3118:te
3104:mo
3070:tu
3001:je
2985:la
2980:go
2967:li
2946:la
2916:ka
2849:mo
2833:gã
2823:te
2813:mo
2808:if
2805:si
2769:ke
2759:nu
2751:mi
2741:li
2736:if
2733:si
2659:ye
2651:fɛ
2637:li
2596:ye
2551:mo
2543:fɛ
2529:ka
2488:te
2466:mo
2376:la
2316:pa
2267:nu
2239:mo
2210:.
2148:te
2134:li
2105:ke
2087:ka
2073:li
2040:li
2018:li
1996:li
1943:mo
1735:.
1690:mo
1682:pu
1653:mo
1648:.
1613:mo
1591:mo
1572:kɔ
1558:mo
1536:mo
1486:mo
1470:sa
1448:li
1423:li
1401:li
1177:li
1114:œ̃
1096:ɛː
1050:ɔ̃
1032:ɛ̃
712:d̪
669:t̪
646:,
491:,
487:,
431:,
407:,
341:.
238:.
4965:e
4958:t
4951:v
4737:*
4419:*
4328:*
4303:e
4296:t
4289:v
4071:e
4064:t
4057:v
3982:4
3948:2
3926:1
3909:.
3858:2
3766:.
3713:.
3709::
3548:.
3351:.
3319:ø
3309:u
3239:.
3173:ø
3157:.
3110:.
3052:ø
2922:.
2786:.
2687:.
2665:.
2643:.
2602:.
2557:.
2535:.
2472:.
2414:.
2408:i
2273:.
2245:.
2140:.
2079:.
2046:.
2024:.
2002:.
1949:.
1921:.
1906:.
1900:i
1696:.
1674:.
1659:.
1619:.
1597:.
1564:.
1542:.
1492:.
1454:.
1429:.
1407:.
1183:.
1126:y
1120:ø
1108:œ
1102:ə
1090:ɑ
1075:ã
1068:a
1043:ɔ
1025:ɛ
1009:o
996:e
980:u
967:i
878:w
871:j
862:l
836:ɾ
812:ʒ
805:z
796:v
780:h
769:ʃ
762:s
753:f
730:g
705:b
687:k
662:p
634:ŋ
623:n
614:m
20:)
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