324:. The expansion into the United States was met with difficulties. Koenig's expectations for the expansion of his business were not working as he had hoped. He did have some help from his customers, but was not pleased with the results. This led to Koenig having to travel to America in order to retrieve his leftover products and bring them back. It was decided to no longer take part in the exhibition. Following all of this he decided to start doing more of his own research, and also began to write many scientific articles while improving upon his instruments. In 1882 Koenig published
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305:, Rudolph Koenig worked to devise an electronically controlled sound. After working alongside him, Koenig became the main maker and seller of Helmholtz's instruments. Two years following this in 1862, he began to exhibit the nano-metric flame apparatus (see attached image and description for more information) at the
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In 1865, Koenig published his second catalog, and was awarded a gold medal from the
Societe d'Encouragement pOllr l'lndustrie ntuionale for the use of his instruments in working with the study of acoustics .In 1867, his apparatus collection was exhibited in Paris. After few exhibitions, many of
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Karl
Rudolph Koenig was known to be a great craftsman, but a lesser known interest of his was physics. Sounds in particular were a fascination of his, to the point that he spent a large amount of time and money doing research on acoustics. Early on in life, he took a position as an apprentice in the
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The business started in his apartment which consisted of a living room, bedroom, and a workshop along with the laboratory. It was a small and quiet place where Koenig worked with his passion of acoustics and music. He would spend most of his free time and money on this same passion. In 1861, Koenig
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Rudolph had little education past high school. He attended primary school and had the usual high school at gymnasium. The extent of his formal education was completed in his hometown where his father was among the faculty. Early on it was clear that
Rudolph had a keen ear for music and a good sense
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In 1859, Koenig both published his first catalog, and inverted the phonograph which would play a crucial role for the graphical analysis of sound. By inverting the phonograph, Rudolph made it easier to record and store sounds made by the vibrations of air particles. Around 1860, along with
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The business employed about three workers, however Koenig made almost all of his own instruments. Koenig was a meticulous worker and personally checked and tuned every instrument that was produced. He was well known in his time to make near perfect instrumentation of high quality.
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One of Koenig's more interesting devices was a watch with the escapement consisting of a tuning fork that could calibrate the main frequencies of any sound. This apparatus helped Koenig establish the frequencies of musical tones and allowed him to build a musical scale.
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family. Koenig was raised along with his three sisters by his mother: Mathilde (Preuss) Koenig, who came from a craftsman and musical family background, and his father Johann
Friedrich Koenig, a professor of mathematics and physics who had studied under the famous
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Karl
Rudolph Koenig produced a variety of devices and acoustic instruments. These devices and instruments include a sound analyzer, tuning forks, double risen, wave machines, resonators, devices for sound visualization, and obtaining ultrasonic frequencies etc.
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In the late 1800s Koenig found out that people were making cheap copies of his acoustical apparatus. He complained about these knock off instruments, stating that some even had his name on them despite the fact that he had nothing to do with their creation.
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Another apparatus was a phonograph which could collect sounds by means of a pavilion. It could automatically record them in a rotating cylinder by means of a point. Some years later, Thomas Edison developed this device to build the
Phonograph known today.
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Among many other products, Koenig also built measuring instruments which were composed of resonators. He also authored various works on limits of hearing, the physical characterization of vowels and the combination of tones.
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Koenig's manometric flame apparatus (1862), used to visualize sound waves. Air pressure from an acoustic phone altered the flame provided by a Bunsen gas flame, which was amplified by a rotating mirror and
199:. Koenig spent seven years working under Vuillaume until 1858 when he started his own business. In 1859, he released his first work on acoustic apparatus. Koenig's instruments, not just his
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to which he devoted much time. He even further expanded to compound harmonic motion for both parallel and rectangular vibrations. These studies helped him to present his apparatus in
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Brenni, Paolo. "Nineteenth-century French scientific instrument makers, VI. The triumph of experimental acoustics: Albert
Marloye (1795–1874) and Rudolph Koenig (1832–1901) (1995)".
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toward art and literature. Past secondary school, Rudolph began to study physics and mathematics on his own. His self studies were focused early on tone and
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in 1862 at an international exhibition. This marked the beginning of using the graphic method for other purposes besides just in laboratories.
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Pantalony, David (January 2005). "Rudolph Koenig's
Workshop of Sound: Instruments, Theories, and the Debate over Combination Tones".
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has since began a collection of Koenig's apparatus including some of his tuning forks. These were donated to the museum by the
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Brenni, Paolo (1995). "The
Triumph of Experimental Acoustics: Albert Marloye (1795–1874) and Rudolph Koenig (1832–1901)".
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Brenni, Paolo (1995). "The
Triumph of Experimental Acoustics: Albert Marloye (1795–1874)and Rudolph Koenig (1832–1901)".
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Koenig's products began to be sold internationally. A few years following in 1868 he presented all this catalog at the
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Although Koenig's lab and workshop were in a quiet place, this did not stop scientists and many other people such as
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His wave-sirens as well as most of his other products were shown at Philadelphia exhibition in 1876 at the
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phenomena. He was best known for designing and building acoustical instruments such as the
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After his death in 1901, some of Koenig's equipment was sent and is now maintained in
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Greenslade, Thomas B. (December 1992). "The Acoustical Apparatus of Rudolph Koenig".
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Altered sensations: Rudolph Koenig's acoustical workshop in nineteenth-century Paris
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Altered Sensations: Rudolph Koenig's Acoustical Workshop in Nineteenth-Century Paris
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Koenig did not stop at just making instruments however. He would go on to study the
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Example of tuning fork by John Walker showing note (E) and frequency in hertz (659).
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Altered Sensations Rudolph Koenig's Acoustical Workshop in Nineteenth-Century Paris
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Greenslade, Thomas B. Jr. (1992). "The acoustical apparatus of Rudolph Koenig".
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Karl Rudolph Koening was born on 26 November 1832, a descendant of a prominent
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which was the book over his research research of scientific works.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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grasped an opportunity to expand and moved his business to
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Sound analyser with 8 resonator balls, by Koenig, 1880,
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460:. Breinigsville, PA USA: Springer. pp. 46–47.
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802:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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317:where about 70% of his production was sold.
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588:Pantalony, David. (2009).
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111:Karl Rudolph Koenig
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