779:, in preference to the direct route from Nyborg to Korsør, which would have had to cross a broad, almost uninterrupted expanse of ice. A council of war, which met at two o'clock in the morning to consider the practicability of Dahlberg's proposal, dismissed it as hazardous. Even the king wavered; but when Dahlberg persisted in his opinion, Charles overruled the objections of the commanders. On the night of 5 February the transit began, the cavalry leading the way through the snow-covered ice, which quickly thawed beneath the horses' hoofs so that the infantry which followed after had to wade through half an ell (nearly 2 feet) of sludge, facing the risk that the ice would break beneath their feet. At three o'clock in the afternoon, with Dahlberg leading the way, the army reached Grimsted in Lolland without losing a man; on 8 February, Charles reached Falster. On 11 February he stood safely on the soil of
42:
250:
475:
643:, defeated John Casimir's army of 40,000 at Warsaw, however the Polish-Lithuanian forces promptly withdrew with no large losses and apparent strong will to fight another day, while Swedish host reoccupied the Polish capital again, causing much destruction to the city and its inhabitants. However, this feat of arms did not have the desired result for Charles, and when Frederick William compelled the Swedish king to open negotiations with the Poles, they refused the terms offered, the war resumed, and Charles concluded an offensive and defensive alliance with the elector of Brandenburg (
660:
959:
412:
703:) held Charles's smaller army at bay from mid-August to mid-October, while the fleet of Denmark–Norway, after two days' battle, compelled the Swedish fleet to abandon its projected attack on the Danish islands. The position of the Swedish king had now become critical. In July Denmark–Norway and Poland-Lithuania concluded an offensive and defensive alliance. Still more ominously for the Swedes, the elector of Brandenburg, perceiving Sweden's difficulties, joined the league against Sweden and compelled Charles to accept the proffered mediation of
566:
562:, but the Poles defended it and after a seventy days' siege the Swedish besiegers had to retire with great loss. This success elicited popular enthusiasm in Poland and gave rise to a nationalistic and religious rhetoric concerning the war and Charles X. He was depicted as tactless and his mercenaries barbaric. His refusal to legalize his position by summoning the Polish diet and his negotiations for the partition of the very state he affected to befriend, awoke a nationalistic spirit in the country.
875:
755:
start, the horsemen dismounting on the weaker spots of ice and cautiously leading their horses as far apart as possible, until they swung into their saddles again, closed their ranks and made a dash for the shore. Swedish arms quickly overpowered the Danish troops lining the opposite coast and won the whole of Funen with the loss of only two companies of cavalry, which disappeared under the ice while fighting with the Danish left wing. Pursuing his march, Charles X, with his eyes fixed on
543:
241:
739:
1797:
846:
671:
declaration of war on 1 June 1657 with extreme satisfaction. He had learnt from
Torstensson that Denmark was most vulnerable if attacked from the south, and he attacked Denmark with a velocity which paralysed resistance. At the end of June 1657, at the head of 8,000 seasoned veterans, he broke up from
754:
in South
Jutland. His meteorologists estimated that in a couple of days the ice of the Little Belt would become firm enough to bear even the passage of a mail-clad host. The cold during the night of 29 January became most severe; and early in the morning of the 30th the Swedish king gave the order to
436:
in March 1655, duly considered the two great pressing national questions: war, and the restitution of the alienated crown lands. Over three days a secret committee presided over by the King decided the war question: Charles X easily persuaded the delegates that a war against Poland appeared necessary
419:
Charles X Gustav was crowned on 7 June 1654, the day after his cousin
Christina abdicated. The beginning of Charles X's reign concentrated on the healing of domestic discords and on the rallying of all the forces of the nation round his standard for a new policy of conquest. On the recommendation of
862:
Charles X consented to reopen negotiations with
Denmark, at the same time proposing to exercise pressure upon his rival by a simultaneous winter campaign in Norway. Such an enterprise necessitated fresh subsidies from his already impoverished people, and obliged him in December 1659 to cross over to
630:
almost ended with disaster. His forces were trapped by the three converging Polish-Lithuanian armies in a marshy forest region intersected in every direction by well-guarded rivers. Escaping this disaster is considered one of his most brilliant achievements. But on 21 June 1656 the Poles retook
670:
Labiau involved an essential modification of
Charles's Baltic policy; but the alliance with the elector of Brandenburg had now become indispensable for him on almost any terms. The difficulties of Charles X in Poland are believed to have caused him to receive the tidings of the Danish-Norwegian
719:
in transport vessels. But soon another and cheaper expedient presented itself. In the middle of
December 1657 began the great frost, which would prove so fatal to Denmark–Norway. In a few weeks the cold had grown so intense that the freezing of an arm of the sea with so rapid a current as the
715:. The negotiations foundered, however, upon the refusal of Sweden to refer the points in dispute to a general peace-congress, and Charles received encouragement from the capture of Fredriksodde, 23–24 October, whereupon he began to make preparations for conveying his troops over to
538:
after his armies had suffered defeats. A great number of Polish nobles and their personal armies joined the Swedes, including the majority of the famous Winged
Hussars. Many Poles saw Charles X Gustav as a strong monarch who could be a more effective leader than John II Casimir.
583:
In the beginning of 1656 King John II Casimir returned from exile and the reorganised Polish army, increased in numbers. By this time
Charles had discovered that he could more readily defeat the Poles than conquer Poland. What is described as his chief object, the conquest of
399:, he had an opportunity to learn diplomacy, a science he is described as having quickly mastered. As the recognized heir to the throne, his position on his return to Sweden was dangerous because of the growing discontent with the queen. He therefore withdrew to the isle of
1000:
There are credible theories suggesting that
Charles X Gustav, before marrying Hedwig Eleonora (but not after), also sired several more children of whom some names are known: by Baroness Ludmila Jankovska von Lažan (1615–1655) a son Charles (Carolus Wenzeslaus)
558:, which the Swedes captured after a two-month siege. The fall of KrakĂłw followed a capitulation of the Polish Royal armies, but before the end of the year a reaction began in Poland herself. On 18 November 1655 the Swedes invested the fortress-monastery of
437:
and might prove very advantageous; but the consideration of the question of the subsidies due to the crown for military purposes was postponed to the following
Riksdag. In 1659 he proclaimed severe punishment for anyone hunting in the royal game reserve in
600:, 17 January 1656); but the Polish national rising now imperatively demanded his presence in the south. For weeks he engaged in the pursuit of Polish divisions engaged in guerrilla tactics in the snow-covered plains of Poland, penetrating as far south as
1005:(1644–1684), who became Baron of Château Rešice in Moravia; by Walbor Staffansdotter son Nils Karlsson (who strongly resembled his father); by Sidonia Johansdotter son Samuel Karlsson and by an unknown woman daughter Anna Karlsdotter.
891:
Soon after the estates opened on 4 January 1660, Charles X Gustav fell ill with symptoms of a cold. Ignoring his illness, he repeatedly went to inspect the Swedish forces near Gothenburg, and soon broke down with chills, headaches and
383:(1626–89, reigned 1632–54), but her insurmountable objection to wedlock put an end to these anticipations, and to compensate her cousin for a broken half-promise she declared him her successor in 1649, despite the opposition of the
1731:
Asmus, Ivo; Tenhaef, Peter (2006). "Die Trauerfeier an der Universität Greifswald am 11. Mai 1660 für Karl X. Gustav von Schweden. Historische und rhetorische Aspekte". In Walter Baumgartner (ed.).
608:(województwo ruskie), by which time he had lost two-thirds of his 15,000 men army with no apparent result. In the meantime, the Russians signed a cease-fire with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (
1676:
Isacsson, Claes-Göran (2015). Karl X Gustavs krig: Fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655-1660 (in Swedish). Historiska Media. p. 264. ISBN 9789175450117.
209:
815:(26 February 1658), whereby Denmark–Norway sacrificed a great part of her territory to save the rest. However, Charles X continued the war efforts against Denmark–Norway after a
1812:
1429:
1367:
1219:
982:
186:
947:, was still a minor, and Charles X Gustav appointed a minor regency consisting of six relatives and close friends. Charles X Gustav died the next day at the age of 37.
1542:
2936:
1992:
950:
On the night between 12 and 13 February, he would die in the arms of Lord High Marshal Gabriel Oxenstierna after having urged him to bring peace to Sweden.
395:
in October 1648 prevented him from winning the military laurels he is said to have desired, but as the Swedish plenipotentiary at the executive congress of
2906:
2891:
1821:
41:
2921:
1041:
1962:
351:(1604–1611) chose his numeral after studying a fictitious history of Sweden. This king was the fourth actual King Charles, but has never been called
2724:
1945:
1125:
1067:
281:
2941:
490:(1655–1660). By the time war was declared he had at his disposal 50,000 men and 50 warships. Hostilities had already begun with the occupation of
425:
2886:
1461:
1161:
1740:
522:
placed themselves under the protection of the Swedish King. Thereupon the Swedes entered Warsaw without opposition and occupied the whole of
596:, alarmed by the ambition of the Swedish king. Charles forced the elector, albeit at the point of the sword, to become his ally and vassal (
249:
2926:
967:
827:
421:
301:
154:
483:
2916:
2659:
1877:
1759:
1187:
632:
593:
199:
724:
became a conceivable possibility; and henceforth meteorological observations formed an essential part of the strategy of the Swedes.
2554:
1778:
932:. While after three weeks the fever eventually was down and the coughing was better, the pneumonia had persisted and evolved into a
495:
1985:
240:
379:(1645). From 1646 to 1648 he frequented the Swedish court, supposedly as a prospective husband of his cousin the queen regnant,
823:
on 7 July, even though he was in defiance of international equity. Without warning, Denmark–Norway was attacked a second time.
293:
219:
1844:
647:, 20 November 1656) which stipulated that Frederick William and his heirs should henceforth possess the full sovereignty of
2436:
1544:
In the Shadows of Poland and Russia: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the mid-17th Century.
597:
1769:
Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.).
659:
2911:
2506:
2459:
2442:
2671:
664:
613:
372:
958:
411:
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1978:
391:. In 1648 he gained the appointment of commander of the Swedish forces in Germany. The conclusion of the treaties of
337:
2845:
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2645:
1914:
1860:
1403:
474:
77:
2744:
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1925:
839:
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2001:
55:
565:
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river, with some regular infantry for support. On 25 July the Polish noble levy army capitulated, and the
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2471:
2425:
2336:
2288:
864:
738:
733:
708:
429:
313:
1838:
639:(23 June 1656). On 28–30 July the combined Swedes and Brandenburgers, 18,000 strong, after a three days'
2709:
2698:
2536:
2373:
1341:
787:. Sweden had achieved a rare war exploit, in Sweden considered to be matched only by the crusade of the
767:, who acted as pioneer throughout and chose the more circuitous route from Svendborg, by the islands of
605:
2126:
874:
1854:
807:. It is believed that the effect of this achievement on the Danish government found expression in the
542:
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2876:
2693:
2665:
2635:
2547:
2530:
2429:
2321:
1935:
1885:
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crossed into Poland and proceeded towards the encampment of the Greater Poland Levy of the Nobility (
392:
348:
321:
305:
182:
87:
47:
2773:
2307:
2220:
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2027:
1952:
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380:
364:
329:
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141:
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1808:
1564:
812:
808:
503:
368:
2263:
2032:
110:
336:
Duke of Eyland (Ă–land), before ascending to the Swedish throne. From 1655 to 1657, he was also
2793:
2640:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2385:
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2248:
2236:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2131:
2009:
1774:
1755:
1736:
990:
986:
871:. The lower estates protested the imposition of fresh burdens, but were persuaded by Charles.
792:
780:
177:
2788:
2230:
2201:
2154:
2121:
2117:
2093:
2088:
2056:
978:
830:, but the city managed to hold out long enough for the Dutch fleet under Lieutenant-Admiral
783:. A Swedish medal struck to commemorate the transit of the Baltic Sea bear the inscription:
712:
644:
499:
469:
388:
376:
269:
254:
2818:
2813:
2754:
2303:
2293:
929:
800:
704:
688:
367:, he received an excellent civil education. Later Charles X learned the art of war under
2523:
2492:
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2112:
2102:
1921:
850:
788:
609:
559:
523:
297:
285:
277:
2870:
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2488:
2448:
2419:
2402:
2242:
2225:
2215:
2206:
2159:
2078:
2042:
1816:
1803:
1735:. Nordische Geschichte (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 59–84.
1099:
901:
764:
531:
59:
2759:
2350:
1697:
925:
696:
648:
799:(Osel) in January 1227 and afterwards when two Russian armies crossed the frozen
2615:
2585:
2561:
2037:
1837:
1283:
804:
601:
589:
511:
309:
229:
1752:
Den oövervinnerlige : om den svenska stormaktstiden och en man i dess mitt
588:, remained unaccomplished, and a new Swedish adversary arose in the elector of
2798:
2749:
2107:
940:
868:
760:
756:
743:
721:
700:
631:
Warsaw, and four days later Charles was obliged to purchase the assistance of
491:
127:
1853:
420:
his predecessor, he contracted a political marriage on 24 October 1654 with
17:
1825:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.
921:
913:
905:
845:
826:
On 17 July he again landed on Zealand and besieged Copenhagen with its king
768:
751:
680:
676:
446:
433:
403:
until the abdication of Christina on 5 June 1654 called him to the throne.
396:
555:
515:
2808:
2803:
893:
796:
684:
507:
442:
400:
363:
In his early childhood, raised in the Swedish court alongside his cousin
2073:
917:
909:
820:
776:
772:
692:
636:
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535:
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by the Swedes on 1 July 1655. Then on 21 July 1655 Swedish army under
482:
On 10 July 1655, Charles X left Sweden to engage in a war against the
438:
194:
1560:
695:
and firmly established themselves in the duchies. But the fortress of
1970:
994:
933:
627:
577:
547:
519:
878:
Foot end of King Charles X Gustav's elaborate coffin in Stockholm's
763:
also. However, he accepted the advice of his chief engineer officer
687:
on 18 July. The Danish army dispersed and the Swedes recovered the
570:
Triumph of Charles X Gustav over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1802:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1547:
962:
Posthumous medal from 1680 of King Charles X Gustav with his queen
957:
873:
844:
716:
658:
564:
541:
473:
410:
248:
916:. Köster started a "cure" including the application of multiple
620:
1974:
428:. He was hoping to secure a future ally against Denmark. The
320:, which had its peak during the end of the reign of his son,
803:
from Finland to mainland Sweden in March 1809 during the
834:
to relieve the city, defeating the Swedish fleet in the
415:
Medal for King Charles X Gustav and Queen Hedwig Eleanor
347:
derives from a 16th-century invention. The Swedish king
1771:
Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
316:(1441–1448) and he was the first king of the Swedish
691:. In the early autumn Charles's troops swarmed over
296:. After his father's death he also succeeded him as
210:
John Casimir, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken-Kleeburg
2781:
2772:
2737:
2723:
2681:
2658:
2608:
2599:
2366:
2349:
2329:
2320:
2271:
2262:
2168:
2153:
2064:
2055:
2017:
2008:
328:, enlarging the Swedish Empire. By his predecessor
235:
225:
215:
205:
193:
176:
148:
134:
117:
97:
93:
83:
73:
65:
54:
34:
966:Charles X Gustav had only one legitimate child by
1660:
1658:
663:Charles X Gustav. Engraving after a painting by
623:, the second largest city in the Swedish Realm.
449:wall separating the southern tip of the island.
554:Meanwhile, Charles X Gustav pressed on towards
1773:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76.
840:Copenhagen repelled a major assault afterwards
187:Gustaf Carlson, Count of Börringe and Lindholm
1986:
280:from 1654 until his death. He was the son of
8:
1664:
1649:
939:On 12 February, Charles X Gustav signed his
253:Image of King Charles X Gustav on a wall of
1715:TajemstvĂ JankovskĂ˝ch z Vlašimi a na BĂtovÄ›
276:; 8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660), was
2778:
2734:
2678:
2605:
2363:
2326:
2268:
2165:
2061:
2014:
1993:
1979:
1971:
1868:
1754:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Atlantis förlag.
1022:
1013:
750:On 28 January 1658, Charles X arrived at
40:
31:
1704:ISBN 91-85057-48-7 pp. 123–124 & 278
1685:
1606:
1594:
1126:John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
737:
312:king of Sweden after the childless king
1521:
1042:Wolfgang, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
426:Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1383:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1141:
1031:
1027:
1459:
1449:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1401:
1391:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1355:
1339:
1329:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1281:
1271:
1267:
1243:
1233:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1068:John I, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
1065:
1055:
1039:
1035:
7:
1637:
1618:
1582:
1532:Askerbergs, Stockholm 1910 pp. 56–57
445:, Sweden, where he had built a long
1530:Carl X Gustaf "den förste pfalzaren
1162:William, Duke of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
981:gave birth to their well-known son
968:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
828:Frederick III of Denmark and Norway
626:Charles's retreat from Jarosław to
302:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
155:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
2892:Swedish monarchs of German descent
977:Before his marriage, his mistress
853:in Early Modern Europe (1560–1815)
546:Charles X Gustav in skirmish with
506:) encamped among the banks of the
308:. Charles X Gustav was the second
304:, who bore his son and successor,
25:
2937:People from Nyköping Municipality
985:(1647–1708), who became Count of
896:. On 15 January, court physician
1795:
1246:Charles X Gustav, King of Sweden
974:(1655–1697, reigned 1660–1697).
239:
27:King of Sweden from 1654 to 1660
2907:House of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
1878:House of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
1733:Ostsee-Barock. Texte und Kultur
1188:Magdalene of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
759:, resolved to cross the frozen
488:Second (or Little) Northern War
453:Second Northern War (1655–1660)
166:
2942:Burials at Riddarholmen Church
2922:Counts Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
1845:New International Encyclopedia
484:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
478:Engraving of Charles X Gustav.
371:, being present at the second
69:6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660
1:
2887:17th-century Swedish monarchs
2018:
1017:Ancestors of Charles X Gustav
2196:descendant of Inge the Elder
2140:descendant of Inge the Elder
1855:"Charles X., Gustavus"
373:Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)
2437:Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
1839:"Charles X. Gustavus"
1430:Maria of Palatinate-Simmern
904:mistook Charles X Gustav's
811:on 18 February, and in the
683:and reached the borders of
324:. He led Sweden during the
2963:
2927:Dukes of Bremen and Verden
2507:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
2460:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
2443:Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
1953:Count Palatine of Kleeburg
1813:Charles X., king of Sweden
1404:Louis VI, Elector Palatine
1377:
1310:Charles IX, King of Sweden
1261:
1135:
1029:
867:, whom he had summoned to
731:
467:
456:
2917:Uppsala University alumni
2831:
1959:
1950:
1942:
1932:
1926:Duke of Bremen and Verden
1919:
1911:
1906:
1871:
1717:ISBN 978-8072685271 p. 91
1541:Kontljarchuk, A. (2006).
1528:Paul Meijer Granqvist in
1447:
1439:
1411:
1389:
1385:
1349:
1327:
1319:
1291:
1269:
1265:
1227:
1205:
1197:
1169:
1147:
1143:
1107:
1085:
1077:
1049:
1033:
832:Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam
665:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
528:John II Casimir of Poland
60:Duke of Bremen and Verden
39:
1665:Asmus & Tenhaef 2006
1650:Asmus & Tenhaef 2006
1284:Gustav I, King of Sweden
838:on 29 October 1658, and
1861:The American Cyclopædia
1822:Encyclopædia Britannica
1750:Englund, Peter (2003).
464:War in Poland-Lithuania
338:Grand Duke of Lithuania
2569:Sten Sture the Younger
2500:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
2483:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
2426:Christopher of Bavaria
963:
883:
854:
747:
734:March across the Belts
728:March across the Belts
709:Coenraad van Beuningen
667:
580:
551:
479:
416:
314:Christopher of Bavaria
273:
258:
200:Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
1550:. ISBN 91-89315-63-4.
1342:Margaret Leijonhufvud
961:
877:
858:Estates in Gothenburg
848:
785:Natura hoc debuit uni
741:
662:
655:War on Denmark–Norway
614:a campaign in Livonia
606:Ruthenian Voivodeship
568:
545:
534:, eventually fled to
486:, in what became the
477:
414:
252:
2912:House of Wittelsbach
2548:Sten Sture the Elder
2531:Sten Sture the Elder
2430:House of Wittelsbach
1886:House of Wittelsbach
1883:Cadet branch of the
945:Charles XI of Sweden
742:The crossing of the
612:) and then pursued
598:Treaty of Königsberg
332:, he was considered
300:. He was married to
290:ZweibrĂĽcken-Kleeburg
2221:Sverker the Younger
1809:Bain, Robert Nisbet
1621:, pp. 927–928.
1368:Catherine of Sweden
1003:Jankovský z Vlašimi
880:Riddarholmen Church
863:Sweden to meet the
849:Development of the
836:Battle of the Sound
635:, by the treaty of
633:Frederick William I
594:Frederick William I
526:. The Polish king,
459:Second Northern War
432:which assembled at
381:Christina of Sweden
326:Second Northern War
294:Catherine of Sweden
220:Catherine of Sweden
142:Riddarholmen Church
2947:Deaths from sepsis
2932:Dukes of Stegeborg
2579:House of Oldenburg
2541:House of Oldenburg
2514:Erik Axelsson Tott
2476:House of Oldenburg
2466:Erik Axelsson Tott
2378:House of Estridsen
2192:House of Estridsen
2182:Eric "IX" the Holy
2136:House of Estridsen
2127:Ragnvald Knaphövde
2002:Monarchs of Sweden
1702:Kungliga släktband
1609:, pp. 56, 58.
1565:Nordisk familjebok
1462:Elisabeth of Hesse
964:
884:
855:
813:Treaty of Roskilde
809:Treaty of Taastrup
748:
668:
581:
552:
504:pospolite ruszenie
480:
424:, the daughter of
417:
407:Early days as king
369:Lennart Torstenson
259:
2864:
2863:
2840:Norwegian monarch
2835:Lineage uncertain
2827:
2826:
2768:
2767:
2719:
2718:
2654:
2653:
2595:
2594:
2413:House of Griffins
2396:House of Griffins
2386:House of Griffins
2345:
2344:
2316:
2315:
2258:
2257:
2197:
2176:Sverker the Elder
2149:
2148:
2141:
2065:c. 1060 – c. 1130
2051:
2050:
1969:
1968:
1960:Succeeded by
1933:Succeeded by
1873:Charles X Gustav
1742:978-3-8258-9987-5
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
991:Lindholmen Castle
887:Illness and death
793:William of Modena
530:(1648–68) of the
343:His numbering as
247:
246:
48:SĂ©bastien Bourdon
16:(Redirected from
2954:
2789:Charles XIV John
2779:
2735:
2725:Holstein-Gottorp
2689:Charles X Gustav
2679:
2675:
2606:
2364:
2327:
2269:
2195:
2166:
2139:
2122:Inge the Younger
2062:
2020:
2015:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1943:Preceded by
1912:Preceded by
1902:
1901:13 February 1660
1895:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1826:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1718:
1713:Sixtus Bolom in
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1220:Maria of Austria
1023:
1014:
970:: his successor
900:arrived, and in
713:Cardinal Mazarin
645:Treaty of Labiau
572:(c. 1655),
500:Arvid Wittenberg
470:Deluge (history)
389:Axel Oxenstierna
359:Heir presumptive
262:Charles X Gustav
255:Stockholm Palace
243:
170:
168:
124:
121:13 February 1660
107:
105:
44:
35:Charles X Gustav
32:
21:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2902:1660s in Sweden
2897:1650s in Sweden
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2823:
2819:Carl XVI Gustaf
2814:Gustaf VI Adolf
2764:
2755:Gustav IV Adolf
2745:Adolf Frederick
2715:
2704:Ulrika Eleonora
2669:
2668:
2661:
2650:
2641:Gustav II Adolf
2591:
2360:
2358:
2341:
2312:
2254:
2145:
2066:
2047:
2033:Olof Skötkonung
2004:
1999:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1896:
1894:8 November 1622
1890:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1852:
1836:
1833:
1807:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
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1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1011:
956:
936:by 8 February.
930:sneezing powder
889:
860:
801:Gulf of Bothnia
736:
730:
705:Oliver Cromwell
689:duchy of Bremen
657:
574:National Museum
472:
466:
461:
455:
422:Hedwig Eleonora
409:
365:Queen Christina
361:
185:
172:
169: 1654)
164:
160:
157:
144:
139:
138:4 November 1660
126:
122:
111:Nyköping Castle
109:
108:8 November 1622
103:
101:
58:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2856:king of Poland
2852:
2850:Danish monarch
2842:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2776:
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2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2656:
2655:
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2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2555:Svante Nilsson
2551:
2544:
2534:
2527:
2524:House of Bonde
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2493:House of Bonde
2486:
2479:
2469:
2456:
2453:House of Bonde
2446:
2433:
2423:
2420:Charles (VIII)
2416:
2406:
2403:Charles (VIII)
2399:
2389:
2370:
2368:
2361:
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2259:
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2253:
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2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2169:c. 1130 – 1250
2163:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2124:
2115:
2113:Inge the Elder
2110:
2105:
2103:Inge the Elder
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1922:King of Sweden
1918:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:Regnal titles
1904:
1903:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1850:
1832:
1831:External links
1829:
1828:
1827:
1817:Chisholm, Hugh
1786:
1785:
1779:
1766:
1761:978-9174867206
1760:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1706:
1690:
1678:
1669:
1654:
1642:
1640:, p. 928.
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1585:, p. 927.
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1036:
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1018:
1012:
1010:
1007:
983:Gustaf Carlson
955:
952:
888:
885:
859:
856:
851:Swedish Empire
789:Livonian Order
732:Main article:
729:
726:
656:
653:
610:Truce of Vilna
524:Greater Poland
496:Polish Livonia
465:
462:
457:Main article:
454:
451:
408:
405:
360:
357:
286:Count Palatine
278:King of Sweden
245:
244:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
180:
174:
173:
162:
158:
153:
152:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
132:
131:
125:(aged 37)
119:
115:
114:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
56:King of Sweden
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2959:
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2216:Knut Eriksson
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2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:HĂĄkan the Red
2092:
2090:
2089:Anund GĂĄrdske
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Eric and Eric
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
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2058:
2054:
2044:
2043:Emund the Old
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:970 – c. 1060
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1964:
1963:Adolph John I
1955:
1954:
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1941:
1937:
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1804:public domain
1793:
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1780:0-521-81422-7
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1699:
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1688:, p. 56.
1687:
1686:Granlund 2004
1682:
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1607:Granlund 2004
1603:
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1597:, p. 57.
1596:
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979:Märta Allertz
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18:Karl X Gustaf
2760:Charles XIII
2708:
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2672:Hesse-Kassel
2670:
2666:Wittelsbach)
2584:
2575:Christian II
2567:
2560:
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2520:Charles VIII
2512:
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2489:Charles VIII
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2247:
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1951:
1946:John Casimir
1920:
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1725:Bibliography
1714:
1709:
1701:
1698:Ulf Sundberg
1693:
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1667:, p. 60
1652:, p. 59
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976:
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938:
926:bloodletting
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697:Fredriksodde
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669:
649:East Prussia
625:
582:
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512:voivodeships
481:
418:
362:
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344:
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318:Caroline era
317:
282:John Casimir
265:
261:
260:
123:(1660-02-13)
46:Portrait by
29:
2882:1660 deaths
2877:1622 births
2710:Frederick I
2699:Charles XII
2662:ZweibrĂĽcken
2660:Palatinate-
2562:Eric Trolle
2472:Christian I
2322:Mecklenburg
2202:Charles VII
2038:Anund Jacob
1789:Attribution
943:: His son,
805:Finnish War
795:to conquer
679:) south of
590:Brandenburg
560:Częstochowa
550:near Warsaw
310:Wittelsbach
74:Predecessor
2871:Categories
2799:Charles XV
2782:since 1818
2774:Bernadotte
2750:Gustav III
2694:Charles XI
2636:Charles IX
2586:Gustav (I)
2299:Eric "XII"
2284:Magnus III
2243:Knut LĂĄnge
2108:Blot-Sweyn
2028:Eric "VII"
1957:1652–1654
1936:Charles XI
1930:1654–1660
1516:References
972:Charles XI
869:Gothenburg
761:Great Belt
757:Copenhagen
744:Great Belt
722:Small Belt
701:Fredericia
637:Marienburg
468:See also:
393:Westphalia
387:headed by
353:Charles IV
349:Charles IX
322:Charles XI
306:Charles XI
183:Charles XI
128:Gothenburg
104:1622-11-08
88:Charles XI
2846:Norwegian
2738:1751–1818
2729:Oldenburg
2682:1654–1751
2646:Christina
2631:Sigismund
2609:1523–1654
2409:Eric XIII
2392:Eric XIII
2382:Eric XIII
2367:1389–1523
2330:1364–1389
2304:Magnus IV
2294:Magnus IV
2272:1250–1364
2249:Eric "XI"
2237:Eric "XI"
2188:Magnus II
2067:1160–1161
1915:Christina
1811:(1911). "
1638:Bain 1911
1619:Bain 1911
1583:Bain 1911
941:testament
922:laxatives
914:dyspepsia
906:pneumonia
769:Langeland
752:Haderslev
681:Pomerania
677:Bydgoszcz
447:dry-stone
434:Stockholm
397:Nuremberg
377:Jankowitz
345:Charles X
330:Christina
298:Pfalzgraf
236:Signature
84:Successor
78:Christina
2809:Gustaf V
2804:Oscar II
2626:John III
2621:Eric XIV
2616:Gustav I
2374:Margaret
2357:indicate
2279:Valdemar
2226:Eric "X"
2211:Boleslaw
2132:Magnus I
1559:Article
1009:Ancestry
987:Börringe
894:dyspnoea
819:held at
797:Saaremaa
685:Holstein
673:Bromberg
602:Jarosław
492:DĂĽnaburg
334:de facto
230:Lutheran
226:Religion
130:, Sweden
113:, Sweden
2794:Oscar I
2537:John II
2359:regents
2355:Italics
2157:·
2155:Sverker
2099:Halsten
2084:Halsten
2074:Stenkil
2057:Stenkil
1864:. 1879.
1848:. 1905.
1819:(ed.).
1806::
1511:Sources
918:enemata
910:scorbut
865:estates
821:Gottorp
817:council
791:led by
781:Zealand
777:Falster
773:Lolland
693:Jutland
586:Prussia
536:Silesia
439:Ottenby
430:Riksdag
375:and at
270:Swedish
264:, also
171:
163:
159:
2337:Albert
2308:Haakon
2289:Birger
2264:Bjälbo
2231:John I
2118:Philip
1897:
1815:". In
1800:
1777:
1758:
1739:
995:Scania
954:Family
934:sepsis
641:battle
628:Warsaw
578:Warsaw
556:KrakĂłw
548:Tatars
520:Kalisz
516:Poznań
216:Mother
206:Father
189:(ill.)
149:Spouse
135:Burial
2854:Also
2844:Also
2838:Also
2010:Munsö
1899:Died:
1892:Born:
1548:JSTOR
717:Funen
508:Noteć
443:Ă–land
401:Ă–land
195:House
178:Issue
165:(
161:
66:Reign
2848:and
2601:Vasa
2380:) /
2160:Eric
1775:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1561:Karl
1460:15.
1402:14.
1340:13.
1282:12.
1218:11.
1160:10.
989:and
928:and
912:and
908:for
775:and
711:and
621:Riga
616:and
518:and
292:and
118:Died
98:Born
2207:Kol
1700:in
1563:in
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1366:3.
1308:6.
1244:1.
1186:5.
1124:2.
1098:9.
1066:4.
1040:8.
993:in
604:in
576:in
514:of
494:in
288:of
2873::
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2019:c.
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2142:)
2134:(
1994:e
1987:t
1980:v
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268:(
257:.
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