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2168:"The claim of Bhutapala, the merchant (sethi) from Vejayanti, that he completed this stone mansion, the finest in all of India (jambudipamhi utamam selaghara parinithapitam), is intriguing. He makes this claim in an inscription at the left end of the veranda. It is possible that he refers to the many-storeyed mansion in relief on the walls of the veranda when he speaks of the finest selaghara in all of Jambudvipa; on the other hand, the word ghara has clearly been used by the carpenter Sami to indicate the chaitya as a whole. If Bhutapala's claim relates to the chaitya itself, it is probable that he arrived on the scene at the critical period when the chaitya was in its finishing stages, and helped to complete it with numerous small donations"
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752:, in this instance a plain dome, on a two-storeyed circular drum, the upper margins of each section being carved with rail ornaments. Just under the lower of these are holes or mortices for woodwork, which may have been adorned with hangings, which some of the sculptured representations would lead us to suppose was the usual mode of ornamenting these altars. It is surmounted by a capital or Tee, and on this still stand the remains of an umbrella in wood, somewhat decayed and distorted by age. This canopy was circular and minutely carved on the under surface.
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1325:("Ushavadata, son of Dinika, son-in- law of king Nahapana, the Kshaharata Kshatrapa, (...) has caused this cave to be made and these cisterns."). The proportions and general layout are similar, as are the various architectural elements, including the shape of the bells, the framed toruses, the bases, the capitals and they supporting animals and human figures. These points to a contemporaneity of the Karla Chaitya and the Nahapana vihara at Nasik, circa 70-120 CE.
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executed than such ornaments usually are; behind are horses and tigers, each bearing a single figure. The seven pillars behind the altar are plain octagonal piers, without either base or capital, and the four under the entrance gallery differ considerably from those at the sides. The sculptures on the capitals supply the place usually occupied by frieze and cornice in Greek architecture; and in other examples plain painted surfaces occupy the same space.
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416:. The chaitya hall only survives in rock-cut examples, but these replicate in stone the form of examples in wood and thatch. In most rock-cut chaityas, the roof timbers are replicated in stone, to considerable visual effect, but in others actual timber was used, for purely aesthetic rather than structural reasons. In most of these cases the timber has long decayed away, as for example in the chaitya at Cave 3,
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180:. Buddhists, having become identified with commerce and manufacturing through their early association with traders, tended to locate their monastic establishments in natural geographic formations close to major trade routes so as to provide lodging houses for travelling traders. Today, the cave complex is a protected monument under the
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the shape of a horseshoe, and exactly resembles those used as ornaments on the facade of this cave, as well as on those of Bhaja, Bedsa, and at Nasik, and which are met with everywhere at this age. Within the arch is a framework or centering of wood standing free. It is, like the ribs of the interior, coeval with the building.
301:(Greeks), as well as numerous Buddhist monks and nuns, provided donations for the construction of the chaitya cave, as recorded by their dedicatory inscriptions. An inscription among the sculpted decorations at the left end of the veranda mentions the completion of "this stone mansion" by a local merchant or banker (a "
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In the seventh year of the king Sri
Pulamavi, son of Vasithi, in the fifth fortnight of summer, on the first day, on the above, by the Maharathi Somadeva son of Vasithi, the son of the Maharathi Mitradeva son of Kosiki, of the Okhalakiyas, there was given to the community of Valuraka, of the Valuraka
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The general dimensions of the interior are 124 ft. 3 in. from the entrance to the back wall, by 45 ft. 6 in. in width. The side-aisles, however, are quite narrow, the central one being 25 ft. 7 in., so that the others are only 10 ft. wide, including the thickness of the pillars.
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or semi-dome, round which the aisle is carried... Fifteen pillars on each side separate the nave from the aisle; each pillar has a tall base, an octagonal shaft, and richly ornamented capital, on the inner front of which kneel two elephants, each bearing two figures, generally a man and a woman, but
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The entrance, consists of three doorways under a gallery, one leading to the center, and one to each of the side-aisles; and over the gallery the whole end of the hall is open, as in all chaitya halls, forming one great window, through which all the light is admitted. This great window is formed in
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Paleographically, a date roughly between AD 50-70 is probable for the inscriptions recording the donation of various portions of the caitya. The cave was certainly completed before the engraving of the
Nahapana inscription which records the grant of a village to the monks at Karle. If Nahapana had
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The interior is solemn and grand. An undivided volume of light coming through a single opening overhead at a very favorable angle, and falling directly on the dagoba or principal object in the building, leaving the rest in comparative obscurity. The effect is considerably heightened by the closely
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on the river Banasa, who gave to the Devas and
Bramhanas sixteen villages, who at the pure tirtha Prabhasa gave eight wives to the Brahmanas, and who also fed annually a hundred thousand Brahmanas- there has been given the village of Karajika for the support of the ascetics living in the caves at
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Above this springs the roof, semicircular in general section, but somewhat stilted at the sides, so as to make its height greater than the semi-diameter. It is ornamented even at this day by a series of wooden ribs, probably coeval with the excavation, which prove that the roof is not a copy of a
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The outer porch, or veranda, is considerably wider than the body of the building, being 52 ft. wide by 15 ft. deep, and is closed in front by a screen composed of two stout octagonal pillars, without either base or capital, supporting what is now a plain mass of rock, but which was once
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Fifteen pillars on each side separate the nave from the aisles; each pillar has a tall base, an octagonal shaft, and richly ornamented capital, on the inner front of which kneel two elephants, each bearing two figures, generally a man and a woman, but sometimes two females, all very much better
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It is certainly the largest as well as the most complete chaitya cave known in India, and was excavated at a time when the style was in its greatest purity. In it all the architectural defects of the previous examples are removed: the pillars of the nave are quite perpendicular. The screen is
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The "completion" of the "rock-mansion" mentioned by
Bhutapala may only refer to the ornate sculptures of the veranda, specifically to the multi-storied mansion sculpted on top of the inscription, rather than the cave as a whole, since the various components of the Karla caves generally bear
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In advance of the
Chaitya stands the lion-pillar, in this instance a plain shaft with sixteen flutes, or rather faces, surmounted by a capital not unlike that at Kesariya, but at Karle supporting four lions instead of one. They seem almost certainly to have supported a
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ornamented by a wooden gallery forming the principal ornament of the facade. Above this a dwarf colonnade or attic of four columns between pilasters admitted light to the great window, and this again was surmounted by a wooden cornice or ornament of some sort.
265:, or prayer hall, dating back to 50-70 CE. This is the largest rock-cut chaitya in India, measuring 45 metres (148 ft) long and up to 14 metres (46 ft) high. The hall features sculptures of both males and females, as well as animals such as
1430:, in honor of his parents and securing the welfare and happiness of all beings. In the twenty first year it had been completed and ...... to me by Budharakhita and his mother ...., a lay worshipper. The ......a pious gift of Budharakhita's mother.
1461:(circa 150 CE). According to Fergusson, it is certain that the plan of the Chaitya Cave at Kanheri is a literal copy of that at Karle, but the architectural details show exactly the same difference in style as is found between Cave 17 (period of
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The group at Karla is one of the older and smaller of the many rock-cut
Buddhist sites in Maharashtra, but is one of the best-known because of the famous "Grand Chaitya" (Cave 8), which is the largest and most completely preserved"
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set thick columns that divide the aisles from the nave, as they suffice to prevent the boundary walls from ever being seen, and, as there are no openings in the walls, the view between the pillars is practically unlimited.
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dating back to the 2nd century BC. The monastery was once home to two 15-meter grand pillars outside the chaitya. Now only one of these remains, and the remaining space is occupied by a temple dedicated to the goddess
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On the lintel to the left of the main entrance to the Great
Chaitya, facing the inscription of Nahapana and posterior to it by a generation, there is also an inscription by Satavahana ruler Sri Pulumayi, that is,
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137:. The shrines were developed over the period – from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE. The oldest of the cave shrines is believed to date back to 160 BCE, having arisen near a major ancient
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The chaitya follows the usual pattern for the period, but is unusually large. It is exceptional for preserving original elements in wood: the prominent lateral ribs and other roof timbers, and the
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differ on the content of this inscription. Here, Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 was chosen, as
Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 only mentions an inscription similar to that of pillar No.3, a possible mixup.
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interiors. Names of donors are inscribed on pillars in Brahmi script in these caves. The outside facade has intricate details carved into it in an imitation of finished wood. The central
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An inscription on the left wall of the veranda, over the line of facing elephants and under the scultpture of a multi-storied building, mentions the completion of the "rock mansion" by a
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or
Buddhist wheel. A similar pillar probably stood on the opposite side, but it had either fallen or been removed to make way for the little Hindu temple that now occupies its place.
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The sculpture on the screen wall between the doors is mostly of much later date than the cave itself. All the figures of Buddha there represented are of late date and belong to the
1070:) donors, who donated six of the pillars, although their names are Buddhist names. They account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Chaitya.
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rule in the western Deccan during the 1st century." in Guide to
Monuments of India 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - by George Michell, Philip H. Davies, Viking - 1989 Page 374
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in the 4th-5th century CE, seem to have borrowed influences from early Buddhist Chaitya Caves such as the Karla Chaitya, especially in the apsidial design, as seen in
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In Great Chaitya cave, there is a painting on the top backside of 10th pillar right side of the entrance. One has to use mobile light to see the painting.
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ornamented with sculpture -its first appearance apparently in such a position- and the style had reached a perfection that was never afterwards surpassed.
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circa 150 CE, depart from the elegant shapes and simplicity of the pillars at Karla and Vihara No.10. They are more similar to those of the Chaitya at
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rulers made grants for construction and support of these caves. Karli's location in Maharashtra places it in a region that marks the division between
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sometimes two females, all very much better executed than such ornaments usually are; behind are horses and tigers, each bearing a single figure."
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Great Chaitya inscription of Buthapala, on the left wall of the veranda, between the row of elephants and the multi-storied mansion.
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Pillar carvings (8th pillar, right row). Inscription: "(This) pillar (is) the pious gift of the lay worshiper Dhamula of Gonekaka".
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itself, although Ushavadata is otherwise known to have built and dedicated a cave with similar design caracteristics not far away:
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school: these decorative panels next to the main entrance have been dated to the 6th century CE. The larger pairs of figures with
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Several Chaitya Caves were built in imitation of the Great Chaitya at Karla. This is especially the case of the Great Chaitya at
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i.e. "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata". Below: detail of the word "Ya-va-na-sa" in old
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on the lintel to the right of the entrance of the Great Chaitya (Valurak is thought to be an ancient name for Karla Caves):
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305:") named Bhutapala, from Vaijayanti, but this may only refer to the completion of the ornate sculptures of the veranda.
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under royal sponsorship. It is thought that the chronology of these early Chaitya Caves is as follows: first Cave 9 at
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World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008
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sect of Buddhism which had great popularity in this region of India, as well as wealthy patronage. The caves house a
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Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums, by George Michell, Roli Books Private Limited, 1 mai 2013
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There are also inscriptions by private donors, who contributed parts of the Great Chaitya, including self-described
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Immediately under the semidome of the apse, and nearly where the altar stands in Christian churches, is placed the
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Six pillar inscriptions along the right row reveal that they were donated by various individuals; three were from
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Six pillar inscriptions along the right row reveal that they were donated by various individuals; three were from
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anything to do with the construction or even the completion of the caitya, this would surely have been mentioned.
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The Great Chaitya cave of Karla follows, but improves upon, several other Chaitya caves which had been built in
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1129:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Chulayakha from Dhenukakata". Next to the inscription is a Buddhist
392:, Cave 9 at Ajanta, which, with its more ornate designs, may have been built about a century later, Cave 18 at
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Numerous decorative panels representing the Buddha with attendants were later added to the veranda during the
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1141:. It is said by another donor in another inscription that it has a "vaniya-gama" (A community of merchants).
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hall of the period, as well as containing unusual quantities of fine sculpture, much of it on a large scale.
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Hills in the early 1st millennium CE. There are altogether 16 caves in the group, with 3 of them being
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Text adapted from public domain History of Indian and Eastern architecture by Fergusson, James, 1910
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was placed next to the central gate, reporting the dedication of a village to the monks of the Karla
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caves, a village with its taxes ordinary and extraordinary, with its income fixed or proportional.
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Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal - 2001, p.104
1480:, such as Cave 19, built in the 5th century CE, were also modeled after the Karla Great Chaitya.
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couples, however, are earlier and may be original. The later inscriptions are of the time of the
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Success!! On the second day of the third fortnight of winter in the twenty fourth year of King
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of the various donatory inscriptions. Numerous donors, mainly local merchants, several of them
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1418:, son of Vasithi, this pious gift of the lay worshiper Harapharana, son of Setapharana, a Sova
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Buddhism And Buddhist Literature In Early Indian Epigraphy - Kanai Lal Hazra - 2002, Page 126
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The Karla cave complex is built into a rocky hillside around 60 kilometres (37 mi) from
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This chapel was excavated, as I have demonstrated elsewhere, in the period between AD 50-70
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400:, to finally culminate with the "final perfection" of the Great Chaitya at Karla Caves.
345:(130-159 CE) also left a dedicatory inscription on the other side of the central gate.
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Valuraka without any distinction of sect or origin, for all who would keep the varsha.
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Royal patronage of Buddhism in ancient India, by Kanai Lal Hazra - 1984 - Page 176
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Part of inscription No.10 of Ushavadata, Cave No.10, Nasik in Epigraphia Indica
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Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India
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circa 120 CE, like five other pillars. The inscription of this pillar reads:
121:. It is just 10.9 Kilometers away from Lonavala. Other caves in the area are
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was also modeled after the Karla Great Chaitya, built in the 5th century CE.
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1395:. There is an Ashokan pillar at the front, with a closed stone facade and
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1422:, living in Abulama, a nine-celled hall, has been given to the universal
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On the contrary, the pillars of Nasik vihara No.3 built by the mother of
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In height, however, Karla is only 45 ft. from the floor to the apex.
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Ancient India, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1977
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The Yavanas are also known for their donation of a complete cave at the
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The pillars of the Chaitya at Karla are most similar to the pillars of
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Karla inscription of Vasishthiputra Pulumavi, left of the main entrance
1099:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata"
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Within the complex are a great many other carved chaityas, as well as
1119:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhamadhaya from Denukakata"
1079:"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka"
384:, around the 1st century BCE. Then, in chronological order: Cave 3 at
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1109:"This pillar is the gift of the Yavana Vitasamghata from Umehanakata"
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The Great Chaitya, partially obscured from view, in the 19th century.
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The Great Chaitya in the Karla Caves, Maharashtra, built in 50-70 CE
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Left pillar No.9 of the Great Chatya. This pillar was donated by a
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The city of Dhenukakata is thought to be Danahu near the city of
293:, was probably constructed between 50 and 70 CE according to the
2646:(in Portuguese). MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI. pp. 61–62.
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Some Early Dynasties of South India, by Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya
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The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co
2138:(in Portuguese). MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI. pp. 48–49.
1500:. A slightly late imitation of the Great Chaitya at Karla Caves.
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249:, with the major exception being the Great Chaitya, Cave No. 8.
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Kevin Standage, An Indian Travel Photography Blog (Karla caves)
1148:(cave No.17), and for their donations with inscriptions at the
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2294:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 177–178.
2064:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 177–178.
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Inscription on pillar (5th pillar, right row, donation by a
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Verandah inscription mentioning the completion by Bhutapala
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cave, or Cave No.8, features a large, intricately carved
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2424:
2399:"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology"
2254:"From Early to Late Tapa Sardār: A Tentative Chronology"
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Bharne, Vinayak; Krusche, Krupali (18 September 2014).
2507:
Buddhist Architecture, by Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010
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masonry arch, but of some sort of timber construction.
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and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
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One of the Vihara cells bears an inscription of the
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352:period, and have been dated to the 6th century CE.
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1524:, the first instances of which are known from the
998:, has been completed by the Setthi Bhutapala from
583:Left panel elephants and riding Buddhas, with the
2769:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 79–81.
1031:"Dhenukakata Yavanasa/ Yasavadhanana/ thabo dana"
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1908:. New York, USA: Grove Press. pp. 123–127.
1220:Inscription 13 of Nahapana, Karla Caves, 120 CE.
740:Hall of the Great Chaitya Cave at Karla (120 CE)
192:The caves were historically associated with the
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1293:Karla Caves Chaitya pillars (left) compared to
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1204:
1160:An important dedicatory inscription relates to
992:
551:Left veranda panel and portion of the entrance
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308:Upon completion, an inscription mentioning the
2496:(Greeks), and one from a trader's association.
2485:The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture
2213:"This hall is assigned to the brief period of
2173:The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture
2118:The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture
2103:(Greeks), and one from a trader's association.
2092:The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture
2036:The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture
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2804:Flonnet.com article on caves of Western India
2799:Karla Caves - Ancient Buddhist rock-cut cave
2794:Archaeological Survey of India, "Karla Caves"
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1965:Society and Religion: From Rgveda to Puranas.
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2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2291:Early Buddhist rock temples; a chronology. -
2061:Early Buddhist rock temples; a chronology. -
1376:. A notable feature of these caves is their
2397:Verardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005).
2252:Verardi, Giovanni; Paparatti, Elio (2005).
2039:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42.
1013:inscriptions by their individual donators.
994:(This) rock-mansion, the most excellent in
703:couples, and central Mahayana-period panel.
687:couples, and central Mahayana-period panel.
506:Entrance of the Great Chaitya Cave at Karli
420:. Here, although some were replaced under
2890:
2876:
2868:
2344:Michell, 374; Harle, 48 and note 21 at 493
2313:
2311:
2176:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42.
2155:. Bhulabhai Memorial Institute. p. 8.
2121:. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42.
1845:
1831:
1592:
29:
20:
2731:
2729:
2716:Fergusson, James; Burgess, James (1880).
2321:Ajanta: Painting, sculpture, architecture
424:in the 19th century, most are original.
2722:. London : Allen. pp. 348–360.
2668:. London : Allen. pp. 268–269.
2657:
2655:
2653:
2283:
2281:
2279:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1873:
1871:
1020:
1007:Inscription 1 of Buthapala, Karla Caves.
726:
618:
537:
478:Great Chaitya Cave at the extreme right
471:
464:
457:
289:This Great Chaitya cave, the largest in
205:, who is worshipped most notably by the
2488:. Oxford University Press. p. 40.
2095:. Oxford University Press. p. 40.
1858:
1604:
1482:
801:
754:
657:
557:
496:
337:About a generation after Nahapana, the
2624:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7, Hultzsch, E.
2454:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7, Hultzsch, E.
2185:
2183:
1548:Only cave painting found at Karle Cave
1297:Vihara No10 pillars (right), built by
1089:"Of Dhamma, a Yavana from Dhenukakata"
2635:
2633:
2518:
2516:
2164:
2162:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2028:
2026:
1457:, probably built during the reign of
530:Karla Chaitya section in perspective.
7:
3423:Caves containing pictograms in India
3393:Tourist attractions in Pune district
2742:. Abhinav Publications. p. 51.
1465:circa 115 CE) and Cave 3 (period of
1372:, or dwelling places for the caves'
1199:, at the right of the main entrance.
442:in its arrangement; consisting of a
1233:Vasishthiputra Pulumavi inscription
3418:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
2662:Fergusson, James; Burgess, James.
446:and side-aisles terminating in an
53:
14:
3413:Former populated places in India
1614:
1562:
1505:
1485:
1248:
1239:
1195:Great Chaitya inscription 13 of
1185:
1176:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
964:
955:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
860:
848:
828:
816:
804:
781:
769:
757:
734:
708:
692:
676:
660:
626:
604:
592:
576:
560:
545:
523:
511:
499:
472:
257:The main cave, called the Great
52:
45:
2815:Inscriptions at the Karla Caves
2736:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
1279:Inscription 14 of Sri Pulumavi.
518:Pillar at entry of Main Chaitya
16:Ancient Buddhist caves in India
182:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
3398:Buddhist monasteries in India
3016:Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups
2821:Karle Cave inscription p.47ff
2575:and Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
1426:, as special property of the
1364:Another portion of the caves.
1124:15th pillar of the right row:
1114:13th pillar of the right row:
567:Left veranda panel, with the
245:caves. Most of the caves are
3408:Indian rock-cut architecture
2149:Barrett, Douglas E. (1958).
1453:, in the northern suburb in
1104:5th pillar of the right row:
986:(merchant) from Vaijayanti (
823:Pillars of the Great Chaitya
699:Entrance, right panel with
141:, running eastward from the
1879:"Later Andhra Period India"
1094:9th pillar of the left row:
1084:4th pillar of the left row:
1074:3rd pillar of the left row:
459:Great Chaitya Cave at Karla
102:, are a complex of ancient
3439:
3182:Ghorawadi/Shelarwadi Caves
2152:A Guide to the Karla Caves
1344:Other Chaityas and Viharas
843:") named Chitasa gatana ).
683:Entrance, left panel with
3388:Buddhist temples in India
2819:Epigraphia Indica Vol. 7
2719:The cave temples of India
2665:The cave temples of India
2612:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2600:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2588:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2573:p.55-56 Inscription No.10
2534:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2469:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2442:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2430:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18
2318:Spink, Walter M. (2005).
2009:. Grafikol. p. 108.
776:Hall of the Great Chaitya
715:Extreme right panel with
632:Panorama of the entrance
322:by Nahapana's son-in-law
40:
28:
3352:Hathiagor Buddhist Caves
3347:Binnayaga Buddhist Caves
3288:Kondivite/Mahakali Caves
2571:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
2552:p.53-54 Inscription No.7
2550:Epigraphia Indica Vol.7
2482:Miller, Barbara Stoler.
2170:Miller, Barbara Stoler.
2115:Miller, Barbara Stoler.
2089:Miller, Barbara Stoler.
2033:Miller, Barbara Stoler.
1952:Buddhist Sects in India.
667:Extreme left panel with
585:inscription of Bhutapala
569:inscription of Bhutapala
229:Path to the Karla Caves.
3403:Buddhist caves in India
3172:Mahad/Gandharpale Caves
2831:Photodharma photographs
2643:EPIGRAPHIA INDICA VOL 7
2288:Dehejia, Vidya (1972).
2135:EPIGRAPHIA INDICA VOL 7
2058:Dehejia, Vidya (1972).
1469:, circa 170 CE) at the
1437:Vasishthiputra Pulumavi
1408:Vasishthiputra Pulumavi
1285:Architectural parallels
1267:Vasishthiputra Pulumavi
879:Structure of a capital.
438:"It resembles an early
343:Vasishthiputra Pulumavi
3217:Nasik/Pandavleni Caves
2590:p.326 Inscription No 4
2577:p.327 Inscription No.7
2471:p.328 Inscription No10
2003:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
1549:
1492:Great Chaitya hall at
1442:
1365:
1357:
1330:Gautamiputra Satakarni
1306:
1282:
1223:
1059:
1010:
453:
376:, then Cave 12 at the
365:
356:Comparative chronology
286:
230:
2945:Pandavula Metta Caves
2899:Indian Buddhist caves
2854:18.78333°N 73.47056°E
2809:Kanheri Caves Decoded
2614:p.326 Inscription No3
2602:p.327 Inscription No6
2444:p.326 Inscription No2
2432:p.326 Inscription No1
2006:Buddhist Architecture
1658:Four Additional Sites
1547:
1439:, Karla Caves Vihara.
1363:
1351:
1292:
1024:
1017:Yavana (Greek) donors
949:Bhutapala inscription
363:
284:
228:
107:Indian rock-cut caves
3383:Caves of Maharashtra
3247:Nadsur/Thanale Caves
2940:Kotturu Dhanadibbalu
2324:. BRILL. p. 1.
2230:(Public domain text)
1321:, the son-in-law of
1170:Nahapana inscription
788:Right row of columns
611:Right panel elephant
3081:Badami cave temples
3021:Khapra Kodiya Caves
2850: /
1978:"Cave Architecture"
1625:The Four Main Sites
1607:Buddha's Holy Sites
1459:Yajna Sri Satakarni
1338:Yajna Sri Satakarni
990:) named Bhutapala:
764:Left row of columns
599:Right veranda panel
571:above the elephants
127:Patan Buddhist Cave
3293:Mandapeshwar Caves
3038:Kadia Dungar Caves
2859:18.78333; 73.47056
2739:Bharhut Sculptures
1950:Dutt, Nalinaksha.
1550:
1366:
1358:
1307:
1066:(Asiatic Greek or
1060:
366:
287:
253:Great Chaitya cave
231:
198:Buddhist monastery
3378:Lonavala-Khandala
3365:
3364:
3222:Panhalakaji Caves
3177:Ghatotkacha Caves
3043:Khambhalida Caves
2776:978-1-4438-6734-4
2301:978-0-8014-0651-5
2071:978-0-8014-0651-5
1963:Gadkari, Jayant.
1855:
1854:
937:Main inscriptions
934:
933:
891:Complete capital.
332:Nasik Cave No. 10
84:
83:
3430:
3283:Jogeshwari Caves
3142:Aurangabad Caves
3026:Bava Pyara Caves
2993:Lomas Rishi Cave
2935:Guntupalli Caves
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2781:
2780:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2733:
2724:
2723:
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2702:
2699:
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2676:
2670:
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2659:
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2637:
2628:
2622:
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2610:
2604:
2598:
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2473:
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2440:
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2418:
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2315:
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2305:
2285:
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2273:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1905:India: A History
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1618:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1509:
1489:
1440:
1317:, also built by
1301:, son-in-law of
1280:
1252:
1243:
1221:
1189:
1180:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1008:
968:
959:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
867:Row of capitals.
864:
852:
832:
820:
808:
785:
773:
761:
738:
712:
696:
680:
664:
630:
608:
596:
580:
564:
549:
527:
515:
503:
476:
455:
440:Christian church
396:, and Cave 7 at
56:
55:
49:
33:
21:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3333:
3278:Elephanta Caves
3162:Dharashiv Caves
3118:
3090:
3062:
2997:
2988:Saptaparni Cave
2964:
2960:Undavalli Caves
2930:Erravaram Caves
2901:
2896:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2449:
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2437:
2429:
2422:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2181:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1822:
1821:
1787:Ramagrama stupa
1692:
1684:
1683:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1626:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1542:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1490:
1447:
1441:
1435:Inscription of
1434:
1346:
1305:, circa 120 CE.
1287:
1281:
1278:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1219:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1009:
1006:
978:
977:
976:
975:
971:
970:
969:
961:
960:
951:
950:
939:
928:
925:
916:
913:
904:
903:Capital detail.
901:
892:
889:
880:
877:
868:
865:
856:
853:
844:
833:
824:
821:
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809:
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531:
528:
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504:
494:
487:
483:
477:
432:James Fergusson
406:
404:Characteristics
380:and Cave 10 of
374:Kondivite Caves
358:
310:Western Satraps
279:
255:
223:
190:
162:Western Satraps
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
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3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:Shivneri Caves
3321:
3316:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Nenavali Caves
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Ambivali Caves
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3096:Madhya Pradesh
3092:
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3083:
3078:
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3023:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Indrasala Cave
2974:
2972:
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2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
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2927:
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2917:
2911:
2909:
2907:Andhra Pradesh
2903:
2902:
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2887:
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2788:External links
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1476:Some caves at
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1443:
1432:
1410:(130-159 CE).
1380:entrances and
1345:
1342:
1340:circa 170 CE.
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1269:(130-159 CE):
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915:Capital detail
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278:
275:
254:
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222:
219:
189:
186:
160:Many traders,
82:
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78:
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73:
68:
64:
63:
51:
50:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3435:
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3409:
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3404:
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3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Manmodi Caves
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:Kanheri Caves
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:Yerphal Caves
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Vijasan Caves
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Shirwal Caves
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Kondana Caves
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
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3175:
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3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Dhamnar Caves
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3086:Pandava Caves
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3031:Uparkot Caves
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
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2749:9788170173083
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2408:
2404:
2403:East and West
2400:
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2259:
2258:East and West
2255:
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2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2204:
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2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:9780984404308
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1931:
1930:"Karla Caves"
1925:
1922:
1917:
1915:0-8021-3797-0
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1880:
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1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Kesaria Stupa
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Barabar Caves
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1688:
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1680:
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1600:
1598:Pilgrimage to
1595:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1540:Cave painting
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Hindu temples
1515:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
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1472:
1468:
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1428:Mahasamghikas
1425:
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1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:Success!! By
1198:
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1142:
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1132:
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1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:Brahmi script
1032:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1003:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
985:
984:
967:
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941:
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936:
923:
918:
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906:
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882:
875:
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838:
831:
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819:
814:
807:
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800:
784:
779:
772:
767:
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755:
751:
747:
745:
737:
733:
732:
729:
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718:
711:
706:
702:
695:
690:
686:
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674:
670:
663:
658:
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634:
629:
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624:
621:
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607:
602:
595:
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586:
579:
574:
570:
563:
558:
553:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
526:
521:
514:
509:
502:
497:
495:
492:
480:
475:
470:
467:
466:General views
463:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
423:
419:
418:Kanheri Caves
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Kondana Caves
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Western India
362:
355:
353:
351:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
220:
218:
216:
213:community of
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
48:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3303:
3302:
3267:
3266:
3237:Pohale Caves
3186:
3167:Ellora Caves
3147:Bahrot Caves
3132:Ajanta Caves
3058:Talaja Caves
2983:Vulture Peak
2950:Ramateertham
2915:Adapur Caves
2835:
2765:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2697:
2686:
2674:
2664:
2642:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2567:
2558:
2546:
2530:
2503:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2450:
2438:
2409:(1/4): 437.
2406:
2402:
2392:
2349:
2340:
2320:
2290:
2264:(1/4): 437.
2261:
2257:
2247:
2222:
2209:
2197:
2172:
2151:
2144:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2110:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2060:
2040:
2035:
2005:
1981:. Retrieved
1972:
1967:1996. p. 198
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1924:
1904:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1865:Michell, 374
1861:
1817:Vikramashila
1727:Ellora Caves
1570:India portal
1551:
1530:Durga temple
1526:Gupta period
1520:
1514:Ajanta Caves
1475:
1467:Sri Pulumavi
1448:
1416:Sri Pulumavi
1413:
1401:
1399:in between.
1367:
1352:View of the
1327:
1308:
1272:
1263:
1226:Sri Pulumayi
1205:
1159:
1150:Junnar caves
1143:
1136:
1061:
1030:
1011:
993:
981:
979:
793:
742:
727:
638:
619:
538:
484:
465:
458:
437:
426:
407:
388:, Cave 1 at
382:Ajanta Caves
367:
347:
336:
327:
317:
307:
288:
256:
246:
232:
221:Architecture
194:Mahāsāṃghika
191:
159:
151:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
71:Karli, India
18:
3357:Kolvi Caves
3329:Tulja Caves
3227:Patan caves
3192:Karad Caves
3187:Karla Caves
3157:Bhaja Caves
3152:Bedse Caves
3124:Maharashtra
3053:Siyot Caves
3011:Dhank Caves
2925:Chandavaram
2920:Belum Caves
2857: /
2640:Senart, E.
2132:Senart, A.
1983:15 February
1954:1998. p. 62
1767:Pataliputra
1732:Kapilavastu
1717:Chandavaram
1691:Other Sites
1583:Bedse Caves
1578:Bhaja Caves
1512:Cave 19 at
1471:Nasik Caves
1388:is a large
1336:, built by
1315:Nasik Caves
1295:Nasik Caves
1146:Nasik Caves
422:Lord Curzon
398:Bedse Caves
394:Nasik Caves
378:Bhaja Caves
295:paleography
188:Affiliation
178:South India
174:North India
168:origin and
143:Arabian Sea
139:trade route
135:Nasik Caves
131:Bedse Caves
123:Bhaja Caves
119:Maharashtra
100:Karla Cells
96:Karle Caves
92:Karli Caves
88:Karla Caves
3372:Categories
3232:Pitalkhora
3207:Kuda Caves
3197:Khed Caves
3104:Bagh Caves
3048:Sana Caves
2845:73°28′14″E
2842:18°47′00″N
2331:900414983X
2215:Kshatrapas
1900:Keay, John
1884:24 January
1807:Tilaurakot
1782:Pushpagiri
1636:Kushinagar
1589:References
1445:Influences
1404:Satavahana
1354:hermitages
1319:Ushavadata
1313:No.10, at
1299:Ushavadata
1208:Usabhadata
1068:Indo-Greek
1000:Vaijayanti
996:Jambudvipa
841:Indo-Greek
649:Satavahana
434:explains:
386:Pitalkhora
339:Satavahana
324:Ushavadata
291:South Asia
170:Satavahana
24:Karla Cave
3339:Rajasthan
3257:Wai Caves
3114:Saru Maru
3068:Karnataka
2811:– YouTube
2536:p.326-328
2415:0012-8376
2270:0012-8376
1802:Udayagiri
1792:Ratnagiri
1747:Lalitgiri
1702:Amaravati
1674:Shravasti
1631:Bodh Gaya
1390:horseshoe
942:Bhutapala
412:over the
271:elephants
145:into the
3314:Lenyadri
2955:Sankaram
2456:pp.48-49
1902:(2000).
1812:Varanasi
1777:Piprahwa
1679:Vaishali
1669:Sankissa
1556:See also
1463:Nahapana
1433:—
1323:Nahapana
1303:Nahapana
1277:—
1218:—
1197:Nahapana
1162:Nahapana
1156:Nahapana
1131:Swastika
1005:—
988:Banavasi
653:Pulumavi
641:Mahayana
620:Entrance
430:quoting
410:umbrella
350:Mahayana
314:Nahapana
243:Mahayana
239:Sahyadri
115:Lonavala
104:Buddhist
67:Location
3304:In the
3268:In the
3003:Gujarat
2680:p.78-79
2540:p.53-54
2493:Yavanas
2386:p.142ff
2228:p.267ff
2100:Yavanas
1757:Nalanda
1752:Mathura
1742:Kosambi
1722:Devdaha
1712:Bharhut
1646:Sarnath
1641:Lumbini
1494:Kanheri
1451:Kanheri
1382:vaulted
1370:viharas
1334:Kanheri
717:Mithuna
701:Mithuna
685:Mithuna
669:Mithuna
645:Mithuna
539:Veranda
328:chaitya
319:chaitya
299:Yavanas
277:Patrons
263:chaitya
259:Chaitya
203:Ekveera
155:chaitya
77:Geology
3306:Junnar
3270:Mumbai
3076:Aihole
2773:
2746:
2413:
2328:
2298:
2268:
2068:
2013:
1936:19 May
1912:
1797:Sanchi
1697:Ajanta
1664:Rajgir
1534:Aihole
1498:Mumbai
1478:Ajanta
1455:Mumbai
1424:Sangha
1406:ruler
1397:torana
1378:arched
1311:Vihara
1212:tirtha
1064:Yavana
1027:Yavana
983:setthi
837:Yavana
750:Dagoba
719:couple
671:couple
587:on top
491:chakra
341:ruler
312:ruler
303:setthi
215:Mumbai
147:Deccan
80:Basalt
3308:area:
3272:area:
2970:Bihar
2509:p.108
2355:p.225
1932:. NIC
1762:Nasik
1386:motif
1374:monks
1139:Karli
927:Stupa
651:king
414:stupa
267:lions
247:lenas
207:Aagri
113:near
111:Karli
2771:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2691:p.40
2626:p.58
2524:p.83
2411:ISSN
2326:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2266:ISSN
2203:p.72
2191:p.42
2066:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1985:2007
1938:2012
1910:ISBN
1886:2007
1772:Pāvā
1420:saka
1393:arch
811:Roof
728:Hall
448:apse
444:nave
334:.
269:and
235:Pune
211:Koli
209:and
176:and
166:Saka
133:and
86:The
1532:in
1496:in
655:.
164:of
149:.
109:at
98:or
3374::
2728:^
2706:^
2652:^
2632:^
2515:^
2462:^
2423:^
2407:55
2405:.
2401:.
2361:^
2310:^
2278:^
2262:55
2260:.
2256:.
2235:^
2182:^
2161:^
2074:.
2048:^
2025:^
1993:^
1870:^
1536:.
1473:.
1152:.
1037::
839:("
273:.
217:.
184:.
129:,
125:,
117:,
94:,
90:,
2891:e
2884:t
2877:v
2779:.
2752:.
2417:.
2334:.
2304:.
2272:.
2019:.
1987:.
1940:.
1918:.
1888:.
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1356:.
1133:.
1058:.
1002:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
