485:Štajner married Russian woman Sonya Yefimovna in Moscow in 1935. At the time of his arrest, she was 20 years old, and in the ninth month of pregnancy. She gave birth to a girl named Lida, but the baby died when she was two years old of cold and illness. During Štajner's time in prison, Sonya was humiliated, mocked, and tortured by the authorities and was labeled "wife of an enemy of the people". She never repudiated her husband, and spent most of her time trying to help him. She was able to exchange a few letters with Štajner until 1940, but then did not hear about him for the next five years. Although she suspected that her husband was dead, she never remarried. In 1945, Štajner managed to reestablish contact with his wife through a woman who worked in the prison camp. The two met for the first time after almost 19 years in March 1955 when she visited him in Maklakovo, where he lived in exile. In 1956 she emigrated with her husband to Yugoslavia and lived with him in Zagreb. She died in Zagreb on 11 March 2005.
306:
In 1931, Yugoslav police found out about the printing house, so Štajner fled the country to avoid arrest. He initially traveled to Paris where the
Central Committee of CPY had its side-base. He lived in Paris for almost a year, but was arrested for his communist activity and expelled from France. He
457:
a list of 113 Yugoslav communists who had disappeared during the Great Purge, and asked about their fate. Khrushchev promised he would answer in two days, when he found out. Two days later, Khrushchev informed Tito that exactly one hundred of the persons on the list were dead by then. Then, the
469:
him. He traveled from
Maklakovo to Moscow to meet his wife. Soon afterwards, they returned to Yugoslavia, which he considered his home country. He was issued an exit permit to leave the Soviet Union on 30 July 1956. After return to Yugoslavia he was awarded a
30:
477:
In June 1991, the
Government of newly independent Croatia stripped Štajner (and many other communists) of the state pension. Štajner died on 1 April 1992, and was buried in Zagreb.
547:" was very popular in Yugoslavia, and was translated to German, French, English, Slovene and Czech, Esperanto (S.A.T., 1983). It was named "the book of the year" in 1972 by the
493:
After his return to
Yugoslavia, Štajner became an author and published three books about his arrest, trial, and experiences in Siberian gulags. The books are titled:
559:" in 1958, but no publisher was able to publish it until 1971 because of political controversy. The copies of the manuscript he sent to the publishers in Zagreb and
1234:
1224:
1136:
1219:
391:
288:
178:
1239:
1028:
1168:
1115:
1087:
986:
952:
1229:
462:
in
Siberia, and eleven of them returned to Yugoslavia. Štajner was among them. Shortly before that, the Supreme Collegium of the
299:, where he ran an illegal communist printing house, and was helping local CPY cell. During this time, he became a citizen of the
402:, the NKVD asked him to testify against the Yugoslavian leadership, which he refused. Shortly afterwards, he was transferred to
307:
moved to Vienna, where he tried to establish an illegal printing house in order to distribute communist literature all over the
351:
370:. In June 1937 he was found guilty by the military court and sentenced to ten years in prison. He was then transferred to the
410:, where he was held until September 1953. His 17-year prison term ended on 22 September 1953, six months after the death of
292:
280:
186:
182:
143:
1214:
1209:
1204:
881:
334:
publishing house. While in Moscow, he met and married
Russian girl Sofya "Sonya" Yefimovna Moiseeva in 1935. During the
1244:
580:
358:, both of whom died during the Great Purge. From November 1936 til May 1937, Štajner was confined in the NKVD prisons
320:
272:
174:
138:
239:" about his experiences. The book was a bestseller in Yugoslavia and was named the "book of the year 1972" by the
830:
802:
463:
284:
220:
in 1936, Štajner was arrested and spent the next 17 years in prisons and gulags and three more years in exile in
311:. There, Štajner was arrested again, and expelled from Austria, as he was no longer a citizen of that country.
552:
942:
917:
1105:
532:
517:
502:
466:
268:
225:
414:. After being released from prison, Štajner was not allowed to return to Moscow, but was forced to live in
563:
disappeared without trace, but Štajner had already sent the original manuscript to his brother living in
395:
300:
198:
232:. He spent the rest of his life in Zagreb with his wife Sonya whom he married in Moscow in the 1930s.
1199:
1194:
1077:
446:
371:
165:(15 January 1902 – 1 April 1992) was an Austrian-Yugoslav communist activist and a prominent
1141:
689:
605:
474:, and he spent the rest of his life living in Zagreb. He visited Soviet Union once more in 1966.
375:
597:
283:(CPY) was banned in December 1920 and all communist activities were prohibited by the regime of
1164:
1158:
1111:
1083:
982:
948:
454:
378:, where he was held until August 1939. He was then transferred to the Nadezhda work camp near
359:
276:
976:
386:. There, he took part in the building of the railway and then in the building of the city of
367:
213:
588:". Kiš also wrote about Karlo and Sonya Štajner in his 1983 book of essays and interviews "
627:
450:
419:
312:
260:
65:
539:) – a collection of interviews with Štajner, and texts about Štajner written by others.
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363:
264:
229:
190:
1188:
1132:
617:
575:
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355:
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324:
206:
390:. In 1943, Štajner was sentenced to ten more years in prison, plus five years of
622:
423:
335:
217:
435:
555:
as the author of the book of the year. Štajner finished the manuscript for "
431:
427:
399:
331:
210:
584:, published in 1976. Kiš befriended Štajner and wrote an introduction to "
29:
560:
548:
403:
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83:
61:
1137:"Siberia Taught Him a few Things: An 'Enemy of the People' Returns"
415:
166:
115:
330:Štajner settled in Moscow, where he was appointed manager of the
564:
339:
323:. Facing arrest once again, he fled Germany and traveled to the
366:, and then submitted to the military court and confined in the
197:
where Štajner worked was raided by the police in 1931, he fled
818:
459:
350:". He was tried together with Yugoslavian communist leaders
295:
to help the CPY. From
January 1922 until 1931, he lived in
870:
Gradska groblja Zagreb: Sonja Štajner, Mirogoj Ž-12A-II-84
449:. In June 1956, during an official visit to Soviet Union,
1163:. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press.
319:
to avoid being extradited to
Yugoslavia, and to help the
342:
agents and accused of being a "counterrevolutionary,
574:Štajner's life and work was a major inspiration for
692:(Interview). Interviewed by Dragoslav Simić. Zagreb
152:
131:
121:
110:
102:
94:
72:
43:
20:
445:In 1955, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union resumed
338:, Štajner was arrested on 4 November 1936 by the
1031:[Danilo Kiš, the Last Yugoslav Writer].
275:and later became a member of the organization's
1160:Between Exile and Asylum: An Eastern Epistolary
663:
661:
434:between 1953 and 1956. There, he worked as a
267:when he joined the communist movement in the
8:
1029:"Danilo Kiš, posljednji jugoslavenski pisac"
406:, where he was held until 1949, and then to
287:. In December 1921, Štajner was sent to the
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
235:In 1971, Štajner published a book titled "
17:
880:Matvejević, Predrag (26 November 2002).
551:newspapers, and Štajner was awarded the
857:
855:
853:
639:
458:remaining thirteen were located by the
346:agent, and accomplice in the murder of
422:Law. While in exile, Štajner lived in
398:and the expulsion of the CPY from the
224:. He was released in 1956 after being
1082:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Globus.
289:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
179:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
7:
1235:Croatian people of Austrian descent
1225:Great Purge victims from Yugoslavia
604:" and compares him to the biblical
271:in 1919. He became a member of the
106:printing worker, politician, author
1220:Stalinism-era scholars and writers
14:
263:on 15 January 1902. He worked as
882:"Predrag Matvejević (drugi dio)"
127:"Seven Thousand Days in Siberia"
28:
1027:Thompson, Mark (31 July 2013).
801:Lovrić, Jelena (16 June 1991).
688:Štajner, Karlo (10 June 1988).
209:in 1932 where he worked in the
205:before finally settling in the
1107:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
586:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
557:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
545:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
499:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
237:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
201:, visiting Paris, Vienna, and
185:to help the newly established
169:survivor. Štajner was born in
36:Seven Thousand Days in Siberia
1:
1062:Štajner 1985, the book sleeve
888:(radio) (in Croatian). Zagreb
600:who mentions Štajner in his "
293:Young Communist International
281:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
189:. After an illegal communist
187:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
183:Young Communist International
144:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
1157:Matvejević, Predrag (2004).
886:Kulturni intervju, Radio 101
819:Židovski biografski leksikon
592:". Title of Štajner's book "
418:in Siberia according to the
181:in 1922 on the order of the
1240:Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
803:"SIBIR U HRVATSKOM SRCU..."
581:A Tomb for Boris Davidovich
536:
521:
506:
1261:
608:who rises from the grave.
321:Communist Party of Germany
273:Communist Youth of Austria
175:Communist Youth of Austria
139:Communist Youth of Austria
114:surviving 20 years in the
1008:Štajner 1985, p. 204-205.
837:(14849): 7. 2 April 1992.
464:Supreme Court of the USSR
285:Alexander I of Yugoslavia
27:
906:Matvejević 2004, p. 209.
782:Matvejević 2004, p. 208.
553:Ivan Goran Kovačić prize
1230:Foreign Gulag detainees
1110:. London: Corgi books.
1104:Štajner, Karlo (1988).
1076:Štajner, Karlo (1985).
975:Štajner, Karlo (1991).
941:Štajner, Karlo (1983).
916:Štajner, Karlo (1975).
719:Matvejević 2004, p. 26.
269:First Austrian Republic
177:, but emigrated to the
594:A Hand from the Grave
529:A Hand from the Grave
216:in Moscow. During the
173:, where he joined the
34:Štajner with his book
1035:(in Croatian). Globus
944:7000 jours en Sibérie
919:7000 Tage in Sibirien
847:Štajner 1985, p. 167.
773:Štajner 1985, p. 168.
728:Štajner 1985, p. 209.
710:Štajner 1985, p. 208.
646:Štajner 1985, p. 186.
514:Return from the Gulag
394:. In 1948, after the
315:helped him travel to
301:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
831:"Umro Karlo Štajner"
791:Štajner 1985, p. 94.
755:Štajner 1985, p. 78.
737:Štajner 1988, p. 11.
655:Štajner 1985, p. 97.
522:"Povratak iz Gulaga"
507:"7000 dana u Sibiru"
447:diplomatic relations
1215:Yugoslav historians
1210:Austrian communists
1205:Yugoslav communists
746:Štajner 1985, p.40.
372:Solovki prison camp
1245:Norillag detainees
1142:The New York Times
978:7000 dní na Sibiři
835:Slobodna Dalmacija
806:Slobodna Dalmacija
578:' book of stories
376:Solovetsky Islands
228:, and returned to
543:His first book, "
396:Tito–Stalin split
277:Central Committee
251:Štajner was born
160:
159:
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1181:
1179:
1177:
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1135:(10 July 1988).
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438:, and then as a
368:Lefortovo Prison
214:publishing house
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18:
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1053:Kiš 1988, p. 4.
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1048:
1038:
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1026:
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1021:
1017:Kiš 1988, p. 3.
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1007:
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861:Kiš 1988, p. 2.
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764:Kiš 1988, p. 1.
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690:"Karlo Štajner"
687:
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671:
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659:
654:
650:
645:
641:
636:
628:Varlam Shalamov
614:
598:Miroslav Krleža
537:"Ruka iz groba"
491:
483:
420:101st kilometre
352:Filip Filipović
313:Georgi Dimitrov
265:printing worker
261:Austria-Hungary
249:
148:
132:Political party
122:
90:
81:
77:
68:
66:Austria-Hungary
59:
58:15 January 1902
53:
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39:
23:
12:
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922:. EuropaVerlag
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533:Serbo-Croatian
525:
518:Serbo-Croatian
510:
503:Serbo-Croatian
490:
487:
482:
479:
440:factory worker
392:loss of rights
327:in July 1932.
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245:
191:printing house
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157:
154:
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111:Known for
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82:
80:(aged 90)
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47:
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1170:9789639241855
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1117:9780552134866
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1089:9788634300635
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1079:Ruka iz groba
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988:80-206-0278-X
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954:9782070266227
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947:. Gallimard.
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808:(14563): 6–7.
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618:Moscow Trials
616:
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596:" comes from
595:
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590:Homo poeticus
587:
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489:Literary work
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472:state pension
468:
467:rehabilitated
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226:rehabilitated
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168:
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163:Karlo Štajner
156:Sonya Štajner
155:
151:
145:
142:
140:
137:
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117:
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103:Occupation(s)
101:
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85:
75:
71:
67:
63:
46:
42:
37:
31:
26:
22:Karlo Štajner
19:
16:
1174:. Retrieved
1159:
1146:. Retrieved
1140:
1121:. Retrieved
1106:
1093:. Retrieved
1078:
1058:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:e-novine.com
1032:
1022:
1013:
1004:
992:. Retrieved
977:
970:
958:. Retrieved
943:
936:
924:. Retrieved
918:
911:
902:
890:. Retrieved
885:
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742:
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694:. Retrieved
667:Štajner 1988
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382:in northern
356:Antun Mavrak
348:Sergey Kirov
329:
325:Soviet Union
305:
253:Karl Steiner
252:
250:
236:
234:
207:Soviet Union
162:
161:
123:Notable work
78:(1992-04-01)
76:1 April 1992
48:Karl Steiner
35:
15:
1200:1992 deaths
1195:1902 births
1133:Kiš, Danilo
623:NKVD troika
424:Krasnoyarsk
336:Great Purge
243:newspaper.
218:Great Purge
95:Citizenship
1189:Categories
1070:References
994:1 November
576:Danilo Kiš
455:Khrushchev
436:stonemason
230:Yugoslavia
199:Yugoslavia
54:1902-01-15
1176:14 August
1148:12 August
1123:14 August
1095:14 August
1039:12 August
960:15 August
926:15 August
892:15 August
696:14 August
531:" (1985,
516:" (1981,
501:" (1971,
432:Maklakovo
428:Yeniseysk
400:Comintern
332:Comintern
247:Biography
211:Comintern
612:See also
561:Belgrade
360:Lubyanka
98:Yugoslav
606:Lazarus
602:Diaries
549:Vjesnik
453:handed
404:Irkutsk
388:Norilsk
384:Siberia
380:Dudinka
374:on the
364:Butyrka
344:Gestapo
309:Balkans
291:by the
241:Vjesnik
222:Siberia
88:Croatia
1167:
1114:
1086:
985:
951:
569:France
481:Family
412:Stalin
408:Bratsk
317:Berlin
297:Zagreb
279:. The
257:Vienna
203:Berlin
195:Zagreb
171:Vienna
153:Spouse
84:Zagreb
62:Vienna
38:, 1988
634:Notes
416:exile
167:Gulag
116:Gulag
1178:2013
1165:ISBN
1150:2013
1125:2013
1112:ISBN
1097:2013
1084:ISBN
1041:2013
996:2013
983:ISBN
962:2013
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565:Lyon
451:Tito
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340:NKVD
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44:Born
460:KGB
255:in
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