265:. Homologs of MAX2 are also required for strigolactone signaling in rice (known as DWARF3) petunia (DAD2) and pea (RMS4). Karrikin signaling also requires a protein named SUPPRESSOR OF MORE AXILARY GROWTH2-1 (SMAX1) which is a homolog of the DWARF53 protein required for strigolactone signaling in rice. SMAX1 and DWARF53 proteins could be involved in the control of cellular functions such as transport or transcription. The present model for karrikin and strigolactone signaling involves interaction of KAI2 or DWARF14 with SMAX1 or DWARF53 proteins respectively, which targets those proteins for
178:
are known as "fire-followers", they emerge grow quickly, flower and produce new seeds, which fall to the ground. These seeds can remain in the soil for decades, until the next fire produces fresh karrikins. Plants with this lifestyle are known as fire ephemerals. They thrive because the fire removes competing vegetation and provides nutrients and light for the emerging seedlings. Plants in many families respond to smoke and karrikins, suggesting that this response has evolved independently in different groups.
31:
80:. When plant material burns, these carbohydrates convert to karrikins. Burning plant products, such as straw, filter paper, cigarettes, and some sugars, can also produce karrikins. Seed germination activity can be generated within 30 minutes of heating plant material at 180 °C (356 °F). The
177:
occur largely in the ash at the site of the fire. Rains occurring after the fire wash the karrikins into the soil where dormant seeds reside. The karrikins and water can provide a 'wake-up call' for such seeds, triggering germination of the soil seed bank. The plants that depend on karrikins to grow
144:
Karrikins are released into the air upon the burning of plants. Subsequently, karrikins then get deposited on the soil surface and stimulate seed germination after rainfall. Since karrikins are released from smoke, they are released in huge quantities. Some plants which are known as "fire-followers"
193:
respond to karrikin signaling. Other studies have found that seed of ostensibly fire-adapted species do not display a sensitivity to karrikins. The difference between fire-followers and plants that respond to karrikins is their dependence on karrikins. Plants' response to karrikins is fundamental
96:
It has long been known that compounds released from smoke stimulate seed germination. To identify the active compounds that contribute to seed germination activity, smoke compounds were separated by liquid fractionation and were each tested for their effects on seed germination activity. Bioassays
340:
Karrikins are produced by wildfires but all seed plants contain KAI2 proteins, raising the question of the usual function of this protein. There is compelling evidence that plants contain an endogenous compound that is perceived by KAI2 to control seed germination and plant development, but this
252:
hormones which involves hydrolysis by their receptor protein DWARF14, an alpha/beta hydrolase related to KAI2. The question of whether karrikins act directly in plants is controversial. While some studies suggest that karrikins can bind directly to KAI2 protein, others do not support this. It is
285:
and destruction of proteins which are responsible for different aspect of plant growth, like the outgrowth of lateral shoots. This means that strigolactones, upon their interaction with D3 and D14; ubiquinate, and destroy proteins like DWARF53, which are responsible for the outgrowth of lateral
327:
The gene for KAI2 protein is present in lower plants including algae and mosses, whereas the DWARF14 protein evolved with seed plants, probably as a result of duplication of KAI2 followed by functional specialisation. Karrikin signaling could have evolved with seed plants as a result of the
225:
Karrikins easily dissolve in water, they are transparent, and have a melting point of 118–119 °C. However, they are unstable at very high temperatures and during common daylight, which means that they decay more rapidly than common active compounds which are not sensitive to sunlight.
253:
possible that karrikins produced by wildfires are converted to a different compound by the plant, before interaction with KAI2. The ability of different plants to carry out this conversion could partly explain differences in their ability to respond to karrikins and to smoke.
145:
are unable to germinate without karrikins. Fire-followers need rain after massive fires in order to germinate; this means that they may remain dormant and viable for decades until the right combination of fire occur in proper succession.
319:. Such responses could provide seedlings with an advantage as they emerge into the post-fire landscape. The KAI2 protein is also required for leaf development, implying that karrikins could influence other aspects of plant growth.
194:
because karrikins mimic the strigolactone hormones which are originally required for growth in plants. Fire-followers, on the other hand, have fine-tuned their responses according to the availability of karrikins.
280:
mutants which failed to respond to karrikins. In rice, strigolactones interact with the F-box protein knowns as DWARF3 upon their hydrolysis by the DWARF14 (also known as D14-type proteins). This interaction targets the
275:
has been shown to respond to the two signals; KAR1, and KAR2. The two genes, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) and KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) are essential for understanding the actions of karrikins and were discovered in
916:
Scaffidi A, Waters MT, Skelton BW, Bond CS, Sobolev AN, Bythell-Douglas R, et al. (May 2012). "Solar irradiation of the seed germination stimulant karrikinolide produces two novel head-to-head cage dimers".
294:
proteins known as KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE1 (KAI1 or MAX2) in order to be able to interact with KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE2 which is responsible for hypocotyl elongation and the inhibition of seed germination. The
676:
Gutjahr C, Gobbato E, Choi J, Riemann M, Johnston MG, Summers W, et al. (December 2015). "Rice perception of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi requires the karrikin receptor complex".
1593:
van Staden J, Sparg SG, Kulkarni MG, Light ME (2006-08-01). "Post-germination effects of the smoke-derived compound 3-methyl-2H-furopyran-2-one, and its potential as a preconditioning agent".
299:
of KAI2, therefore stimulate seed germination and inhibits hypocotyl elongation. Karrikins could be used as agricultures, considering the environmental challenges that are occurring nowadays.
248:
of amino acids which is essential for activity, consistent with the hypothesis that KAI2 hydrolyses its ligand. This model is consistent with the perception of the chemically related
641:
Flematti GR, Scaffidi A, Dixon KW, Smith SM, Ghisalberti EL (February 2011). "Production of the seed germination stimulant karrikinolide from combustion of simple carbohydrates".
730:
Nelson DC, Flematti GR, Ghisalberti EL, Dixon KW, Smith SM (2012-01-01). "Regulation of seed germination and seedling growth by chemical signals from burning vegetation".
554:
Nelson DC, Flematti GR, Ghisalberti EL, Dixon KW, Smith SM (2012-06-02). "Regulation of seed germination and seedling growth by chemical signals from burning vegetation".
797:
Flematti GR, Ghisalberti EL, Dixon KW, Trengove RD (October 2009). "Identification of alkyl substituted 2H-furopyran-2-ones as germination stimulants present in smoke".
261:
The activity of karrikins requires an F-box protein named MORE AXILLARY GROWTH-2 (MAX2) in
Arabidopsis. This protein is also required for strigolactone signaling in
443:
Chiwocha SD, Dixon KW, Flematti GR, Ghisalberti EL, Merritt DJ, Nelson DC, et al. (2009-10-01). "Karrikins: A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke".
1042:"A Selaginella moellendorffii Ortholog of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 Functions in Arabidopsis Development but Cannot Mediate Responses to Karrikins or Strigolactones"
202:
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up the two ring structures found in karrikins, one of which is a six-membered, heterocyclic ring with a molecular formula of C
45:
found in the smoke of burning plant material. Karrikins help stimulate seed germination and plant development because they mimic a signaling hormone known as
64:) was shown to be responsible for this effect. Later, several closely related compounds were discovered in smoke, and are collectively known as karrikins.
1687:
998:"Substrate-Induced Degradation of the α/β-Fold Hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 Requires a Functional Catalytic Triad but Is Independent of MAX2"
161:, Flematti proposed changing the name of the molecule and its related compounds to karrikin. One of the first recorded Western Australian
773:
496:"Ecological relevance of strigolactones in nutrient uptake and other abiotic stresses, and in plant-microbe interactions below-ground"
834:"Karrikins discovered in smoke trigger Arabidopsis seed germination by a mechanism requiring gibberellic acid synthesis and light"
88:
sugar. There is no evidence that karrikins occur naturally in plants, but it has been postulated that karrikin-like molecules do.
1816:
957:"Specialisation within the DWARF14 protein family confers distinct responses to karrikins and strigolactones in Arabidopsis"
181:
Fire-followers are not the only plants that respond to karrikins. Seeds from a number of different flowering families like
1680:
56:
Smoke from wildfires or bushfires has been known for a long time to stimulate the germination of seeds. In 2004, the
1493:"Karrikins: Regulators Involved in Phytohormone Signaling Networks during Seed Germination and Seedling Development"
157:, was initially named gavinone in reference to its discovery by chemist Gavin Flematti. After consulting with an
1806:
1673:
881:
George N (August 2009). "Does karrikinolide improve the germination and seedling vigour of switchgrass?".
174:
1244:"SUPPRESSOR OF MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 1 controls seed germination and seedling development in Arabidopsis"
1765:
50:
832:
Nelson DC, Riseborough JA, Flematti GR, Stevens J, Ghisalberti EL, Dixon KW, Smith SM (February 2009).
1405:
Bennett T, Leyser O (December 2014). "Strigolactone signalling: standing on the shoulders of DWARFs".
1361:
1304:
1196:
1137:
685:
236:
1811:
1185:"F-box protein MAX2 has dual roles in karrikin and strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana"
244:
requires an alpha/beta-fold hydrolase named KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE-2 (KAI2). The KAI2 protein has a
1745:
709:
623:
312:
307:
Karrikins not only stimulate seed germination, but are reported to increase seedling vigour. In
1801:
1651:
1575:
1524:
1473:
1422:
1387:
1330:
1273:
1224:
1165:
1106:
1071:
1019:
978:
934:
898:
863:
814:
779:
769:
747:
701:
658:
615:
571:
420:
291:
1643:
1633:
1602:
1565:
1555:
1514:
1504:
1463:
1453:
1414:
1377:
1369:
1320:
1312:
1263:
1255:
1214:
1204:
1155:
1145:
1098:
1061:
1053:
1009:
968:
926:
890:
853:
845:
806:
739:
693:
650:
605:
563:
536:
507:
452:
410:
400:
162:
1089:
Smith SM, Li J (October 2014). "Signalling and responses to strigolactones and karrikins".
234:
The mode of action of karrikins has been largely determined using the genetic resources of
1717:
1442:"Q&A: What are strigolactones and why are they important to plants and soil microbes?"
743:
567:
245:
73:
1183:
Nelson DC, Scaffidi A, Dun EA, Waters MT, Flematti GR, Dixon KW, et al. (May 2011).
72:
Karrikins are formed by the heating or combustion of carbohydrates, including sugars and
1365:
1308:
1200:
1141:
955:
Waters MT, Nelson DC, Scaffidi A, Flematti GR, Sun YK, Dixon KW, Smith SM (April 2012).
689:
1775:
1570:
1543:
1519:
1492:
1468:
1441:
1382:
1349:
1325:
1292:
1268:
1243:
1219:
1184:
1160:
1125:
1066:
1041:
858:
833:
415:
388:
53:
in the soil, which enhances plant growth and leads to an increase in plant branching.
1795:
1780:
1707:
1696:
1638:
1621:
713:
249:
46:
42:
627:
456:
1732:
470:
1189:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1130:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1014:
997:
100:
Six karrikins have so far been discovered in smoke, and they are designated KAR
1606:
1418:
1126:"Smoke-derived karrikin perception by the α/β-hydrolase KAI2 from Arabidopsis"
1102:
894:
540:
512:
495:
494:
Andreo-Jimenez B, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester HJ, Lopez-Raez JA (2015-09-01).
405:
329:
219:
57:
1350:"D14-SCF(D3)-dependent degradation of D53 regulates strigolactone signalling"
1291:
Jiang L, Liu X, Xiong G, Liu H, Chen F, Wang L, et al. (December 2013).
1040:
Waters MT, Scaffidi A, Moulin SL, Sun YK, Flematti GR, Smith SM (July 2015).
783:
1770:
1755:
1722:
1509:
1458:
1348:
Zhou F, Lin Q, Zhu L, Ren Y, Zhou K, Shabek N, et al. (December 2013).
1209:
1150:
697:
610:
593:
316:
296:
282:
266:
158:
136:
is also known as karrikinolode and was the first karrikin to be discovered.
77:
1655:
1579:
1528:
1477:
1426:
1391:
1334:
1277:
1228:
1169:
1110:
1075:
1023:
982:
938:
902:
867:
818:
751:
705:
662:
619:
575:
424:
1560:
1259:
849:
1750:
1727:
1057:
286:
shoots, and for the inhibition of stem thickening and root branching. In
85:
17:
1544:"Potential of Karrikins as Novel Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture"
1373:
1316:
1647:
973:
956:
930:
215:
186:
810:
654:
30:
182:
49:. Strigolactones are hormones that help increase growth of symbiotic
1491:
Meng Y, Shuai H, Luo X, Chen F, Zhou W, Yang W, Shu K (2017-01-24).
1712:
1293:"DWARF 53 acts as a repressor of strigolactone signalling in rice"
592:
Flematti GR, Ghisalberti EL, Dixon KW, Trengove RD (August 2004).
290:, karrikins work in a similar way to strigolactones; they require
211:
81:
29:
1665:
165:
words for 'smoke' from the Perth area in the 1830s, is 'karrik'.
97:
identified several related compounds that were named karrikins.
190:
1669:
1620:
He T, Pausas JG, Belcher CM, Schwilk DW, Lamont BB (May 2012).
389:"What are karrikins and how were they 'discovered' by plants?"
328:
divergence of KAI2 and DWARF14 functions, possibly during the
34:
Chemical structures of karrikins (KAR1, KAR2, KAR3, and KAR4)
1622:"Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous"
1242:
Stanga JP, Smith SM, Briggs WR, Nelson DC (September 2013).
1124:
Guo Y, Zheng Z, La Clair JJ, Chory J, Noel JP (May 2013).
1542:
Antala M, Sytar O, Rastogi A, Brestic M (December 2019).
996:
Waters MT, Scaffidi A, Flematti G, Smith SM (May 2015).
84:
moiety of karrikins is probably directly derived from a
594:"A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination"
766:
Chemistry : human activity, chemical reactivity
341:
compound is neither a karrikin nor a strigolactone.
471:"Strigolactone - Latest research and news | Nature"
387:Flematti GR, Dixon KW, Smith SM (December 2015).
153:The first karrikin discovered, abbreviated as KAR
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
587:
585:
438:
436:
434:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
1035:
1033:
950:
948:
725:
723:
1681:
315:, resulting in shorter hypocotyls and larger
8:
1093:. SI: Cell signalling and gene regulation.
1688:
1674:
1666:
799:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
643:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1637:
1569:
1559:
1518:
1508:
1467:
1457:
1381:
1324:
1267:
1218:
1208:
1159:
1149:
1065:
1013:
972:
857:
609:
511:
414:
404:
332:period when fires were common on Earth.
198:Structure and physicochemical properties
350:
744:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105545
568:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105545
7:
919:Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
527:Halford B (2010). "Smoke Signals".
214:, and the other is a five-membered
132:are the most active karrikins. KAR
25:
1639:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04079.x
1407:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
1091:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
529:Chemical & Engineering News
311:, karrikins influence seedling
732:Annual Review of Plant Biology
556:Annual Review of Plant Biology
457:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.06.007
1:
240:. Perception of karrikins by
51:arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
883:Seed Science and Technology
1833:
1497:Frontiers in Plant Science
1015:10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.020
1741:
1703:
1607:10.1016/j.fcr.2005.12.007
1419:10.1016/j.pbi.2014.08.001
1103:10.1016/j.pbi.2014.06.003
895:10.15258/sst.2009.37.1.30
541:10.1021/cen-v088n015.p037
513:10.1007/s11104-015-2544-z
406:10.1186/s12915-015-0219-0
169:The response to karrikins
27:A plant growth regulator
1817:Plant growth regulators
1510:10.3389/fpls.2016.02021
1459:10.1186/1741-7007-12-19
1440:Smith SM (March 2014).
1210:10.1073/pnas.1100987108
1151:10.1073/pnas.1306265110
768:. : Brooks Cole. 2014.
698:10.1126/science.aac9715
611:10.1126/science.1099944
303:Effects on plant growth
43:plant growth regulators
1766:Plant peptide hormones
173:Karrikins produced by
35:
1561:10.3390/plants9010043
1260:10.1104/pp.113.221259
850:10.1104/pp.108.131516
336:Response to wildfires
33:
1595:Field Crops Research
1409:. SI: Cell biology.
1058:10.1105/tpc.15.00146
237:Arabidopsis thaliana
1626:The New Phytologist
1374:10.1038/nature12878
1366:2013Natur.504..406Z
1317:10.1038/nature12870
1309:2013Natur.504..401J
1201:2011PNAS..108.8897N
1142:2013PNAS..110.8284G
690:2015Sci...350.1521G
230:Mechanism of action
1746:24-Epibrassinolide
974:10.1242/dev.074567
931:10.1039/c2ob25090j
313:photomorphogenesis
68:Chemical synthesis
60:karrikinolide (KAR
36:
1789:
1788:
811:10.1021/jf9028128
655:10.1021/jf1041728
269:and destruction.
92:Karrikin taxonomy
16:(Redirected from
1824:
1718:Brassinosteroids
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1360:(7480): 406–10.
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1248:Plant Physiology
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1195:(21): 8897–902.
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1017:
993:
987:
986:
976:
952:
943:
942:
913:
907:
906:
878:
872:
871:
861:
838:Plant Physiology
829:
823:
822:
794:
788:
787:
762:
756:
755:
727:
718:
717:
684:(6267): 1521–4.
673:
667:
666:
638:
632:
631:
613:
589:
580:
579:
551:
545:
544:
524:
518:
517:
515:
491:
485:
484:
482:
481:
467:
461:
460:
440:
429:
428:
418:
408:
384:
218:ring known as a
21:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1737:
1699:
1694:
1664:
1663:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1601:(2–3): 98–105.
1592:
1591:
1587:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1303:(7480): 401–5.
1290:
1289:
1285:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1002:Molecular Plant
995:
994:
990:
954:
953:
946:
925:(20): 4069–73.
915:
914:
910:
880:
879:
875:
831:
830:
826:
805:(20): 9475–80.
796:
795:
791:
776:
764:
763:
759:
729:
728:
721:
675:
674:
670:
640:
639:
635:
591:
590:
583:
553:
552:
548:
526:
525:
521:
493:
492:
488:
479:
477:
469:
468:
464:
442:
441:
432:
386:
385:
352:
347:
338:
325:
305:
259:
246:catalytic triad
232:
209:
205:
200:
171:
156:
151:
142:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
94:
74:polysaccharides
70:
63:
41:are a group of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Plant hormones
1804:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1781:Strigolactones
1778:
1776:Salicylic acid
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:Plant hormones
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1612:
1585:
1534:
1483:
1432:
1397:
1340:
1283:
1234:
1175:
1136:(20): 8284–9.
1116:
1081:
1052:(7): 1925–44.
1046:The Plant Cell
1029:
988:
967:(7): 1285–95.
944:
908:
889:(1): 251–254.
873:
824:
789:
775:978-1305284203
774:
757:
719:
668:
633:
581:
546:
519:
500:Plant and Soil
486:
475:www.nature.com
462:
451:(4): 252–256.
430:
349:
348:
346:
343:
337:
334:
324:
321:
304:
301:
283:ubiquitination
267:ubiquitination
258:
255:
231:
228:
207:
203:
199:
196:
170:
167:
154:
150:
147:
141:
140:Mode of action
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
90:
69:
66:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Abscisic acid
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:(1): 318–30.
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
844:(2): 863–73.
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
790:
785:
781:
777:
771:
767:
761:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:(1): 107–30.
737:
733:
726:
724:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:(4): 1195–8.
648:
644:
637:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
607:
604:(5686): 977.
603:
599:
595:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:(1): 107–30.
561:
557:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
520:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
487:
476:
472:
466:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Plant Science
439:
437:
435:
431:
426:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
351:
344:
342:
335:
333:
331:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
293:
289:
284:
279:
274:
270:
268:
264:
256:
254:
251:
250:strigolactone
247:
243:
239:
238:
229:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
197:
195:
192:
188:
184:
179:
176:
168:
166:
164:
160:
148:
146:
139:
137:
98:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
59:
54:
52:
48:
47:strigolactone
44:
40:
32:
19:
1760:
1733:Gibberellins
1632:(3): 751–9.
1629:
1625:
1615:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1049:
1045:
1008:(5): 814–7.
1005:
1001:
991:
964:
960:
922:
918:
911:
886:
882:
876:
841:
837:
827:
802:
798:
792:
765:
760:
735:
731:
681:
677:
671:
646:
642:
636:
601:
597:
559:
555:
549:
535:(15): 37–8.
532:
528:
522:
503:
499:
489:
478:. Retrieved
474:
465:
448:
444:
396:
392:
339:
326:
308:
306:
297:ubiquination
287:
277:
272:
271:
262:
260:
241:
235:
233:
224:
201:
180:
172:
152:
143:
99:
95:
71:
55:
38:
37:
1648:10261/48120
1446:BMC Biology
961:Development
506:(1): 1–19.
393:BMC Biology
309:Arabidopsis
288:Arabidopsis
278:Arabidopsis
273:Arabidopsis
263:Arabidopsis
242:Arabidopsis
210:O known as
159:etymologist
1812:Furopyrans
1796:Categories
1756:Jasmonates
1723:Cytokinins
480:2020-04-26
399:(1): 108.
345:References
330:Cretaceous
317:cotyledons
292:homologous
257:Signalling
220:butenolide
58:butenolide
1771:Polyamine
1761:Karrikins
1554:(1): 43.
1452:(1): 19.
1097:: 23–29.
784:920019241
714:206641200
323:Evolution
175:bushfires
149:Etymology
78:cellulose
76:, mainly
39:Karrikins
18:Karrikins
1802:Lactones
1751:Florigen
1728:Ethylene
1656:22348443
1580:31888087
1529:28174573
1503:: 2021.
1478:24685292
1427:25179782
1413:: 7–13.
1392:24336215
1335:24336200
1278:23893171
1229:21555559
1170:23613584
1111:24996032
1076:26175507
1024:25698586
983:22357928
939:22514031
903:15247439
868:19074625
819:19785418
752:22404467
706:26680197
663:21280622
628:42979006
620:15247439
576:22404467
425:26689715
183:tomatoes
86:pyranose
1571:7020145
1520:5258710
1469:3994223
1383:4096652
1362:Bibcode
1326:5802366
1305:Bibcode
1269:3762653
1220:3102411
1197:Bibcode
1161:3657771
1138:Bibcode
1067:4531350
859:2633839
686:Bibcode
678:Science
598:Science
416:4687367
216:lactone
187:lettuce
163:Noongar
120:and KAR
1713:Auxins
1654:
1578:
1568:
1548:Plants
1527:
1517:
1476:
1466:
1425:
1390:
1380:
1354:Nature
1333:
1323:
1297:Nature
1276:
1266:
1227:
1217:
1168:
1158:
1109:
1074:
1064:
1022:
981:
937:
901:
866:
856:
817:
782:
772:
750:
712:
704:
661:
626:
618:
574:
423:
413:
189:, and
128:to KAR
710:S2CID
624:S2CID
212:pyran
191:trees
124:. KAR
116:, KAR
112:, KAR
108:, KAR
104:, KAR
82:pyran
1652:PMID
1576:PMID
1525:PMID
1474:PMID
1423:PMID
1388:PMID
1331:PMID
1274:PMID
1225:PMID
1166:PMID
1107:PMID
1072:PMID
1020:PMID
979:PMID
935:PMID
899:PMID
864:PMID
815:PMID
780:OCLC
770:ISBN
748:PMID
702:PMID
659:PMID
616:PMID
572:PMID
421:PMID
1644:hdl
1634:doi
1630:194
1603:doi
1566:PMC
1556:doi
1515:PMC
1505:doi
1464:PMC
1454:doi
1415:doi
1378:PMC
1370:doi
1358:504
1321:PMC
1313:doi
1301:504
1264:PMC
1256:doi
1252:163
1215:PMC
1205:doi
1193:108
1156:PMC
1146:doi
1134:110
1099:doi
1062:PMC
1054:doi
1010:doi
969:doi
965:139
927:doi
891:doi
854:PMC
846:doi
842:149
807:doi
740:doi
694:doi
682:350
651:doi
606:doi
602:305
564:doi
537:doi
508:doi
504:394
453:doi
449:177
411:PMC
401:doi
1798::
1650:.
1642:.
1628:.
1624:.
1599:98
1597:.
1574:.
1564:.
1550:.
1546:.
1523:.
1513:.
1499:.
1495:.
1472:.
1462:.
1450:12
1448:.
1444:.
1421:.
1411:22
1386:.
1376:.
1368:.
1356:.
1352:.
1329:.
1319:.
1311:.
1299:.
1295:.
1272:.
1262:.
1250:.
1246:.
1223:.
1213:.
1203:.
1191:.
1187:.
1164:.
1154:.
1144:.
1132:.
1128:.
1105:.
1095:21
1070:.
1060:.
1050:27
1048:.
1044:.
1032:^
1018:.
1004:.
1000:.
977:.
963:.
959:.
947:^
933:.
923:10
921:.
897:.
887:37
885:.
862:.
852:.
840:.
836:.
813:.
803:57
801:.
778:.
746:.
736:63
734:.
722:^
708:.
700:.
692:.
680:.
657:.
647:59
645:.
622:.
614:.
600:.
596:.
584:^
570:.
560:63
558:.
533:88
531:.
502:.
498:.
473:.
447:.
433:^
419:.
409:.
397:13
395:.
391:.
353:^
222:.
185:,
1689:e
1682:t
1675:v
1658:.
1646::
1636::
1609:.
1605::
1582:.
1558::
1552:9
1531:.
1507::
1501:7
1480:.
1456::
1429:.
1417::
1394:.
1372::
1364::
1337:.
1315::
1307::
1280:.
1258::
1231:.
1207::
1199::
1172:.
1148::
1140::
1113:.
1101::
1078:.
1056::
1026:.
1012::
1006:8
985:.
971::
941:.
929::
905:.
893::
870:.
848::
821:.
809::
786:.
754:.
742::
716:.
696::
688::
665:.
653::
630:.
608::
578:.
566::
543:.
539::
516:.
510::
483:.
459:.
455::
427:.
403::
208:6
206:H
204:5
155:1
134:1
130:4
126:1
122:6
118:5
114:4
110:3
106:2
102:1
62:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
