710:
1388:
1035:
2417:
1043:
2389:
2440:. The dome has a conical roof. The church was converted to a mosque in 1579, and then converted into a Russian Orthodox church in the 1880s. The Russians built porches in front of the church's three entrances, and an elaborate clocktower (now demolished) next to the church. The church was used as a warehouse from the 1930s, and it housed a small museum from 1963 until the late 1970s. Then the building was left to itself for about two decades, until it was converted into a mosque in 1993. In the same district of Kars are two other ruined
2622:
81:
2405:
101:
136:
879:
1062:, on behalf of the Georgian and Armenian republics. Turkey found itself in a difficult position: it wanted good relations with the Soviet Union, but at the same time they refused to give up the territories. Turkey itself was in no condition to fight a war with the Soviet Union, which had emerged as a superpower after the second world war. By the autumn of 1945, Soviet troops in the Caucasus were ordered to prepare for a possible invasion of Turkey. Prime Minister
545:
533:
2688:
2708:
90:
4512:
2724:
2672:
2656:
2740:
2308:
70:
2217:
143:
698:
709:
1109:
has remained closed. In 2006, former Kars mayor Naif
Alibeyoğlu said that opening the border would boost the local economy and reawaken the city. Despite unsuccessful attempts to establish diplomatic relations between the two countries in 2009, there remained opposition and pressure from the local
2889:
954:. Kars had been fortified to withstand a lengthy siege but, to the astonishment of all, was taken with little resistance by Turkish forces on 30 October 1920, in what some modern scholars have called one of the worst military fiascoes in Armenian history. The terms of the
510:, Kars became the capital of a separate independent kingdom, again called Vanand. However, the extent of its actual independence from the Kingdom of Ani is uncertain: it was always in the possession of the relatives of the rulers of Ani, and, after Ani's capture by the
867:
1021:
provisions guaranteeing the
Armenian residents right to relinquish Turkish nationality, leave the territory freely and take with them either their goods or the proceeds of their sale, but by some accounts formerly Armenian lands had
2375:
By the nineteenth century the citadel had lost most of its defensive purpose and a series of outer fortresses and defensive works were constructed to encircle Kars – this new defensive system proved particularly notable during the
1387:
997:. The Treaty of Kars established peaceful relations between the two nations, but as early as 1939, some British diplomats noted indications that the Soviet Union was not satisfied with the established border. The
829:
From 1878 to 1881 more than 82,000 Muslims from formerly
Ottoman-controlled territory migrated to the Ottoman Empire. Among those there were more than 11,000 people from the city of Kars. At the same time, many
1034:
930:
in
January 1919 but the pro-Turkish government remained in the city until a joint operation launched by British and Armenian troops dissolved it on 19 April 1919, arresting its leaders and sending them to
2360:, at the close of the sixteenth century, is inaccurate. However, Murad probably ordered the reconstruction of much of the city walls (they are similar to those that the Ottoman army constructed at
529:, paid homage to the victorious Turks so that they would not lay siege to his city. In 1065 Gagik-Abas ceded his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire, but soon after Kars was taken by the Seljuk Turks.
552:
The
Seljuks quickly relinquished direct control over Kars and it became a small emirate whose territory corresponded closely to that of Vanand, and which bordered the similarly created but larger
919:
4286:
Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, 1993 yılında kiliseyi
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı'na devretti. Böylece kilise, yıllar yine cami olarak kullanılmaya başlandı ve adı yine Kümbet Cami olarak değiştirildi.
1477:), and temperatures can plummet to −30 °C (−22 °F) during the winter months. Kars experiences frequent and sometimes heavy snowfall, with four months of snow cover on average.
910:
on 3 March 1918. However, by then Kars was under the effective control of
Armenian and non-Bolshevik Russian forces. The Ottoman Empire captured Kars on 25 April 1918, but under the
4798:
3623:
Turkey cut all routes to
Armenia in April 1993, after the Karabakh Armenian army - with alleged support from Russian and Armenian armies - seized Kelbajar province of Azerbaijan.
2489:
cultures, the buildings of Kars come in a variety of architectural styles. Most
Russian-era buildings in Kars are identical in architectural style to those of Gyumri in Armenia.
3791:
1050:
After World War II, the Soviet Union attempted to annul the Kars treaty and regain the Kars region and the adjoining region of
Ardahan. On June 7, 1945, Soviet Foreign Minister
3694:
2335:
Armenian period (there is surviving masonry on the north side of the castle) but it probably took on its present form during the thirteenth century when Kars was ruled by the
1415:, becoming the largest political party in both the city and the province of Kars. The last elected mayor was Ayhan Bilgen from the HDP until he was deposed in October 2020.
463:
Little is known of the early history of Kars beyond the fact that, during medieval times, it had its own dynasty of Armenian rulers and was the capital of a region known as
3842:
3815:
4144:
3378:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России
2909:
2635:
2266:) in Azerbaijan. (As of September 2018, Turkey maintains that the border will remain closed until Armenia ends its occupation). Construction on a new line, the
2964:
4958:
3870:
3279:
1077:, however, the United States came to see Turkey as a useful ally against Soviet expansion and began to support it financially and militarily. By 1948 the
4791:
3934:
958:, signed by the representatives of Armenia and Turkey on 2 December 1920, forced Armenia to give back all the Ottoman territories granted to it in the
1002:
3739:
680:
637:
629:
625:
2416:
4500:
3676:
4221:
3400:
4784:
3475:
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3079:
1412:
1404:
1130:
167:
4045:] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 198–201. Archived from
608:. After the Ak Koyunlu, as it went naturally for almost all their former territories, the city fell into the hands of the newly established
2165:
1010:
4023:Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, извлечённых из посемейных списков 1886 года, г. Тифлис, 1893. Available online
4948:
2242:(TCDD) that links it to Erzurum. This line was originally laid when Kars was within the Russian Empire and connected the city to nearby
3328:
3307:
3247:
3227:
3203:
2432:
plan (a square with four semicircular apses) surmounted by a spherical dome on a cylindrical drum. On the exterior, the drum contains
2267:
1014:
1006:
4323:
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4075:
4005:
3704:
3616:
3572:
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3023:
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population against the re-opening of the border. Under pressure from Azerbaijan, and the local population, including the 20% ethnic
781:
4239:
3767:
842:) migrated to the region from the Ottoman Empire and other regions of Transcaucasia. According to the Russian census data, by 1897
4478:
4173:
3071:
2250:, with a wartime, narrow-gauge extension running to Erzurum. Turkey's border crossings with Armenia, including the rail link, the
1434:
1428:
3909:
741:. At the end of the war it returned to Ottoman control for diplomatic reasons, Russia gaining only two border forts. During the
2346:
with a building inscription in Armenian on the easternmost tower, so the much repeated statement that Kars castle was built by
1042:
3171:
935:. In May 1919 Kars came under the full administration of the Armenian Republic and became the capital of its Vanand province.
777:
733:. After another Russian siege in 1828 the city was surrendered by the Ottomans on June 23, 1828, to the Russian general Count
4807:
3181:
1440:
1067:
400:
4264:
1444:
1145:
According to Turkey's 2011 Statistical Yearbook, the area has been depopulating because of migration to bigger cities. In
135:
3297:
922:, led by Fahrettin Pirioglu, that claimed Turkish sovereignty over Kars and Turkic-speaking regions as far as Batumi and
721:. During a break between the Russian campaigns in the region conducted against the Ottomans, in 1821, commander-in-chief
4122:
4100:
4012:
At the end of 1878, the indigenous population of the city of Kars included 2,835 Turks, 1,031 Armenians and. 378 Greeks.
2985:
2893:
2478:
404:
2388:
1046:
The Gazi Ahmet Paşa Konağı, a traditional house in Kars built during the period the city was part of the Russian Empire
491:(all meaning 'Kars Fortress'). At some point in the ninth century (at least by 888) it entered into the domains of the
4943:
4835:
2251:
408:
305:
2924:
2503:
style", whose like cannot be seen anywhere else in Turkey, and deplores the deteriorating condition of these houses.
946:
took place during the summer of 1920. In the autumn of that year four Turkish divisions under the command of General
730:
4079:
1408:
1400:
1098:
1447:, due to its location away from large bodies of water, its high elevation and location, where the high plateau of
565:
4883:
4493:
3955:
3891:
1424:
927:
915:
419:
3968:
2621:
1458:
Summers are generally brief and quite warm with cool nights. The average high temperature in August is 27
746:
4036:
2444:. A Russian church from the 1900s was converted to a mosque in the 1980s after serving as a school gymnasium.
118:
1089:
In April 1993, Turkey closed its Kars border crossing with Armenia, in a protest against the capture of the
939:
907:
785:
758:
514:
in 1045, the Bagratuni title "King of Kings" held by the ruler of Ani was transferred to the ruler of Kars.
3564:
The Dowry of the State?: The Politics of Abandoned Property and the Population Exchange in Turkey 1921-1945
2645:
The municipality of Kars has developed sister city relationships with following cities at home and abroad:
4953:
4875:
4827:
4486:
3592:
3491:
970:
955:
293:
3749:
3168:
2365:
2231:
2220:
793:
672:
30:
4197:
3668:
2851:"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"
947:
918:. The Ottomans refused to relinquish Kars; its military governor instead established a government, the
871:
753:, but after the garrison had been devastated by cholera and food supplies were depleted, the town was
3430:
3097:
2235:
1133:(HDP), who was elected in 2019, and arrested and deposed in 2020. He was replaced by the governor of
990:
951:
891:
668:
644:
retook the city from the Ottomans. The fortifications of the city were rebuilt by the Ottoman Sultan
352:
2404:
80:
4867:
3408:
3349:
2515:
2466:, built in 1725. Close to the bridge are three old bath-houses, none of them operating any longer.
2459:
2393:
959:
914:(October 1918) was required to withdraw to the pre-war frontier and Kars came under control of the
911:
702:
585:
573:
221:
209:
2950:
878:
241:
100:
4907:
4455:
2903:
2803:
2766:
2610:
2495:
2474:
1051:
581:
568:
succeeded in capturing Kars, joining it to their fiefdom of Ani. It was conquered in 1242 by the
561:
4668:
3792:"Turkish police detain dozens of HDP members, including Mayor Bilgen, over 2014 Kobane protests"
3467:
1115:
246:
4597:
4447:
4388:
Barthold, W.; Heywood, C.J. (1997). "Kars". In Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, CH. (eds.).
4001:
3928:
3612:
3568:
3528:
3499:
3471:
3353:
3324:
3303:
3243:
3223:
3199:
3177:
3075:
3046:
3040:
3019:
2795:
2789:
2716:
2707:
2692:
2486:
2470:
2441:
2425:
2409:
2332:
2271:
2259:
2205:
2118:
2071:
2023:
1063:
895:
641:
628:, the city was declared neutral, and its existing fortress was destroyed. In 1585, during the
597:
537:
500:
441:
431:
338:
122:
3606:
3376:
4437:
4240:"Baku-Tbilisi-Kars (BTK) railway track becomes operational to carry Chinese goods to Europe"
3744:
3699:
3341:
2885:
2823:
2320:
2278:, began in 2010. The line became operational on October 30, 2017. The line connects Kars to
2263:
2239:
1448:
994:
738:
532:
511:
496:
492:
360:
3587:
Krikorian, Robert O. (2011), "Kars-Ardahan and Soviet Armenian Irredentism, 1945–1946," in
3273:
548:
Map of the Armenian Kingdom under the reign of the Bagratid dynasty, 10-11th centuries A.D.
544:
4327:
3523:
The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization
2482:
2437:
1452:
1292:
1259:
1238:
1038:
Fethiye Mosque, the former Russian military cathedral built in tribute to Alexander Nevsky
851:
839:
664:
621:
609:
415:
4310:
4083:
3342:
2424:
Below the castle is a mosque, formerly the Armenian church known as Surb Arak'elots, the
1395:
The present day ethnic make-up of Kars is also reflected in politics, with the Turks and
2850:
1149:
alone, there are 269,388 people from Kars, more than three times the city's population.
4183:
3521:
3460:
3105:
2798:
composed the march "The Capture of Kars" to commemorate Russia's victory there in 1855.
2357:
2347:
2316:
1210:
1187:
1161:
1073:
initially felt that the matter should not concern other parties. With the onset of the
998:
974:
866:
815:
789:
773:
769:
765:
734:
718:
661:
653:
636:. On June 8, 1604, during the next bout of hostilities between the two archrivals, the
388:
285:
114:
4938:
4932:
4694:
4516:
4459:
4222:"Turkey will not open Armenia border amid Karabakh occupation: Erdoğan - Turkey News"
3973:
3913:
3724:
3268:
2827:
2819:
2452:
2377:
2230:, and lesser roads run north to Ardahan and south to Igdir. The town has an airport (
1905:
1411:) was elected mayor. During the June 2015 elections, Kars was won by the pro-Kurdish
1288:
1134:
986:
855:
835:
823:
811:
754:
750:
467:. Medieval Armenian historians referred to the city by a variety of names, including
376:
372:
226:
214:
4298:
3843:"Trustee replaces Kars mayor dismissed in pro-PKK probe targeting 2014 Kobani riots"
3645:
3634:"Kars battles for access to Armenia and beyond", Turkish Daily News, July 30th 2006.
4859:
4851:
1396:
1195:
1179:
1153:
1126:
1111:
1078:
1070:
1059:
1055:
978:
932:
601:
589:
522:
55:
4352:
2447:
The Grand Mosque of Kars is the largest historic mosque in the city. Built by the
2368:, a crushing defeat was inflicted upon the Ottoman army by the Persian conqueror,
1017:, established the current north-eastern boundaries of Turkey. The treaty included
499:
between 929 and 961. During this period, the town's cathedral, later known as the
89:
4776:
4398:
4024:
3562:
592:. In 1387 the city was leveled and the surrounding countryside was devastated by
4711:
4277:
3871:"The provinces with highest out-migration according to their net migration rate"
3847:
3173:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.
2777:
2490:
2336:
2279:
1191:
887:
801:
742:
722:
692:
3608:
Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh
2307:
1175:
sub-ethnic groups. The Shia Azerbaijanis make up 20% of the city's population.
683:. As a result, the Turks fled westwards, raiding their own lands as they went.
600:
followed for some time after that, until it firstly fell into the hands of the
411:
from 929 to 961. Currently, the mayor of Kars is Türker Öksüz. The city had an
4442:
4425:
2808:
2792:, is dedicated to the public figures and places of Kars, the author's hometown
2696:
2687:
2499:, set in Kars, makes repeated references to "the Russian houses", built "in a
2463:
2433:
2429:
2397:
2369:
2291:
2275:
1495:
1485:
1474:
1463:
1172:
1094:
890:, the city was one of the main objectives of the Ottoman army during the lost
819:
797:
726:
676:
649:
605:
526:
518:
440:, meaning 'bride'. According to another hypothesis, the name derives from the
281:
4451:
3878:
Turkey in Statistics 2011 (The Summary of Turkey's Statistical Yearbook 2011)
3108:
et al. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 3, pp. 374–375.
2857:
2625:
Monument of Humanity in Kars demolished on R. T. Erdogan's directive in 2011.
182:
169:
2953:, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
2353:
2331:, sits at the top a rocky hill overlooking Kars. Its walls date back to the
1215:
966:
843:
831:
645:
577:
557:
553:
412:
379:. As of 2022, its population was 91,450. Kars, in classical historiography (
276:
17:
826:. In the following years the Russians supported the fortification of Kars.
69:
2216:
772:
contested its possession. The fortress was stormed by the Russians in the
713:
The Armenian Cathedral of Kars, which was converted into a mosque in 1993.
4843:
3820:
3719:
2728:
2343:
1317:
1284:
1263:
1168:
1146:
1090:
1074:
847:
617:
3283:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 683.
2412:
housed a museum in the 1960s–70s and was converted to a mosque in 1993.
4915:
2815:
2748:
2739:
2712:
2448:
2361:
2328:
2283:
2255:
2234:), with daily direct flights to Ankara and Istanbul. Kars is served by
2227:
1491:
1481:
1470:
1469:
Winters are very cold. The average low January temperature is −15
1459:
1119:
1102:
899:
569:
564:
attempts at seizing Kars. Thus, it was only in 1206 that Zakare of the
396:
252:
2436:
depictions of twelve figures, usually interpreted as representing the
2254:, have regrettably been closed since April 1993. Turkey's border with
2196:, a sport which does not exist in Turkey today, was once played here.
926:(Gyumri). Much of the region fell under the administrative control of
697:
4819:
4511:
3998:
The Construction of the Tiflis-Aleksandropol-Kars Railway (1895-1899)
2732:
2723:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2350:
2247:
2243:
2189:
1296:
1106:
982:
923:
657:
633:
464:
380:
368:
202:
3344:
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
4123:"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)"
4046:
3950:
4000:. Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. p. 7.
3272:
2744:
2660:
2620:
2500:
2415:
2403:
2387:
2306:
2215:
2193:
1386:
1320:(4.9%), 1,828 other Christians (5.9%), 298 other Muslims, 25 Jews
1183:
1157:
903:
806:
708:
696:
593:
572:
and later Kars fell under Georgian influence. During the reign of
543:
531:
3152:
3150:
745:, an Ottoman garrison led by British officers, including General
4151:
3068:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3
2287:
2173:
1122:
was out of the question. As of 2014, the border remains closed.
943:
613:
4780:
4482:
4899:
3498:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 197–227.
556:
emirate centered at Ani. The Kars emirate was a vassal of the
507:
4326:(in Turkish). Siyasal Birikim. 8 October 2007. Archived from
4299:
THE CATHEDRAL OF KARS: Holy Apostles Church (Surb Arak'elots)
3527:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 182ff.
3042:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
920:
Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus
822:, which was the most southwesterly extension of the Russian
506:
In 963, shortly after the Bagratuni seat was transferred to
4397:
Lordkipanidze, Mariam Davydovna; Hewitt, George B. (1987).
2993:
4473:
4426:"Russian Modernization in East Anatolia: The Case of Kars"
3496:
The Republic of Armenia, Vol. I: The First Year, 1918–1919
671:
by Nader Shah. Later, in August 1745, a huge Ottoman army
584:, which included Kars. By 1358, the city was ruled by the
486:
480:
474:
468:
319:
2258:
was closed down after local Armenian forces occupied the
1118:
reiterated in 2010 and 2011 that opening the border with
3695:"Armenia border opening out of question, says Davutoğlu"
3039:
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1996).
2986:"Kars'ta Modern Besi Çiftliği ve Kesimhane tamamlanıyor"
3740:"Turkish, Armenian journalists want the border opened"
3198:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxi.
2783:
2342:
The walls bear crosses in several places, including a
1505:
Climate data for Kars (1991–2020, extremes 1931–2023)
1026:
become state property as a consequence of the treaty.
445:
435:
3768:"Kars Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri"
3595:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, pp. 393–409.
3292:
3290:
2888:; Vardanyan, Vrezh; Khalpakhchyan, Hovhannes (1979).
870:
Armenian civilians fleeing Kars after its capture by
717:
In 1807 Kars successfully resisted an attack by the
560:
in Erzurum, whose forces were effective in opposing
540:, as seen in a photo taken in the late 19th century.
4539:
4523:
3117:
314:
304:
292:
275:
267:
259:
237:
232:
220:
208:
198:
41:
4125:(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service
4103:(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service
3520:
3462:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918-1919
3459:
1391:Provincial Special Administration Building in Kars
1081:dropped its claims to Kars and the other regions.
985:in exchange for Turkish control of the regions of
977:(October 23, 1921), signed between Turkey and the
3816:"Ayhan Bilgen sacked by the ministry of Interior"
3611:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Watch. p. 74.
3066:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009).
1137:, Eyüp Tepe, as a government-appointed trustee.
4152:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4145:"WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Kars-17097"
3156:
2826:, who organized the defense of Kars during its
2282:in Georgia, from where trains will continue to
1403:and the Kurds often voting for the pro-Kurdish
648:and were strong enough to withstand a siege by
3689:
3687:
3371:
3369:
2636:List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey
981:. The treaty allowed for Soviet annexation of
950:invaded the Armenian Republic, triggering the
346:
4792:
4494:
3669:"Border Turks Want Door to Armenia Kept Shut"
2771:
788:. Following the war, Kars was transferred to
117:, Panoramic view of Kars Topçuoğlu Hamam and
8:
3567:. University if Bamberg Press. p. 167.
1167:The Azerbaijanis are mainly composed of the
1066:objected to these territorial claims, while
3754:Note: archive not available until mid-2013.
3709:Note: archive not available until mid-2013.
3681:Note: archive not available until mid-2013.
3466:. University of California Press. pp.
3321:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged
3240:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
3222:page 194. Edinburgh University Press, 2002
3070:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
1058:that the regions should be returned to the
4799:
4785:
4777:
4501:
4487:
4479:
4101:"İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri"
3605:Panico, Christopher; Rone, Jemera (1994).
3129:
2908:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1501:
517:In 1064, just after the capture of Ani by
38:
4441:
4381:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)
3675:. Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3242:page XXXV. Scarecrow Press, 13 feb. 2003
2965:"Geography Stabo - Book XI - Chapter XIV"
2898:. Vol. 5. Yerevan. pp. 342–343.
2364:). During the eighteenth century, at the
1003:Government of the Grand National Assembly
764:The city's significance increased as the
580:occupied the southern territories of the
3141:
2814:In 1857 the settlement of Wellington in
2647:
1200:
1041:
1033:
877:
865:
701:The 1828 Russian siege of Kars (painter
4088:Pop. (2000) 78,473; (2013 est.) 78,100.
3996:Mirzoyan, Sonya; Badem, Candan (2013).
3892:"İstanbul'un nüfus bilgileri açıklandı"
3679:from the original on 23 September 2012.
3348:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
2839:
1480:Highest recorded temperature:37.1
1407:. On 30 March 2014, Murtaza Karaçanta (
1114:minority, the Turkish foreign minister
632:, the Ottomans took the city alongside
313:
291:
274:
266:
258:
231:
197:
162:
128:
61:
4070:
4068:
3933:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3926:
3869:Turkish Statistical Institute (2011).
3431:"The Armistice Convention with Turkey"
2901:
2845:
2843:
2764:Kars is the setting of the 2002 novel
2226:Kars is served by a main highway from
1490:Lowestrecorded temperature:−37.0
1182:, mainly made up by the population of
1152:Today, Kars has a mixed population of
1054:told the Turkish ambassador to Moscow
383:), was in the ancient region known as
4410:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
4278:"Burası cami oldu, burada ayin olmaz"
3762:
3760:
3656:from the original on 12 October 2009.
3045:. Taylor & Francis. p. 357.
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2396:(Stone Bridge, 1725), built over the
1101:. Since then the land border between
303:
236:
219:
207:
7:
2932:(in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 57
2462:(Stone Bridge) is a bridge over the
2166:Turkish State Meteorological Service
749:, kept the Russians at bay during a
729:occupied Kars, further igniting the
538:Armenian Church of the Holy Apostles
430:The city's name may derive from the
4959:Provincial municipalities in Turkey
3969:"Two vast and ugly blocks of stone"
3720:"Two vast and ugly blocks of stone"
3401:"The Fall of Kars – April 25, 1918"
2926:Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî
2595:The Tomb of Ebul Hasan-i Harakani (
2507:The Mansion of Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (
2469:As a settlement at the juncture of
1125:The last elected mayor of Kars was
656:, in 1731. It became the head of a
3646:"Turkey, Armenia to Reopen Border"
2984:Gazete, Banka (26 November 2021).
2270:, intended to connect Turkey with
1178:Most of the population in Kars is
25:
4379:Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011).
4324:"Kars Belediyesi'nin çalışmaları"
3220:Islam: An Historical Introduction
2420:Belle Epoque Russian Architecture
2372:, not far from the city of Kars.
2208:, which was established in 1992.
1399:often voting for the nationalist
796:. Kars became the capital of the
4510:
4403:. Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers.
4311:Orhan pamuk and the city of Kars
4301:." VirtualANI. December 7, 2000.
4175:В хоккей играют настоящие армяне
4038:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
3519:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996).
3458:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971).
3407:. 22 August 2015. Archived from
3196:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
2824:General William Fenwick Williams
2738:
2722:
2706:
2686:
2670:
2654:
906:to the Ottoman Empire under the
731:Ottoman–Persian War of 1821–1823
681:Ottoman–Persian War of 1743–1746
638:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603–1618
630:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1579–1590
626:Ottoman–Safavid War of 1533–1555
141:
134:
99:
88:
79:
68:
4400:Georgia in the XI–XII Centuries
4060:The new encyclopædia Britannica
3667:Mammadli, Sabuhi (1 May 2009).
3194:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
3118:Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987
2428:. Built in the 930's, it has a
1005:and by the Soviet republics of
882:Interior of the Kars cathedral.
4808:Historical capitals of Armenia
3703:. 19 July 2010. Archived from
3561:Morack, Ellinor (2017-03-14).
3381:(in Russian). Demoscope Weekly
2822:in honor of the Canadian-born
2811:was filmed in and around Kars.
1439:). It experiences significant
1097:by Armenian forces during the
942:and Armenian border troops in
525:), the Armenian king of Kars,
495:. Kars was the capital of the
1:
4847:(176–177 BC and 69 BC–120 AD)
4265:Railway Gazette International
3748:. 3 June 2012. Archived from
3238:Somel, Selcuk Aksin. (2003).
2597:Ebul Hasan-i Harakani Türbesi
1445:diurnal temperature variation
667:. In July 1744, the city was
4198:"Kafkas University - Kafkas"
4182:(in Russian). Archived from
3549:Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV
3405:ANI Armenian Research Center
3340:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
2895:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
487:
481:
475:
469:
418:until it was re-captured by
263:1,768 m (5,801 ft)
142:
4353:"Twin-cities of Azerbaijan"
4043:Caucasian calendar for 1917
3157:Barthold & Heywood 1997
2784:
2581:The Mosque of Yusuf Pasha (
2574:The Cemetery of Arap Baba (
2525:The Topchuoglu Bath House (
2426:Church of the Holy Apostles
2384:Other historical structures
2311:Kars Citadel from the river
2252:Kars-Gyumri-Tbilisi railway
1978:Average precipitation days
1764:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1624:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
804:("region"), comprising the
588:and in 1380 it fell to the
501:Church of the Holy Apostles
497:Bagratid kingdom of Armenia
446:
436:
409:Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia
395:), part of the province of
364:
4975:
4949:Former capitals of Armenia
4392:. Brill. pp. 669–671.
4390:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
4284:(in Turkish). 2008-06-24.
4267:February 2009 p54 with map
3018:. McFarland. p. 178.
2649:
2641:Twin towns – Sister cities
2633:
2560:The Palace of Beylerbeyi (
2546:The House of Namık Kemal (
2539:The Mazlumaga Bath House (
2171:
2163:
1504:
1099:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
969:advance into Armenia, the
778:Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
690:
624:of 1555 that followed the
420:Turkish nationalist forces
113:View of Kars city centre,
28:
4814:
4443:10.1163/22118993-00371P09
4408:Rayfield, Donald (2013).
4313:Retrieved 20 August 2023.
3956:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3644:Staff (11 October 2009).
2818:, Canada, renamed itself
2532:The Ilbeoglu Bath House (
2451:, it was restored by the
2268:Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway
2116:
2069:
2021:
1977:
1903:
1833:
1763:
1693:
1623:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1425:humid continental climate
1131:Peoples' Democratic Party
916:First Republic of Armenia
392:
367:) is a city in northeast
347:
342:
163:
129:
62:
53:
4174:
3824:(in Turkish). 2020-10-02
3438:germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc
3377:
3323:Routledge, 2014, p. 463
3102:Hay Zhoghovrdi Patmutyun
3098:Harutyunyan, Varazdat M.
2994:https://gazetebanka.com/
2509:Ahmet Tevfik Paşa Konağı
1001:, signed in 1921 by the
747:William Fenwick Williams
4424:Gurallar, Neşe (2020).
4202:www.admissionglobal.com
4080:Encyclopædia Britannica
3650:The Wall Street Journal
3492:Hovannisian, Richard G.
3280:Encyclopædia Britannica
3176:ABC-CLIO, 31 jul. 2011
3100:"Chartarapetutyun" in
3016:Placenames of the World
2923:Adem Avcıkıran (2009).
2630:International relations
2602:The Mosque of Fethiye (
940:Turkish revolutionaries
938:Skirmishes between the
908:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
810:("districts") of Kars,
4474:Kars Governor's Office
4172:Grigoryan, Aleksandr.
3593:Richard G. Hovannisian
3169:Mikaberidze, Alexander
2772:
2626:
2615:Gazi Ahmet Paşa Konağı
2588:The Mosque of Evliya (
2567:The Mansion of Pasha (
2421:
2413:
2410:Church of the Apostles
2401:
2324:
2312:
2262:(adjacent to disputed
2223:
1392:
1190:, and the minority is
1047:
1039:
973:was superseded by the
971:Treaty of Alexandropol
956:Treaty of Alexandropol
883:
875:
737:, 11,000 men becoming
714:
706:
687:Russian administration
549:
541:
356:
36:Municipality in Turkey
3752:on 23 September 2012.
3707:on 23 September 2012.
3589:Armenian Kars and Ani
3296:Kohn, George Childs.
3014:Room, Adrian (2003).
2624:
2419:
2407:
2391:
2366:Battle of Kars (1745)
2327:), also known as the
2310:
2232:Kars Harakani Airport
2221:Kars Harakani Airport
2219:
1498:) on 4 February 1947
1390:
1045:
1037:
898:. Russia ceded Kars,
881:
869:
858:5.3% and Turks 3.8%.
838:(here usually called
794:Treaty of San Stefano
712:
700:
566:Zakarids–Mkhargrdzeli
547:
535:
183:40.60778°N 43.09583°E
31:Kars (disambiguation)
4228:. 15 September 2018.
3796:www.duvarenglish.com
2609:The Mansion of Gazi
2356:during the war with
1554:Record high °C (°F)
952:Turkish-Armenian War
892:Battle of Sarikamish
371:. It is the seat of
29:For other uses, see
4226:Hürriyet Daily News
4049:on 4 November 2021.
3551:, pp. 253–261.
2576:Arap Baba Şehitliği
1834:Record low °C (°F)
1694:Daily mean °C (°F)
1488:) on 24 August 2022
1451:converges with the
1194:, mainly among the
912:Armistice of Mudros
703:January Suchodolski
574:David IX of Georgia
493:Armenian Bagratunis
179: /
111:Clockwise from top:
4944:Armenian Highlands
4062:, Volume 6, p. 751
3728:. 13 January 2011.
3411:on 9 November 2020
3299:Dictionary of Wars
2759:In popular culture
2627:
2611:Ahmet Muhtar Pasha
2422:
2414:
2402:
2313:
2298:Places of interest
2224:
1393:
1052:Vyacheslav Molotov
1048:
1040:
1030:After World War II
884:
876:
761:in November 1855.
759:General Mouravieff
715:
707:
616:, founded by king
582:Kingdom of Georgia
550:
542:
450:, meaning 'gate'.
401:Kingdom of Armenia
238: • Mayor
188:40.60778; 43.09583
155:Location in Turkey
4926:
4925:
4774:
4773:
4412:. Reaktion books.
4340:68- KARDEŞ ŞEHİR:
4246:. 30 October 2017
4086:on 8 April 2014.
3977:. 13 January 2011
3477:978-0-520-01805-1
3359:978-0-313-31516-9
3319:Aksan, Virginia.
3302:Routledge, 2013.
3218:Endress, Gerhard
3081:978-0-19-530991-1
2886:Arakelyan, Babken
2796:Modest Mussorgsky
2790:Yeghishe Charents
2756:
2755:
2562:Beylerbeyi Sarayı
2442:Armenian churches
2260:Kalbajar District
2206:Kafkas University
2180:
2179:
2024:relative humidity
1380:
1379:
1064:Winston Churchill
896:Caucasus Campaign
598:Anatolian beyliks
536:The 10th-century
332:
331:
123:Cathedral of Kars
16:(Redirected from
4966:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4778:
4515:
4514:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4463:
4445:
4413:
4404:
4393:
4384:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4186:on 8 April 2014.
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4082:. Archived from
4072:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3912:. Archived from
3906:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:. 2 October 2020
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3772:www.sabah.com.tr
3764:
3755:
3753:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3691:
3682:
3680:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3602:
3596:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3465:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3347:
3337:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3265:
3250:
3236:
3230:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3191:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2847:
2787:
2775:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2710:
2691:
2690:
2675:
2674:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2583:Yusuf Paşa Camii
2541:Mazlumağa Hamamı
2534:İlbeyoğlu Hamamı
2527:Topçuoğlu Hamamı
2264:Nagorno Karabakh
2240:Turkish Railways
1502:
1455:mountain range.
1449:Eastern Anatolia
1201:
960:Treaty of Sèvres
751:protracted siege
739:prisoners of war
640:, Safavid ruler
620:. Following the
512:Byzantine Empire
490:
484:
482:Amrots’n Karuts’
478:
472:
470:Karuts’ k’aghak’
449:
439:
403:, and later the
394:
350:
349:
344:
328:
325:
323:
321:
250:
194:
193:
191:
190:
189:
184:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
145:
144:
138:
103:
92:
83:
72:
39:
21:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4810:
4805:
4775:
4770:
4535:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4470:
4430:Muqarnas Online
4423:
4420:
4418:Further reading
4407:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4361:
4359:
4357:Azerbaijans.com
4351:
4350:
4346:
4333:
4331:
4330:on 8 April 2014
4322:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4008:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3910:"Archived copy"
3908:
3907:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3318:
3314:
3295:
3288:
3267:
3266:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3130:Dashdondog 2011
3128:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2900:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2837:
2776:in Turkish) by
2761:
2737:
2721:
2705:
2685:
2669:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2548:Namık Kemal Evi
2438:Twelve Apostles
2386:
2305:
2300:
2214:
2204:Kars hosts the
2202:
2192:club Kars S.K.
2188:The town has a
2186:
2181:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1489:
1453:Lesser Caucasus
1421:
1385:
1313:25,665 (84.1%)
1293:Caucasus Greeks
1287:(26.3%), 1,084
1280:10,332 (49.7%)
1260:Caucasus Greeks
1239:Caucasus Greeks
1143:
1116:Ahmet Davutoğlu
1087:
1032:
948:Kâzım Karabekir
888:First World War
872:Kâzım Karabekir
864:
852:Caucasus Greeks
840:Caucasus Greeks
780:under generals
770:Russian empires
695:
689:
665:Erzurum vilayet
622:Peace of Amasya
610:Safavid dynasty
604:and subsequent
521:(leader of the
473:('Kars city'),
461:
459:Medieval period
456:
428:
416:ethnic majority
318:
300:
244:
187:
185:
181:
178:
173:
170:
168:
166:
165:
159:
158:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
146:
125:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
95:
94:
93:
85:
84:
75:
74:
73:
58:
49:
47:
44:
37:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:Merkezkarakale
4717:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4524:Municipalities
4521:
4520:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4468:External links
4466:
4465:
4464:
4436:(1): 247–264.
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4405:
4394:
4385:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4344:
4315:
4303:
4290:
4269:
4257:
4231:
4213:
4189:
4164:
4136:
4114:
4092:
4064:
4052:
4028:
4016:
4006:
3988:
3960:
3940:
3901:
3883:
3861:
3834:
3807:
3783:
3756:
3731:
3711:
3683:
3659:
3636:
3627:
3617:
3597:
3580:
3573:
3553:
3540:
3533:
3511:
3504:
3483:
3476:
3450:
3422:
3392:
3365:
3358:
3332:
3329:978-1317884033
3312:
3308:978-1135954949
3286:
3271:, ed. (1911).
3269:Chisholm, Hugh
3251:
3248:978-0810866065
3231:
3228:978-0748616206
3211:
3205:978-1442241466
3204:
3186:
3161:
3159:, p. 670.
3146:
3144:, p. 145.
3134:
3122:
3120:, p. 135.
3110:
3106:Tsatur Aghayan
3087:
3080:
3058:
3051:
3031:
3024:
3006:
2976:
2955:
2943:
2915:
2870:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2812:
2799:
2793:
2781:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2735:
2719:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2683:
2667:
2642:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2512:
2385:
2382:
2317:Castle of Kars
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2198:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:sunshine hours
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:sunshine hours
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1420:
1417:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:1,031 (24.4%)
1232:
1231:2,835 (66.8%)
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1142:
1139:
1086:
1085:Recent history
1083:
1031:
1028:
999:Treaty of Kars
975:Treaty of Kars
863:
860:
846:formed 49.7%,
774:Battle of Kars
735:Ivan Paskevich
719:Russian Empire
688:
685:
669:again besieged
460:
457:
455:
452:
427:
424:
422:in late 1920.
330:
329:
316:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:
298:
296:
290:
289:
279:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
239:
235:
234:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
212:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
161:
160:
154:
148:
147:
140:
139:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
115:Castle of Kars
109:
98:
97:
96:
87:
86:
78:
77:
76:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4971:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Kars District
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:Yervandashat
4833:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4699:Küçükboğatepe
4698:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4517:Kars District
4513:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4165:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4007:9789491145032
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3976:
3975:
3974:The Economist
3970:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3916:on 2014-03-13
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3880:. p. 15.
3879:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3745:Today's Zaman
3741:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:The Economist
3721:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3700:Today's Zaman
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3673:CRS Issue 491
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:1-56432-142-8
3614:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3574:9783863094638
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:Hovannisian.
3544:
3541:
3536:
3534:0-520-08804-2
3530:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3505:0-520-01984-9
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3380:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:Rayfield 2013
3138:
3135:
3132:, p. 58.
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:(in Armenian)
3091:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3052:1-884964-02-8
3048:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3025:0-7864-1814-1
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:İl Belediyesi
2947:
2944:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:, a novel by
2786:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:Fethiye Camii
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:Kars Museum (
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2493:in the novel
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2411:
2408:The Armenian
2406:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2378:Siege of Kars
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:Mean monthly
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:precipitation
1902:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:1,210 (3.9%)
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1135:Kars Province
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
880:
873:
868:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Pontic Greeks
833:
827:
825:
824:Transcaucasus
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Loris-Melikov
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
711:
704:
699:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:(Tamerlane).
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
546:
539:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
504:
503:, was built.
502:
498:
494:
489:
488:Amurn Karuts’
483:
477:
471:
466:
458:
453:
451:
448:
443:
438:
433:
425:
423:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Kars District
374:
373:Kars Province
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
340:
336:
327:
317:
309:
307:
297:
295:
287:
283:
280:
278:
270:
262:
254:
248:
243:
240:
228:
225:
223:
216:
213:
211:
204:
201:
192:
164:Coordinates:
137:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
91:
82:
71:
57:
52:
40:
32:
27:
19:
4919:(since 1918)
4914:
4906:
4898:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4860:Vagharshapat
4858:
4850:
4842:
4839:(210–176 BC)
4834:
4831:(331–210 BC)
4826:
4823:(832–590 BC)
4818:
4731:Ortagedikler
4702:Küçükpirveli
4614:Büyük Aküzüm
4576:Ayakgedikler
4530:
4433:
4429:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4380:
4360:. Retrieved
4356:
4347:
4339:
4332:. Retrieved
4328:the original
4318:
4306:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4205:. Retrieved
4201:
4192:
4184:the original
4180:Noev Kovcheg
4179:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4095:
4087:
4084:the original
4059:
4055:
4047:the original
4042:
4037:
4031:
4019:
4011:
3997:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3972:
3963:
3954:
3948:(in Russian)
3943:
3918:. Retrieved
3914:the original
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3864:
3853:. Retrieved
3846:
3837:
3826:. Retrieved
3819:
3810:
3799:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:
3750:the original
3743:
3734:
3723:
3714:
3705:the original
3698:
3672:
3662:
3649:
3639:
3630:
3622:
3607:
3600:
3588:
3583:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3522:
3514:
3495:
3486:
3461:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3404:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3343:
3335:
3320:
3315:
3298:
3278:
3274:"Kars"
3239:
3234:
3219:
3214:
3195:
3189:
3172:
3164:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3090:
3067:
3061:
3041:
3034:
3015:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2990:Gazete Banka
2989:
2979:
2968:. Retrieved
2958:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2925:
2918:
2894:
2861:. Retrieved
2802:
2785:Yerkir Nairi
2765:
2644:
2614:
2603:
2596:
2590:Evliya Camii
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2516:Stone Bridge
2508:
2494:
2468:
2457:
2446:
2423:
2374:
2341:
2314:
2303:Kars Citadel
2244:Alexandropol
2225:
2203:
2187:
1908:mm (inches)
1494:(−34.6
1479:
1468:
1457:
1432:
1422:
1397:Azerbaijanis
1394:
1295:(3.5%), 486
1291:(5.2%), 733
1262:(8.2%), 247
1255:2,483 (63%)
1252:841 (21.4%)
1196:Azerbaijanis
1180:Sunni Muslim
1177:
1166:
1154:Azerbaijanis
1151:
1144:
1141:Demographics
1127:Ayhan Bilgen
1124:
1093:district of
1088:
1079:Soviet Union
1071:Harry Truman
1060:Soviet Union
1056:Selim Sarper
1049:
1023:
1018:
979:Soviet Union
964:
937:
924:Alexandropol
885:
828:
805:
786:Ivan Lazarev
763:
716:
602:Qara Qoyunlu
590:Qara Qoyunlu
551:
523:Seljuk Turks
516:
505:
476:Karuts’ berd
462:
429:
384:
334:
333:
242:Türker Öksüz
110:
56:Municipality
26:
18:Kars, Turkey
4911:(1080–1375)
4852:Tigranakert
4585:Başgedikler
4250:27 February
3848:Daily Sabah
2999:26 November
2936:17 December
2890:"s.v. Kars"
2778:Orhan Pamuk
2569:Paşa Konağı
2555:Kars Müzesi
2491:Orhan Pamuk
2325:Kars Kalesi
2280:Akhalkalaki
2176:(humidity)
2117:Mean daily
1484:(98.8
1423:Kars has a
1277:786 (3.8%)
1192:Shia Muslim
1112:Azerbaijani
862:World War I
802:Kars Oblast
800:and larger
776:during the
755:surrendered
743:Crimean War
723:Abbas Mirza
693:Kars Oblast
679:during the
675:at Kars by
353:Azerbaijani
294:Postal code
245: [
186: /
4933:Categories
4903:(961–1045)
4884:Shirakavan
4855:(77–69 BC)
4705:Küçükyusuf
4682:Karacaören
4679:Hasçiftlik
4673:Hamzagerek
4635:Cumhuriyet
4362:2013-08-09
4244:dnd.com.pk
4207:2017-11-03
3981:29 January
3920:2014-03-13
3855:2020-10-02
3828:2020-10-02
3801:2020-09-25
3777:2019-09-12
3182:1598843362
2992:. p.
2970:2011-05-30
2835:References
2828:1855 siege
2809:Reha Erdem
2697:Azerbaijan
2634:See also:
2464:Kars River
2434:bas-relief
2430:tetraconch
2398:Kars River
2370:Nader Shah
2292:Azerbaijan
2276:Azerbaijan
2172:Source 2:
2164:Source 1:
1383:Government
1095:Azerbaijan
1011:Azerbaijan
965:After the
874:'s forces.
798:Kars Okrug
727:Qajar Iran
691:See also:
677:Nader Shah
673:was routed
650:Nader Shah
606:Aq Qoyunlu
586:Jalayirids
527:Gagik-Abas
519:Alp Arslan
268:Population
233:Government
174:43°05′45″E
171:40°36′28″N
4895:(929–961)
4887:(890–929)
4879:(885–890)
4871:(336–428)
4863:(120–330)
4761:Yalınkaya
4758:Yalçınlar
4755:Yağıkesen
4716:Maksutçuk
4691:Kocabahçe
4685:Karaçoban
4669:Halefoğlu
4662:Hacıhalil
4591:Bayraktar
4579:Aydınalan
4567:Arslanizi
4460:228969076
4452:0732-2992
4157:23 August
4107:23 August
2904:cite book
2801:The film
2455:in 1579.
2380:in 1855.
2354:Murad III
2339:dynasty.
2333:Bagratuni
2236:a station
2212:Transport
2200:Education
1462:(81
1435:Trewartha
1216:Armenians
1173:Qarapapaq
1068:President
967:Bolshevik
844:Armenians
832:Armenians
646:Murad III
578:Ilkhanate
558:Saltukids
554:Shaddadid
426:Etymology
306:Area code
277:Time zone
260:Elevation
4844:Artashat
4828:Armavir
4743:Tazekent
4712:Kümbetli
4708:Külveren
4665:Hacıveli
4653:Eşmeyazı
4650:Esenyazı
4647:Esenkent
4638:Davulköy
4629:Çığırgan
4617:Çağlayan
4602:Boğazköy
4598:Boğatepe
4564:Arazoğlu
4540:Villages
4383:. Brill.
4282:Milliyet
4129:11 April
3929:cite web
3821:Milliyet
3677:Archived
3654:Archived
3494:(1971).
2963:Strabo.
2863:13 March
2729:Kirkenes
2520:Taşköprü
2479:Georgian
2475:Armenian
2460:Taşköprü
2453:Ottomans
2394:Taşköprü
2344:Khachkar
2337:Zak'arid
2190:football
2112:2,407.6
2022:Average
1973:(20.87)
1904:Average
1899:(−34.6)
1894:(−31.0)
1889:(−22.0)
1849:(−24.7)
1844:(−34.6)
1839:(−34.1)
1473:(5
1441:seasonal
1318:Russians
1285:Russians
1264:Russians
1169:Terekeme
1147:Istanbul
1091:Kelbajar
1075:Cold War
1024:de facto
848:Russians
816:Kagizman
618:Ismail I
562:Georgian
442:Georgian
432:Armenian
413:Armenian
385:Chorzene
339:Armenian
222:District
210:Province
119:Taşköprü
4916:Yerevan
4876:Bagaran
4767:Yücelen
4764:Yılanlı
4752:Verimli
4749:Üçbölük
4746:Tekneli
4740:Subatan
4734:Söğütlü
4695:Kozluca
4688:Karakaş
4676:Hapanlı
4656:Gelirli
4641:Derecik
4623:Çamurlu
4611:Bulanık
4608:Bozkale
4588:Başkaya
4573:Atayurt
4546:Ağadeve
4373:Sources
4334:8 April
3443:3 April
3415:3 April
3385:8 April
3104:, eds.
2816:Ontario
2749:Germany
2717:Georgia
2713:Kutaisi
2487:Russian
2483:Kurdish
2471:Turkish
2449:Seljuks
2362:Ardahan
2348:Ottoman
2329:Citadel
2321:Turkish
2284:Tbilisi
2272:Georgia
2256:Armenia
2238:on the
2228:Erzurum
1968:(1.01)
1963:(1.05)
1958:(1.76)
1953:(1.17)
1948:(1.78)
1943:(2.56)
1938:(2.95)
1933:(3.29)
1928:(2.24)
1923:(1.30)
1918:(0.84)
1913:(0.91)
1879:(24.1)
1874:(28.6)
1869:(32.2)
1864:(24.8)
1859:(19.4)
1854:(−8.7)
1829:(30.6)
1824:(11.8)
1819:(23.4)
1814:(34.7)
1809:(43.0)
1804:(51.3)
1799:(50.9)
1794:(45.3)
1789:(39.7)
1784:(31.6)
1779:(20.7)
1759:(41.9)
1754:(20.8)
1749:(33.1)
1744:(46.8)
1739:(57.4)
1734:(65.1)
1729:(64.2)
1724:(58.1)
1719:(50.7)
1714:(42.3)
1709:(30.2)
1704:(18.1)
1699:(15.1)
1689:(54.9)
1684:(31.3)
1679:(45.5)
1674:(61.0)
1669:(73.4)
1664:(81.1)
1659:(79.3)
1654:(72.0)
1649:(63.1)
1644:(54.1)
1639:(40.8)
1634:(29.8)
1629:(26.2)
1619:(98.8)
1614:(60.6)
1609:(71.4)
1604:(80.2)
1599:(91.4)
1594:(98.8)
1589:(96.1)
1584:(93.0)
1579:(82.9)
1574:(77.0)
1569:(66.4)
1564:(53.6)
1559:(48.7)
1419:Climate
1370:78,101
1356:78,473
1342:78,455
1328:54,000
1307:30,514
1299:(2.3%)
1274:20,805
1266:(6.3%)
1241:(8.9%)
1220:Others
1129:of the
1120:Armenia
1103:Armenia
1019:de jure
1015:Georgia
1007:Armenia
995:Ardahan
928:Armenia
900:Ardahan
894:in the
886:In the
854:11.7%,
850:26.3%,
812:Ardahan
792:by the
766:Ottoman
662:Ottoman
660:in the
642:Abbas I
570:Mongols
454:History
407:of the
405:capital
399:in the
397:Ayrarat
393:Χορζηνή
361:Kurdish
315:Website
253:trustee
199:Country
4820:Tushpa
4728:Ölçülü
4725:Oğuzlu
4722:Mezraa
4659:Güdeli
4620:Çakmak
4605:Borluk
4594:Bekler
4570:Ataköy
4558:Alçılı
4552:Akdere
4549:Akbaba
4458:
4450:
4076:"Kars"
4004:
3951:Azeris
3615:
3591:, ed.
3571:
3531:
3502:
3474:
3356:
3327:
3306:
3246:
3226:
3202:
3180:
3078:
3049:
3022:
2804:Cosmos
2733:Norway
2681:Turkey
2677:Edirne
2665:Turkey
2501:Baltic
2358:Persia
2351:Sultan
2286:, and
2248:Tiflis
2184:Sports
2109:102.3
2106:147.0
2103:192.2
2100:249.0
2097:310.0
2094:316.2
2091:276.0
2088:226.3
2085:183.0
2082:167.4
2079:132.8
2076:105.4
2017:134.9
2014:10.43
2008:10.17
1999:11.13
1996:14.37
1993:18.93
1987:11.23
1884:(0.5)
1774:(7.9)
1769:(5.4)
1510:Month
1429:Köppen
1316:1,487
1297:Tatars
1283:5,478
1249:3,939
1228:4,244
1207:Total
1107:Turkey
993:, and
983:Adjara
818:, and
807:okrugs
790:Russia
658:sanjak
654:Persia
634:Tabriz
576:, the
465:Vanand
381:Strabo
369:Turkey
271:91,450
203:Turkey
4737:Soylu
4644:Dikme
4632:Çorak
4626:Çerme
4555:Alaca
4456:S2CID
4148:(CSV)
4041:[
3896:Sabah
3874:(pdf)
3434:(PDF)
3310:p 506
3184:p 698
2930:(PDF)
2854:(XLS)
2745:Wesel
2693:Ganja
2661:Bursa
2194:Bandy
2144:10.0
2141:10.2
2065:69.5
2062:78.9
2059:73.1
2056:67.8
2053:59.8
2050:60.1
2047:64.3
2044:65.3
2041:67.3
2038:67.3
2035:73.5
2032:77.6
2029:78.9
2011:8.43
2005:7.07
2002:9.67
1990:13.9
1981:9.97
1971:530.0
1897:−37.0
1892:−35.0
1887:−30.0
1882:−17.5
1852:−22.6
1847:−31.5
1842:−37.0
1837:−36.7
1822:−11.2
1772:−13.4
1767:−14.8
1549:Year
1437:: Dcb
1433:Dfb,
1367:2013
1353:2000
1339:1990
1325:1970
1304:1916
1289:Poles
1271:1897
1246:1886
1225:1878
1211:Turks
1204:Year
1188:Turks
1184:Kurds
1162:Turks
1158:Kurds
991:Igdir
933:Malta
904:Batum
856:Poles
594:Timur
444:word
434:word
389:Greek
322:.kars
299:36000
282:UTC+3
249:]
46:Կարս
4939:Kars
4892:Kars
4868:Dvin
4582:Azat
4531:Kars
4448:ISSN
4336:2014
4252:2018
4159:2024
4131:2021
4109:2024
4025:here
4002:ISBN
3983:2021
3935:link
3613:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3529:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3472:ISBN
3445:2020
3417:2020
3387:2014
3354:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3047:ISBN
3020:ISBN
3001:2021
2938:2019
2910:link
2865:2023
2858:TÜİK
2820:Kars
2767:Snow
2514:The
2496:Snow
2485:and
2458:The
2392:The
2315:The
2288:Baku
2274:and
2246:and
2174:NOAA
2159:6.5
2156:3.3
2153:4.9
2150:6.2
2147:8.3
2138:9.2
2135:7.3
2132:6.1
2129:5.4
2126:4.7
2123:3.4
2026:(%)
1984:9.6
1966:25.6
1961:26.6
1956:44.6
1951:29.7
1946:45.1
1941:65.1
1936:75.0
1931:83.6
1926:57.0
1921:33.1
1916:21.4
1911:23.2
1877:−4.4
1872:−1.9
1862:−4.0
1857:−7.0
1827:−0.8
1817:−4.8
1802:10.7
1797:10.5
1782:−0.2
1777:−6.3
1752:−6.2
1737:14.1
1732:18.4
1727:17.9
1722:14.5
1717:10.4
1707:−1.0
1702:−7.7
1697:−9.4
1687:12.7
1682:−0.4
1672:16.1
1667:23.0
1662:27.3
1657:26.3
1652:22.2
1647:17.3
1642:12.3
1632:−1.2
1627:−3.2
1617:37.1
1612:15.9
1607:21.9
1602:26.8
1597:33.0
1592:37.1
1587:35.6
1582:33.9
1577:28.3
1572:25.0
1567:19.1
1562:12.0
1546:Dec
1543:Nov
1540:Oct
1537:Sep
1534:Aug
1531:Jul
1528:Jun
1525:May
1522:Apr
1519:Mar
1516:Feb
1513:Jan
1443:and
1258:322
1237:378
1186:and
1171:and
1160:and
1105:and
1013:and
987:Kars
944:Olti
902:and
834:and
820:Olti
784:and
768:and
614:Iran
447:kari
437:hars
375:and
365:Qers
357:Qars
348:Ղարս
343:Կարս
335:Kars
324:.bel
310:0474
227:Kars
215:Kars
149:Kars
48:Qers
43:Kars
4908:Sis
4900:Ani
4561:Ani
4438:doi
3468:222
3350:184
3072:371
2807:by
2773:Kar
2290:in
1867:0.1
1812:1.5
1807:6.1
1792:7.4
1787:4.3
1757:5.5
1747:0.6
1742:8.2
1712:5.7
1677:7.5
1637:4.9
1557:9.3
1466:).
1413:HDP
1409:MHP
1405:HDP
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