53:
68:
382:
forces on 10 April 1919. Consequently, the Kars Oblast largely came under the
Armenian civil governorship of Stepan Korganian who wasted no time in facilitating the repatriation of the region's exiled refugees.
401:. The disastrous war for Armenia resulted in the permanent expulsion of the region's ethnic Armenian population, many who inexorably remained befalling massacre, resulting in the region joining the
364:
1063:
1 January] 1916, including 97,919 men and 94,051 women, 153,102 of whom were the permanent population, and 38,868 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated an overwhelmingly
2194:
336:
which had initially rejected the aforementioned treaty, the
Ottoman Third Army was successful in occupying the Kars Oblast and expelling its 100,000 panic-stricken Armenian inhabitants.
3383:
370:
The South-West
Caucasus Republic administered the Kars okrug and neighboring formerly occupied districts for three months before provoking British intervention by order of General
3378:
3388:
3029:
2203:
390:
to have been freely roaming the countryside of Kars encouraging sedition among the Muslim villages, culminating in a series of anti-Armenian uprisings on 1 July 1919.
2161:
1916:
3348:
298:
2187:
333:
321:
88:
3398:
3190:
2216:
2400:
2393:
3393:
2180:
3353:
2055:
1892:
2861:
93:
3363:
3358:
3041:
2782:
387:
52:
3373:
2358:
2091:
422:
332:
to the
Ottoman Empire, who had been unreconciled with its loss of the territory since 1878. Despite the ineffectual resistance of the
279:
3368:
2790:
2701:
2155:
1857:
1822:
1787:
1737:
1702:
3304:
3086:
355:
ordered their complete withdrawal to the pre-1914 Ottoman-frontier. Intended to hinder the westward expansion of the fledgling
67:
2816:
2758:
2083:
1609:
360:
2041:
2664:
2434:
2138:
1060:
684:
371:
100:
1762:
2897:
2802:
2763:
2514:
2337:
2739:
2537:
2428:
340:
306:
344:
2752:
393:
The Kars Oblast for the third time in six years saw invading
Turkish troops, this time under the command of General
2796:
2649:
2246:
2728:
356:
2721:
398:
2315:
1567:
302:
2129:
2111:
3215:
3144:
3127:
3099:
3076:
3046:
2886:
2611:
2445:
2240:
2128:] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917.
2110:] (in Russian) (68th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1913.
1517:
1339:
687:
15 January] 1897, including 75,452 men and 58,690 women. The plurality of the population indicated
425:. Again according to them, most of Aghbaba uchastok went to Soviet Armenia, remainder of it went to Turkey.
418:
329:
120:
3205:
3210:
3180:
3167:
3071:
3066:
3033:
3019:
3000:
2685:
2308:
2270:
2264:
2075:
1507:
406:
352:
2488:
2874:
2654:
2644:
2555:
2476:
2422:
2386:
2290:
2252:
2147:
1557:
676:
275:
3121:
2234:
394:
3200:
2845:
3343:
3270:
3155:
3149:
3138:
2995:
2976:
2945:
2916:
2627:
2622:
2605:
2550:
2531:
2455:
2440:
2375:
2284:
2258:
2211:
1314:
1068:
2707:
3291:
3174:
2986:
2910:
2904:
2880:
2824:
2617:
2600:
2575:
2560:
2525:
2519:
2494:
2482:
2450:
2411:
2369:
2353:
2348:
2321:
2301:
2277:
1051:
993:
876:
348:
2768:
3238:
3132:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3061:
3056:
3051:
2922:
2891:
2734:
2696:
2638:
2632:
2565:
2544:
2509:
2504:
2416:
2331:
2295:
2037:
1957:
1910:
813:
351:, were permitted to winter in Kars until early 1919, after which on 7 January 1919 Major General
317:
255:
599:
3288:² An asterisk (+) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914.
3244:
3161:
3006:
2834:
2595:
2580:
2499:
2465:
2460:
2406:
2380:
2363:
2326:
2151:
2087:
2061:
2051:
1898:
1888:
1863:
1853:
1828:
1818:
1793:
1783:
1743:
1733:
1708:
1698:
1578:
1548:
1483:
941:
915:
902:
800:
735:
708:
688:
310:
294:
1667:
3264:
3013:
2869:
2839:
2829:
2585:
2570:
2470:
2343:
2226:
1598:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1498:
1477:
1083:, Armenians formed the plurality of the population, being closely followed by Sunni Muslim,
1006:
980:
928:
863:
826:
787:
761:
704:
696:
652:
613:
574:
537:
498:
3251:
2939:
2928:
2691:
2678:
2590:
954:
839:
231:
3258:
2851:
2745:
2714:
1605:
889:
774:
700:
484:
414:
283:
247:
215:
81:
1763:"Armenia in the Aftermath of Mudros: Conflicting claims and Strife with the Neighbors"
386:
Despite the apparent defeat of the
Ottoman Empire, Turkish agitators were reported by
3337:
2971:
2966:
2172:
1189:
1084:
967:
410:
375:
363:
republics into the Kars Oblast, Yukub Shevki backed the emergence of the short-lived
243:
223:
3090:
2961:
2956:
2934:
1613:
1597:
were generally known as "Tatars". This term, employed by the
Russians, referred to
1594:
1214:
638:
379:
367:
with moral support, also furnishing it with weapons, ammunition and instructors.
3232:
2951:
2672:
1164:
1088:
1076:
748:
692:
656:
617:
578:
541:
502:
325:
290:
211:
105:
270:
was one of the four territorial administrative subunits (counties) of the Kars
2065:
1109:
1104:
523:
251:
186:
175:
3319:
3306:
3286:
indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914.
1902:
1572:
2047:
1389:
1364:
1139:
1064:
1882:
1867:
1832:
1797:
1747:
1712:
1668:"КАРССКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ — информация на портале Энциклопедия Всемирная история"
1239:
1072:
442:
274:
created after its annexation into the
Russian Empire in 1878 through the
1847:
1812:
1777:
1727:
1692:
1601:
1289:
1092:
235:
1884:
Great catastrophe : Armenians and Turks in the shadow of genocide
313:
on 25 December 1914 before they were dislodged in early
January 1915.
2812:
2778:
1958:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
402:
227:
2119:
2101:
1264:
648:
609:
570:
533:
494:
206:
39:
409:
on 3 December 1920. Turkey's annexation of Kars and the adjacent
1414:
561:
219:
133:
2176:
2043:
Armenia and
Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914
2015:
2013:
2004:
1941:
1929:
1817:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 204.
1782:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 220.
1732:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 201.
1616:
era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".
347:, the occupying force of the district by the time of the
1852:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 66.
1697:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 27.
1522:
440:
2140:
Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus
1059:
had a population of 191,970 on 14 January [
683:
had a population of 134,142 on 28 January [
3224:
3189:
3085:
3028:
2985:
2860:
2811:
2777:
2663:
2210:
218:between 1878 and 1918. Its capital was the city of
184:
173:
165:
157:
152:
144:
139:
129:
119:
111:
99:
87:
77:
23:
2146:. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven:
2080:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919
1067:population in the city of Kars, with sizeable
3384:States and territories disestablished in 1917
2188:
629:
590:
553:
514:
475:
434:
334:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
8:
1608:. After 1918, with the establishment of the
691:to be their mother tongue, with significant
2019:
1980:
148:5,785.69 km (2,233.87 sq mi)
3379:States and territories established in 1878
2195:
2181:
2173:
1915:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1097:
713:
453:
20:
3389:1878 establishments in the Russian Empire
316:On 3 March 1918, in the aftermath of the
1992:
1654:
1079:minorities, however, in the rest of the
1647:
1469:
309:, the latter of whom was successful in
151:
138:
128:
110:
76:
64:
46:
1908:
3292:Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship
2132:from the original on 4 November 2021.
1952:
1950:
1846:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996).
1811:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996).
1776:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996).
1726:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996).
1691:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996).
1577:
1541:
1527:
1482:
1049:According to the 1917 publication of
328:including the Kars okrug through the
293:, the Kars Oblast became the site of
183:
172:
164:
156:
143:
118:
98:
86:
7:
2114:from the original on 19 April 2022.
715:Linguistic composition of the Kars
2204:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
2167:from the original on 17 June 2023.
14:
413:was confirmed in the treaties of
374:, leading to its capitulation by
18:Okrug in Caucasus, Russian Empire
3394:1917 disestablishments in Russia
3349:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
2121:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
2103:Кавказский календарь на 1913 год
2005:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
1942:Кавказский календарь на 1913 год
1930:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
66:
51:
2046:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon:
2084:University of California Press
1610:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
421:in 1921, by virtue of the new
1:
3399:Soviet Union–Turkey relations
397:in September 1920 during the
3354:Governorates of the Caucasus
365:South-West Caucasus Republic
3364:History of Erzurum Province
3359:History of Ardahan Province
2126:Caucasian calendar for 1917
2108:Caucasian calendar for 1913
1612:and "especially during the
1573:
1523:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1000:
997:
987:
984:
974:
971:
961:
958:
948:
945:
935:
932:
922:
919:
909:
906:
896:
893:
883:
880:
870:
867:
857:
854:
846:
843:
833:
830:
820:
817:
807:
804:
794:
791:
781:
778:
768:
765:
755:
752:
742:
739:
643:
604:
565:
528:
489:
441:
72:Location in the Kars Oblast
3415:
3374:Modern history of Armenia
3280:
2137:Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014).
2082:. Vol. 1. Berkeley:
1562:
1552:
1512:
1502:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
630:
591:
554:
515:
476:
435:
311:briefly occupying Ardahan
65:
47:
36:
3369:History of Kars Province
1881:De Waal, Thomas (2015).
429:Administrative divisions
423:Soviet regime in Armenia
222:, presently part of the
30:
2076:Hovannisian, Richard G.
1983:, p. 35 (note 25).
1849:The Republic of Armenia
1814:The Republic of Armenia
1779:The Republic of Armenia
1729:The Republic of Armenia
1694:The Republic of Armenia
1625:Primarily Turco-Tatars.
1529:[karskʲɪjɐkrʊk]
1484:[ɡɑɹˈsikʰɑˈvɑr]
1091:, Russian, Kurdish and
330:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
121:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3294:was abolished in 1876.
2977:Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
2038:Bournoutian, George A.
1887:. Oxford. p. 86.
1579:[kɑɹˈsiɡɑˈvɑr]
1538:
1508:pre-reform orthography
460:Administrative centre
407:Treaty of Alexandropol
2148:Yale University Press
1558:classical orthography
711:speaking minorities.
677:Russian Empire Census
671:Russian Empire Census
388:Armenian intelligence
353:G.T. Forestier-Walker
343:under the command of
299:Russian Caucasus Army
276:Treaty of San Stefano
254:in the west, and the
169:33/km (86/sq mi)
3193:Galicia and Bukovina
2862:Caucasus Viceroyalty
2401:Little Russia (1796)
2394:Little Russia (1764)
1543:[kaɾsokɾuɡu]
631:Шурагельский участок
598:Nizhniy Sarykamysh (
592:Соганлугский участок
399:Turkish-Armenian War
166: • Density
3320:40.6069°N 43.0931°E
3316: /
2987:Baltic Governorates
2007:, pp. 198–201.
1944:, pp. 156–163.
1052:Kavkazskiy kalendar
1044:Kavkazskiy kalendar
720:
516:Зарушадский участок
477:Агбабинский участок
303:Armenian volunteers
3239:Emirate of Bukhara
2870:Baku (Governorate)
1761:Andersen, Andrew.
1315:Asiatic Christians
714:
637:Kizil-Chakhchakh (
403:Republic of Turkey
345:Yakub Shevki Pasha
318:October Revolution
307:Ottoman Third Army
256:Erivan Governorate
250:in the south, the
246:in the north, the
242:bordered with the
158: • Total
145: • Total
3299:
3298:
3245:Khanate of Kokand
2835:Semirechye Oblast
2435:Novgorod-Seversky
2057:978-1-351-06260-2
1932:, pp. 65–75.
1894:978-0-19-935070-4
1634:Primarily Tatars.
1571:
1560:
1521:
1510:
1481:
1461:
1460:
1069:Asiatic Christian
1040:
1039:
675:According to the
663:
662:
433:The prefectures (
324:ceded the entire
195:
194:
3406:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:40.6069; 43.0931
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3265:Khanate of Khiva
2898:Georgia-Imeretia
2840:Syr-Darya Oblast
2797:Siberian Kirghiz
2722:Orenburg Kirghiz
2515:Saint Petersburg
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2145:
2133:
2115:
2097:
2069:
2023:
2020:Hovannisian 1971
2017:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1981:Bournoutian 2018
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:www.demoscope.ru
1954:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1478:Western Armenian
1476:
1474:
1340:North Caucasians
1098:
727:Native speakers
721:
633:
632:
594:
593:
557:
556:
555:Карсский участок
518:
517:
479:
478:
463:1912 population
454:
446:
438:
437:
349:Mudros Armistice
301:supplemented by
278:, following the
204:was a district (
70:
55:
21:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3276:
3271:Zeravshan Okrug
3252:Russian America
3220:
3192:
3191:Governorates of
3185:
3081:
3024:
2981:
2856:
2807:
2773:
2659:
2538:Sloboda Ukraine
2429:Nizhny Novgorod
2214:
2206:
2201:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2136:
2118:
2100:
2094:
2074:
2058:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1907:
1895:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1860:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1599:Turkic-speaking
1592:
1588:
1584:
1513:Карсскій округъ
1494:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1365:Other Europeans
1047:
673:
668:
651:(1,151.45
612:(1,188.18
573:(1,539.73
536:(1,256.55
522:Grenaderskoye (
431:
395:Kâzım Karabekir
295:intense battles
264:
232:Amasia District
73:
61:
60:
59:
58:
43:
32:
29:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3297:
3296:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3259:Uryankhay Krai
3255:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Abo-Byorneborg
3038:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2817:Turkestan Krai
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:Yekaterinoslav
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2247:Archangelgorod
2243:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2134:
2116:
2098:
2093:978-0520019843
2092:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1893:
1873:
1858:
1838:
1823:
1803:
1788:
1768:
1753:
1738:
1718:
1703:
1683:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1606:South Caucasus
1586:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1532:
1524:Karsskiy okrug
1503:Карсский округ
1495:
1488:
1480:pronunciation:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
990:
989:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
970:
964:
963:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
918:
912:
911:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
836:
835:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
790:
784:
783:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
738:
732:
731:
728:
725:
672:
669:
667:
664:
661:
660:
655:; 444.58
645:
642:
635:
622:
621:
616:; 458.76
606:
603:
596:
583:
582:
577:; 594.49
567:
564:
559:
546:
545:
540:; 485.16
530:
527:
520:
507:
506:
501:; 250.88
491:
488:
481:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
447:) of the Kars
430:
427:
284:Ottoman Empire
263:
260:
248:Kagizman okrug
216:Russian Empire
193:
192:
189:
182:
181:
178:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
82:Russian Empire
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
56:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
37:
34:
33:
31:Карсский округ
24:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3411:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3293:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2803:Semipalatinsk
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2157:9780300153088
2153:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2022:, p. 67.
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:, p. 50.
1994:
1993:Tsutsiev 2014
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:0-520-01805-2
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:0-520-01805-2
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:0-520-01805-2
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:0-520-01805-2
1735:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:0-520-01805-2
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:Tsutsiev 2014
1651:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:Before 1918,
1590:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1166:
1165:Sunni Muslims
1163:
1162:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1004:
995:
992:
991:
982:
979:
978:
969:
966:
965:
956:
953:
952:
943:
940:
939:
930:
927:
926:
917:
914:
913:
904:
901:
900:
891:
888:
887:
878:
875:
874:
865:
862:
861:
851:
850:
841:
838:
837:
828:
825:
824:
815:
812:
811:
802:
799:
798:
789:
786:
785:
776:
773:
772:
763:
760:
759:
750:
747:
746:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
665:
658:
654:
650:
649:square versts
646:
640:
636:
627:
624:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:square versts
607:
601:
597:
588:
585:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:square versts
568:
563:
560:
551:
548:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:square versts
531:
525:
521:
512:
509:
508:
504:
500:
497:(649.79
496:
495:square versts
492:
486:
482:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
450:
445:
444:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Surmalu Uyezd
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
258:to its east.
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Ardahan okrug
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Kars Province
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:
203:
202:
190:
188:
185: •
179:
177:
174: •
168:
160:
147:
135:
132:
124:
122:
114:
107:
104:
102:
95:
92:
90:
83:
80:
69:
54:
42:
41:
35:
28:
22:
16:
3301:
3283:
3269:
3250:
3243:
3231:
3225:Dependencies
3173:
3166:
3154:
3137:
3120:
3098:
3087:Governorates
3067:Sankt-Mikhel
3030:Governorates
3012:
3005:
2944:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2896:
2879:
2844:
2825:Transcaspian
2795:
2783:Stepnoy Krai
2751:
2744:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2684:
2677:
2637:
2610:
2543:
2536:
2524:
2487:
2433:
2421:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2368:
2336:
2316:Ingermanland
2314:
2307:
2300:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2225:
2212:Governorates
2139:
2125:
2120:
2107:
2102:
2079:
2042:
2030:Bibliography
2000:
1988:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1937:
1925:
1883:
1876:
1848:
1841:
1813:
1806:
1778:
1771:
1756:
1728:
1721:
1693:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:
1630:
1621:
1595:Azerbaijanis
1589:
1491:
1472:
1215:Shia Muslims
1101:Nationality
1095:minorities:
1080:
1077:Sunni Muslim
1056:
1050:
1048:
1043:
716:
680:
674:
666:Demographics
628:prefecture (
626:Shuragelskiy
625:
589:prefecture (
587:Soganlugskiy
586:
552:prefecture (
549:
513:prefecture (
511:Zarushadskiy
510:
474:prefecture (
471:
448:
432:
405:through the
392:
385:
369:
339:The Ottoman
338:
322:Russian SFSR
315:
297:between the
288:
271:
267:
265:
239:
205:
200:
198:
196:
125:3 March 1918
57:Coat of arms
38:
26:
15:
3344:Kars oblast
3323: /
3233:Bukey Horde
2887:Elizavetpol
2735:Primorskaya
2697:Transbaikal
2446:Novorossiya
2338:Kiev (1708)
2241:Arkhangelsk
1672:w.histrf.ru
1574:Karsi gawaṙ
1563:Կարսի գաւառ
1553:Կարսի գավառ
1539:Kars Okrugu
1089:Shia Muslim
1055:, the Kars
968:Avar-Andean
679:, the Kars
472:Agbabinskiy
326:Kars Oblast
291:World War I
212:Kars Oblast
112:Established
89:Viceroyalty
3338:Categories
3311:43°05′35″E
3308:40°36′25″N
3216:Chernovtsy
3156:Podlyashye
2686:Bessarabia
2612:Voznesensk
2265:Bessarabia
2066:1037283914
1967:2022-03-26
1677:2021-12-05
1642:References
994:Belarusian
877:Lithuanian
749:Karapapakh
693:Karapapakh
657:sq mi
618:sq mi
579:sq mi
542:sq mi
503:sq mi
372:G.F. Milne
341:Ninth Army
252:Olti okrug
153:Population
3206:Peremyshl
3072:Tavastgus
2875:Black Sea
2846:Turkestan
2830:Samarkand
2791:Akmolinsk
2702:Kamchatka
2655:Yeniseysk
2645:Yaroslavl
2556:Stavropol
2477:Petrograd
2423:Nikolayev
2387:Lithuania
2291:Chernigov
2253:Astrakhan
2048:Routledge
1911:cite book
1903:897378977
1568:romanized
1518:romanized
1390:Georgians
1140:Armenians
814:Ukrainian
724:Language
647:1,011.76
608:1,044.04
600:Sarıkamış
569:1,352.94
532:1,104.11
483:Amasiya (
266:The Kars
210:) of the
3211:Tarnopol
3168:Sandomir
3145:Petrokov
3100:Avgustov
3077:Uleaborg
2996:Courland
2946:Imeretia
2940:Dagestan
2929:Armenian
2917:Shemakha
2753:Tarnopol
2740:Sakhalin
2715:Kwantung
2692:Don Host
2679:Belostok
2628:Voronezh
2623:Volhynia
2606:Vladimir
2551:Smolensk
2532:Simbirsk
2456:Orenburg
2441:Novgorod
2376:Kostroma
2309:Iziaslav
2285:Caucasus
2271:Bratslav
2259:Belgorod
2162:Archived
2130:Archived
2112:Archived
2078:(1971).
2040:(2018).
1549:Armenian
1454:191,970
1448:161,456
1240:Russians
1065:Armenian
1033:134,142
942:Georgian
916:Ossetian
903:Estonian
890:Assyrian
736:Armenian
719:in 1897
689:Armenian
550:Karsskiy
443:uchastki
376:Armenian
361:Georgian
357:Armenian
305:and the
230:and the
94:Caucasus
3284:Italics
3181:Suvalki
3175:Sedlets
3139:Mazovia
3133:Lyublin
3062:Nyuland
3034:Finland
3020:Estonia
3001:Livonia
2972:Zakatal
2967:Sukhumi
2911:Kutaisi
2905:Georgia
2881:Derbent
2852:Fergana
2813:Oblasts
2779:Oblasts
2746:Taurida
2708:Caspian
2665:Oblasts
2618:Vologda
2601:Vitebsk
2576:Tobolsk
2561:Taurida
2526:Siberia
2520:Saratov
2495:Poltava
2489:Polotsk
2483:Podolia
2451:Olonets
2412:Mogilev
2370:Kolyvan
2354:Kherson
2349:Kharkov
2322:Irkutsk
2302:Finland
2278:Belarus
1604:of the
1602:Muslims
1570::
1535:Turkish
1520::
1499:Russian
1457:100.00
1451:100.00
1445:100.00
1442:30,514
1290:Yazidis
1281:10,911
1275:10,873
1256:15,980
1250:14,493
1231:18,225
1225:17,965
1206:23,504
1200:23,504
1181:32,565
1175:31,355
1156:80,752
1150:55,087
1144:25,665
1131:Number
1125:Number
1119:Number
1073:Russian
1036:100.00
981:Bashkir
929:Persian
827:Turkmen
801:Kurdish
792:10,609
788:Turkish
779:14,805
766:16,874
762:Russian
753:22,002
740:46,715
709:Kurdish
705:Turkish
697:Russian
644:39,369
605:23,821
566:29,574
529:19,416
524:Arpaçay
493:570.96
490:14,309
436:участки
380:British
289:During
282:of the
262:History
236:Armenia
214:of the
161:191,970
130:Capital
78:Country
3150:Plotsk
3128:Lomzha
3122:Krakov
3116:Keltsy
3111:Kalish
3106:Warsaw
3091:Poland
3057:Kuopio
3052:Vyborg
2923:Tiflis
2892:Erivan
2759:Turgay
2639:Vyborg
2633:Vyatka
2566:Tambov
2545:Slonim
2510:Samara
2505:Ryazan
2417:Moscow
2332:Kaluga
2296:Grodno
2154:
2090:
2064:
2054:
1901:
1891:
1868:238471
1866:
1856:
1833:238471
1831:
1821:
1798:238471
1796:
1786:
1748:238471
1746:
1736:
1713:238471
1711:
1701:
1614:Soviet
1439:TOTAL
1331:3,129
1325:1,350
1319:1,779
1306:5,123
1300:5,123
1244:1,487
1228:11.13
1209:12.24
1203:14.56
1184:16.96
1178:19.42
1169:1,210
1159:42.06
1153:34.12
1147:84.11
1114:TOTAL
1093:Yazidi
1075:, and
1030:TOTAL
1019:Other
1007:Dargin
955:German
864:Jewish
855:1,439
852:Tatar
844:2,093
840:Polish
831:2,456
818:3,297
805:9,165
782:11.04
769:12.58
756:16.40
743:34.83
707:, and
639:Akyaka
485:Amasia
451:were:
419:Moscow
280:defeat
272:oblast
238:. The
228:Turkey
191:84.10%
180:15.90%
101:Oblast
3162:Radom
3007:Reval
2962:Terek
2957:Kuban
2935:Batum
2769:Yakut
2596:Vilna
2581:Tomsk
2500:Pskov
2466:Penza
2461:Oryol
2407:Minsk
2381:Kursk
2364:Kovno
2359:Kholm
2327:Kazan
2235:Altai
2165:(PDF)
2144:(PDF)
2124:[
2106:[
1464:Notes
1434:0.01
1428:0.00
1422:0.08
1409:0.05
1403:0.06
1397:0.00
1384:0.41
1378:0.45
1372:0.16
1359:0.45
1353:0.54
1347:0.00
1334:1.63
1328:0.84
1322:5.83
1309:2.67
1303:3.17
1297:0.00
1284:5.68
1278:6.73
1272:0.12
1265:Kurds
1259:8.32
1253:8.98
1247:4.87
1234:9.49
1222:0.85
1197:0.00
1172:3.97
1110:Rural
1105:Urban
1081:okrug
1057:okrug
1025:0.16
1014:0.07
1001:0.15
988:0.15
975:0.21
962:0.22
949:0.23
936:0.24
923:0.30
910:0.32
897:0.44
884:0.46
871:0.56
858:1.07
847:1.56
834:1.83
821:2.46
808:6.83
795:7.91
775:Greek
717:okrug
701:Greek
681:okrug
466:Area
457:Name
449:okrug
268:okrug
240:okrug
207:okrug
201:okrug
199:Kars
187:Rural
176:Urban
40:Okrug
27:okrug
25:Kars
3201:Lvov
3047:Vaza
3014:Riga
2952:Kars
2764:Ural
2729:Omsk
2673:Amur
2586:Tula
2571:Tver
2471:Perm
2344:Kiev
2227:Azov
2217:List
2152:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2062:OCLC
2052:ISBN
1917:link
1899:OCLC
1889:ISBN
1864:OCLC
1854:ISBN
1829:OCLC
1819:ISBN
1794:OCLC
1784:ISBN
1744:OCLC
1734:ISBN
1709:OCLC
1699:ISBN
1415:Jews
1406:105
1400:104
1381:782
1375:733
1356:869
1350:869
1219:260
1190:Roma
1085:Roma
1061:O.S.
1022:210
998:205
985:206
972:276
959:294
946:308
933:317
920:401
907:424
894:585
881:611
868:755
685:O.S.
562:Kars
417:and
415:Kars
378:and
359:and
320:the
220:Kars
197:The
140:Area
134:Kars
115:1878
106:Kars
3089:of
3032:of
2815:of
2781:of
2591:Ufa
1431:25
1419:25
1369:49
1269:38
1011:95
234:of
226:of
3340::
3290:³
3282:¹
2160:.
2150:.
2086:.
2060:.
2050:.
2012:^
1960:.
1949:^
1913:}}
1909:{{
1897:.
1862:.
1827:.
1792:.
1742:.
1707:.
1670:.
1565:,
1561::
1555:,
1551::
1537::
1515:,
1511::
1505:,
1501::
1425:0
1394:1
1344:0
1294:0
1194:0
1134:%
1128:%
1122:%
1087:,
1071:,
730:%
703:,
699:,
695:,
659:)
653:km
641:)
634:)
620:)
614:km
602:)
595:)
581:)
575:km
558:)
544:)
538:km
526:)
519:)
505:)
499:km
487:)
480:)
439:,
286:.
3261:²
3257:*
2989:³
2479:²
2475:*
2237:²
2233:+
2230:¹
2219:)
2215:(
2196:e
2189:t
2182:v
2096:.
2068:.
1970:.
1919:)
1905:.
1870:.
1835:.
1800:.
1765:.
1750:.
1715:.
1680:.
1657:.
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