498:(with his girlfriend, who also was a chemist at Cetus), he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase; a technique that would allow rapid amplification of a small stretch of DNA and become a standard procedure in molecular biology laboratories. Longtime professional benefactor and supervisor Thomas White reassigned Mullis from his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time after the technique was met with skepticism by their colleagues. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983, but the staff remained circumspect as he continued to produce ambiguous results amid alleged methodological problems, including a perceived lack of "appropriate controls and repetition." In his Nobel Prize lecture, he remarked that the December 16 breakthrough did not make up for his girlfriend breaking up with him: "I was sagging as I walked out to my little silver
513:, were placed on parallel PCR projects to work on determining if PCR could amplify a specific human gene (betaglobin) from genomic DNA. Saiki generated the needed data and Erlich authored the first paper to include use of the technique, while Mullis was still working on the paper that would describe PCR itself. Mullis's 1985 paper with Saiki and Erlich, "Enzymatic Amplification of β-globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia" — the polymerase chain reaction invention (PCR) — was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 2017.
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alpha-1,3-galactosyl-galactose bonds. All humans are. Why not divert a fraction of those antibodies to the influenza strain you just picked up. A chemical linker synthesized with an alpha-1,3-gal-gal bond on one end and a DNA aptamer devised to bind specifically to the strain of influenza you have on the other end, will link anti-alpha-Gal antibodies to the influenza virus and presto, you have fooled your immune system into attacking the new virus.
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598:. Using repair replication, Kleppe duplicated and then quadrupled a small synthetic molecule with the help of two primers and DNA polymerase. The method developed by Mullis used repeated thermal cycling, which allowed the rapid and exponential amplification of large quantities of any desired DNA sequence from an extremely complex template. Later a heat-stable DNA polymerase was incorporated into the process.
314:, on December 28, 1944, to Cecil Banks Mullis and Bernice Barker Mullis. His family had a background in farming in this rural area. As a child, Mullis said, he was interested in observing organisms in the countryside. He and his cousins would often taunt livestock by feeding them through electric fences, and Kary was mostly interested in the spiders in his grandparents' basement. He grew up in
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660:. Mullis claimed that scientific theories about ozone depletion and climate change were the product of scientists and government bureaucrats conspiring to secure funding, saying that "science is being practiced by people who are dependent on being paid for what they are going to find out" instead of searching for the truth.
627:) that "prior art" (i.e. articles on the subject of Taq polymerase published by other groups prior to the work of Gelfand and Stoffel, and their patent application covering the purification of Taq polymerase) existed, in the form of two articles, published by Alice Chien et al. in 1976, and A. S. Kaledin et al. in 1980.
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539:. … It’s impossible to overstate PCR’s impact. The ability to generate as much DNA of a specific sequence as you want, starting from a few simple chemicals and some temperature changes—it’s just magical." Although he received a $ 10,000 bonus from Cetus for the invention, the company's later sale of the patent to
3002:
Like
Herbert, many scientists and engineers also report heightened states of creativity while using LSD. During a press conference on Friday, Hofmann revealed that he was told by Nobel-prize-winning chemist Kary Mullis that LSD had helped him develop the polymerase chain reaction that helps amplify
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and Paroma Basu to call him an AIDS denialist. He wrote that he began to question the AIDS consensus while compiling a report for a project's sponsor and being unable to find a published reference for HIV being the cause of AIDS. Mullis published an alternative hypothesis for AIDS in 1994, claiming
618:
lost out to Roche on that sale, the company unsuccessfully disputed Mullis's patent on the alleged grounds that PCR had been previously described in 1971. Mullis and Erlich took Cetus' side in the case, and
Khorana refused to testify for DuPont; the jury upheld Mullis's patent in 1991. However, in
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Another proof-of-principle of this technology, re-targeting pre-existing antibodies to the surface of a pathogenic strep bacterium using an alpha-gal modified aptamer ("alphamer"), was published in 2015 in collaboration with scientists at the
University of California, San Diego. Mullis said he was
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in 1968, he struggled to pass his oral exams (with a colleague recalling that "He didn’t get his propositions right. He didn’t know general biochemistry"), and his dissertation was accepted only after several friends pitched in to "cut all the whacko stuff out of it" while his advisor lobbied the
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After receiving his doctorate, Mullis briefly left science to write fiction before accepting the
University of Kansas fellowship. During his postdoctoral work, he managed a bakery for two years. Mullis returned to science at the encouragement of UC Berkeley friend and colleague Thomas White, who
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states that Mullis's colleagues failed to see the potential of the technique when he presented it to them. As a result, some controversy surrounds the balance of credit that should be given to Mullis versus the team at Cetus. In practice, credit has accrued to both the inventor and the company
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It is a method using specific synthetic chemical linkers to divert an immune response from its nominal target to something completely different which you would right now like to be temporarily immune to. Let's say you just got exposed to a new strain of the flu. You’re already immune to
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Mullis acquired a reputation for erratic behavior at Cetus, once threatening to bring a gun to work; he also engaged in "public lovers' quarrels" with his then-girlfriend (a fellow chemist at the company) and "nearly came to blows with another scientist" at a staff party, according to
745:, Mullis said, "Back in the 1960s and early 1970s I took plenty of LSD. A lot of people were doing that in Berkeley back then. And I found it to be a mind-opening experience. It was certainly much more important than any courses I ever took." During a symposium held for centenarian
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to amplify segments of DNA. The Taq polymerase was heat resistant and needed to be added to the reaction only once, making the technique dramatically more affordable and subject to automation. This modification of Mullis's invention revolutionized biochemistry, molecular biology,
735:; according to his friend Tom White, "I knew he was a good chemist because he'd been synthesizing hallucinogenic drugs at UC Berkeley." He detailed his experiences synthesizing and testing various psychedelic amphetamines and a difficult trip on
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schizokinen. J. B. Neilands was known for his groundbreaking work on siderophores, and Mullis was a part of that with his characterization of schizokinen. Following his graduation, Mullis completed postdoctoral fellowships in pediatric
44:
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Saiki, R.; Scharf, S.; Faloona, F.; Mullis, K.; Horn, G.; Erlich, H.; Arnheim, N (December 20, 1985). "Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia".
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as well as a musician, being both a guitarist and vocalist. He married four times, and he had three children by two of his wives. At the time of his death, he had two grandchildren and was survived by his fourth wife, Nancy
322:, graduating in the class of 1962. He recalled his interest in chemistry beginning when he learned how to chemically synthesize and build solid fuel propulsion rockets as a high school student during the 1960s.
996:, as well as providing insights into his opinions and experiences. In the book, Mullis chronicles his romantic relationships, use of LSD, synthesis and self-testing of novel psychoactive substances, belief in
614:(although not its individual workers) in the form of a Nobel Prize and a $ 10,000 Cetus bonus for Mullis and $ 300 million for Cetus when the company sold the patent to Roche Molecular Systems. After
427:. White recalled: "It definitely put me in a tough spot. His behavior was so outrageous that the other scientists thought that the only reason I didn't fire him outright was that he was a friend of mine."
719:", i.e. the tendency of some Nobel laureates to go on to embrace ideas that are scientifically implausible, rejected by most scientific experts, and based mostly on anecdotal or uncorroborated evidence.
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at Cetus for seven years, ultimately serving as head of the DNA synthesis lab under White, then the firm's director of molecular and biological research; it was there, in 1983, that Mullis invented the
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listed Mullis as one of several scientists who, after success in their area of research, go on to make unfounded, sometimes bizarre statements in other areas, especially in regard to contradicting the
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A drawback of the technique was that the DNA polymerase in the reaction was destroyed by the high heat used at the start of each replication cycle and had to be replaced. In 1986, Saiki started to use
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535:. UC Berkeley biologist David Bilder said, "PCR revolutionized everything. It really superpowered molecular biology—which then transformed other fields, even distant ones like ecology and
461:. The venture sought to develop technology using atomic-force microscopy and bar-coded antibodies tagged with heavy metals to create highly multiplexed, parallel immunoassays.
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February 1999, the patent of
Hoffman-La Roche (United States Patent No. 4,889,818) was found by the courts to be unenforceable, after Dr. Thomas Kunkel testified in the case
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3066:"A chemical balance A calmer Kary Mullis, Nobel-winning scientist and hallucinogen gourmand, brings his theories about gonzo genetics and random nature to Baltimore"
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Kaledin, A.S.; Sliusarenko, A.G.; Gorodetskii, S.I. (1980). "Isolation and properties of DNA polymerase from extreme thermophylic bacteria
Thermus aquaticus YT-1".
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Mullis, K.F.; Faloona, F.; Scharf, S.; Saiki, R.; Horn, G.; Erlich, H. (1986). "Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: The polymerase chain reaction".
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3038:"Kary Mullis: Obituaries – Nobel prizewinning biochemist and 'surfer dude' whose LSD-taking lifestyle was considered too lurid even for the OJ Simpson trial"
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694:, names Mullis "among the who's who of AIDS pseudoscientists". Mullis was often cited in the press as a supporter of molecular biologist and AIDS denialist
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706:'s denialist policymaking throughout his tenure as president of South Africa from 1999 to 2008, contributing to as many as 330,000 unnecessary deaths.
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wrote a book on the history of the PCR method in 1996, in which he discusses whether Mullis "invented" PCR or merely came up with the concept of it.
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749:, Hofmann said Mullis had told him that LSD had "helped him develop the polymerase chain reaction that helps amplify specific DNA sequences".
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Pon, Richard T. (2002). "Chemical
Synthesis of Oligonucleotides: From Dream to Automation". In Khudyakov, Yury E.; Fields, Howard A. (eds.).
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349:' laboratory, which focused on synthesis and structure of bacterial iron transporter molecules. Although he published a sole-author paper in
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In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus
Corporation as a chemist. Mullis recalled that, while driving in the vicinity of his country home in
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Nelkin, Dorothy; Andrews, Lori (September–October 1998). "Homo
Economicus: Commercialization of Body Tissue in the Age of Biotechnology".
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Mullis, Kary B.; Pollack, J. R.; Neilands, J. B. (1971). "Structure of schizokinen, An iron-transport compound from
Bacillus megaterium".
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Thereafter, Mullis worked intermittently as a consultant for multiple corporations and institutions on nucleic acid chemistry and as an
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Nattrass, Nicoli; Kalichman, Seth C. (2009). "The Politics and Psychology of AIDS Denialism". In Rohleder, Paul; et al. (eds.).
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Kristian, SA; Hwang, JH; Hall, B; Leire, E; Iacomini, J; Old, R; Galili, U; Roberts, C; Mullis, KB; Westby, M; Nizet, V (2015).
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1998:
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2262:(1971). "Studies on polynucleotides *1, *2XCVI. Repair replication of short synthetic DNA's as catalyzed by DNA polymerases".
449:. In 1992, Mullis founded a business to sell pieces of jewelry containing the amplified DNA of deceased famous people such as
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in 1966, during which time he married his first wife, Richards Haley, and started a business. He earned his PhD in 1973 in
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He founded Altermune LLC in 2011 to pursue new ideas on the immune system. Mullis described the company's product thusly:
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592:, a Norwegian scientist, authored a paper 17 years earlier describing a process they termed "repair replication" in the
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of the American Society of Human Genetics, Preis Biochemische Analytik of the German Society of Clinical Chemistry and
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Other Cetus scientists who were regarded as "top-notch experimentalists", including Randall Saiki, Henry Erlich, and
2804:"A hypothetical disease of the immune system that may bear some relation to the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"
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Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2002). "Kary B. Mullis – Nobel Laureate for procedure to replicate DNA".
942:"A hypothetical disease of the immune system that may bear some relation to the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"
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as "highly original and significant, virtually dividing biology into the two epochs of before PCR and after PCR."
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566:. He said the treatment was 100% effective, compared to the previous anthrax treatment which was 40% effective.
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765:" of his deceased grandfather, even offering it a beer. In his autobiography, Mullis professed a belief in
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for two years. While inventing a UV-sensitive ink at Xytronyx, he became skeptical of the existence of the
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In his 1998 autobiography, Mullis expressed disagreement with the scientific evidence for humans' role in
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for $ 300 million would lead Mullis to condemn White and members of the parallel team as "vultures."
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2134:"Loxbridge and Dr Kary Mullis Announce the Formation of Altermune Technologies with $ 7m Seed Investment"
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After resigning from Cetus in 1986, Mullis served as director of molecular biology for Xytronyx, Inc. in
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2211:"Retargeting pre-existing human antibodies to a bacterial pathogen with an alpha-Gal conjugated aptamer"
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and wrote about an encounter with a fluorescent, talking raccoon that he suggested might have been an
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His co-workers at Cetus contested the notion that Mullis was solely responsible for the idea of using
562:, Mullis describes how the US Government paid $ 500,000 for Mullis to use this new technology against
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secured Mullis's UCSF position and later helped Mullis land a position with the biotechnology company
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has written that the "full potential was not realized" until Mullis's work in 1983, and journalist
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Basterfield, Candice; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Bowes, Shauna M.; Costello, Thomas H. (May–June 2020).
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bottles, nor the sweet smell of the dawn of the age of PCR could replace Jenny. I was lonesome."
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288:. Mullis's unscientific statements about topics outside his area of expertise have been named by
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2966:. Vol. 105, no. 1. Berkeley, California: California Alumni Association. p. 20.
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A concept similar to that of PCR had been described before Mullis's work. Nobel laureate
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1302:"Kary Mullis, quirky Nobel laureate whose DNA discovery changed the science world, dies"
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2010: Honorary degree of Doctor honoris causa in the field of biological sciences from
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in his autobiography. In a Q&A interview published in the September 1994 issue of
715:, Mullis's statements on HIV/AIDS and human-caused climate change are an instance of "
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Mullis, Kary B. (April 1990). "The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction".
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Mullis also invented a UV-sensitive plastic that changes color in response to light.
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inspired to fight this particular strep bacterium because it had killed his friend.
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2351:"Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus"
2185:"Molecular Homing Beacon Redirects Human Antibodies to Fight Pathogenic Bacteria"
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Schoch, Russell (September 1994). "Q&A – A Conversation with Kerry Mullis".
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921:, 1994, co-edited with Francious Ferre and Richard A. Gibbs (Basel: Birkhauser)
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159:
3121:"Nobel Winner Kary Banks Mullis, Who Revolutionized DNA Research, Dies in O.C."
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Youson, Patricia (May 31, 2000). "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)".
677:, despite never having done any scientific research on either subject, leading
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1378:"The Nobel Disease: When Intelligence Fails to Protect against Irrationality"
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1180:, Nobel laureate who has promoted controversial and unverified health claims
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468:'s Advisory Board. In 2014, he was named a distinguished researcher at the
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1273:"Scientist at Work/Kary Mullis; After the 'Eureka', a Nobelist Drops Out"
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1417:"The Man Who Photocopied DNA and Also Saw a Talking Fluorescent Raccoon"
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1962:
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Mullis, Kary (May 1968). "Cosmological Significance of Time Reversal".
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Kalichman, Seth (2009). "Appendix B: About the HIV/AIDS Denialists".
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Life on the Edge: Amazing Creatures Thriving in Extreme Environments
1328:"Kary B. Mullis, 74, Dies; Found a Way to Analyze DNA and Won Nobel"
235:(December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American
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Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy
2055:. Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
808:
Mullis, Kary (1968). "Cosmological Significance of Time Reversal".
673:
Mullis also questioned the scientific validity of the link between
3093:"Nobel Prize-winning chemist who grew up in SC capital dies at 74"
1758:"Intolerable Genius: Berkeley's Most Controversial Nobel Laureate"
762:
731:
throughout his graduate studies, specializing in the synthesis of
106:
2328:"Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. v. Promega Corporation, (N.D.Cal. 2001)"
2326:
United States District Court, N.D. California. (July 26, 2001).
1552:"Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993: The Polymerase Chain Reaction"
363:
His doctoral dissertation was on the structure of the bacterial
5155:
4898:
3498:
3174:. German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
2884:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 177–178.
2631:
HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On: Psychosocial Perspectives
1073:
2004: Honorary degree in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology from the
3276:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
3234:. University of Pennsylvania. October 28, 2005. Archived from
406:
115:
3436:
2544:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 143–53.
2503:"Nobel Chemist Kary Mullis, Making Waves as a Mind Surfer"
2053:"Citations for Chemical Breakthrough Awards 2017 Awardees"
3327:
Nobel Prize Winner Among Rondal H. Brown Award Recipients
790:
Cosgrove). Mullis died on August 7, 2019, at his home in
221:
2433:
Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry
1665:(doctoral thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
2120:
Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia: Kary B. Mullis
992:) gives his account of the commercial development of
239:. In recognition of his role in the invention of the
3148:. American Society of Human Genetics. Archived from
1054:
1994: Honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the
480:
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and other inventions
255:
in the same year. PCR became a central technique in
5680:
5541:
5406:
5271:
5190:
5054:
5029:
5004:
4979:
4959:
4934:
4553:
4254:
3995:
3756:
3536:
3355:(in Italian). University of Bologna. Archived from
2258:Kleppe, K.; Ohtsuka, E.; Kleppe, R.; Molineux, I.;
1419:. McGill University, Office for Science and Society
847:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
457:. In the same year, he also founded Atomic Tags in
216:
200:
184:
174:
137:
122:
98:
79:
53:
34:
2774:
2535:
2466:
2149:
2147:
1905:
1629:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
761:. For example, he said that he had witnessed the "
2578:. Wellington, New Zealand: Science Media Centre.
1495:
1493:
1491:
1163:List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees
3303:, Invent.org, December 28, 1944, archived from
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
1631:"Is Kary Mullis God? (Or Just the Big Kahuna?)"
1158:History of the polymerase chain reaction method
551:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
2768:
2766:
2565:
2563:
2561:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
682:that AIDS is an arbitrary diagnosis used when
470:Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute
360:committee to reconsider its initial decision.
5167:
4910:
3510:
2473:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4–5.
1899:
1897:
1638:. Vol. 122, no. 1. pp. 68–75.
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
8:
3330:, USA: PTO, October 13, 1998, archived from
2349:Chien, A.; Edgar, D.B.; Trela, J.M. (1976).
2022:
2020:
1751:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1038:1992: California Scientist of the Year Award
2654:Nattrass, Nicoli (September–October 2007).
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1197:
1195:
5174:
5160:
5152:
4917:
4903:
4895:
3517:
3503:
3495:
3469:
3441:
3172:"Award Winners 1970 – 2017"
2781:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.
1153:COVID-19 misinformation § PCR testing
1070:, Ronald H. Brown American Innovator Award
191:Schizokinen: structure and synthetic work
42:
31:
2738:
2374:
2234:
1663:Schizokinen: Structure and Synthetic Work
1320:
1318:
1316:
274:downplayed humans' role in climate change
3206:. New York: Facts On File. p. 163.
2299:Artificial DNA: Methods and Applications
1882:. Technology Quarterly. March 13, 2004.
5835:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
3228:"The John Scott Award Recipients: 2007"
3045:. London. October 9, 2019. p. 53.
1350:Arnaud, Celia Henry (August 21, 2019).
1325:McClain, Dylan Loeb (August 15, 2019).
1191:
621:Hoffman-La Roche v. Promega Corporation
382:University of California, San Francisco
3252:. Robert-Koch-Stiftung. Archived from
3146:"Past Recipients, William Allan Award"
3064:Thompson, M. Dion (October 13, 1998).
3015:Golden, Frederic (December 13, 2000).
2001:. USA science festival. Archived from
1976:
1912:. New York: Basic Books. p. 103.
1650:from the original on February 6, 2020.
668:scientific consensus on climate change
5840:Writers from Columbia, South Carolina
3405:"Kary Mullis, the great gene machine"
2723:"AIDS denialists back on the upswing"
2582:from the original on January 20, 2021
2157:A next-gen cure for killer infections
1856:
1854:
1339:from the original on January 3, 2022.
1270:Wade, Nicholas (September 15, 1998).
1004:in the form of a fluorescent raccoon.
702:, Mullis's HIV skepticism influenced
7:
2693:Kalichman, Seth (November 3, 2009).
2601:Johnson, George (October 28, 2007).
2469:Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology
2140:(Press release). September 22, 2011.
1661:Mullis, Kary Banks (December 1973).
1168:List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1024:1991: National Biotechnology Award,
638:Views on HIV/AIDS and climate change
580:History of polymerase chain reaction
490:History of polymerase chain reaction
466:USA Science and Engineering Festival
243:(PCR) technique, he shared the 1993
5825:American psychedelic drug advocates
5800:Deaths from pneumonia in California
2633:. New York: Springer. p. 124.
2501:Carlson, Peter (November 3, 1998).
2189:University of California, San Diego
2122:. Salem Press, a division of EBSCO.
1526:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993"
1471:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993"
1415:Jarry, Jonathan (August 15, 2019).
374:University of Kansas Medical Center
325:He earned a Bachelor of Science in
278:doubt that HIV is the cause of AIDS
5820:People from Lenoir, North Carolina
3403:Liversidge, Anthony (April 1992).
2985:Harrison, Ann (January 16, 2006).
1299:Pineda, Dorany (August 13, 2019).
574:Accreditation of the PCR technique
343:University of California, Berkeley
112:University of California, Berkeley
25:
3450:"Patent Portfolio of Kary Mullis"
3353:"Laurea ad honorem a Kary Mullis"
2570:Winter, David (October 8, 2011).
2183:Buschman, Heather (May 6, 2015).
1028:, R&D Scientist of the Year,
904:10.1038/scientificamerican0490-56
757:Mullis expressed interest in the
3747:
3091:Clark, Debbie (August 9, 2019).
2604:"Bright Scientists, Dim Notions"
1504:. Greenwood Press. p. 184.
1500:Shmaefsky, Brian Robert (2006).
1137:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1060:1994: Golden Plate Award of the
1047:1993: Nobel Prize in Chemistry,
690:, AIDS researcher and author of
686:are found in a patient's blood.
5601:/ John Frederick Grassle (2013)
3284:American Academy of Achievement
2777:Dancing Naked in the Mind Field
2695:"How to spot an AIDS denialist"
2542:Dancing Naked in the Mind Field
2367:10.1128/jb.127.3.1550-1557.1976
1356:Chemical & Engineering News
1068:National Inventors Hall of Fame
1062:American Academy of Achievement
982:Dancing Naked in the Mind Field
401:. Despite little experience in
331:Georgia Institute of Technology
103:Georgia Institute of Technology
27:American biochemist (1944–2019)
5830:Scientists from North Carolina
2987:"LSD: The Geek's Wonder Drug?"
2429:"Ethnography of a Nobel Prize"
2154:Mullis, Kary (February 2009).
1756:McDonald, Coby (Winter 2019).
1569:Mullis, Kary (February 2002).
1203:"Laureates of the Japan Prize"
1:
5311:Ernest John Christopher Polge
3489:, Nobel Prize committee, 2005
3018:"The Worst And The Brightest"
2721:Basu, Paroma (June 1, 2005).
1983:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1445:"Kary B. Mullis Biographical"
919:The Polymerase Chain Reaction
623:on behalf of the defendants (
5815:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
2662:. Vol. 31, no. 5.
2656:"AIDS Denialism vs. Science"
2276:10.1016/0022-2836(71)90469-4
2264:Journal of Molecular Biology
1384:. Vol. 44, no. 3.
1352:"Kary Mullis dies at age 74"
1056:University of South Carolina
1016:William Allan Memorial Award
980:Mullis's 1998 autobiography
753:Interest in the supernatural
605:in PCR. However, biochemist
595:Journal of Molecular Biology
280:, and professed a belief in
1572:Play! Experiment! Discover!
859:10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.032
464:Mullis was a member of the
5856:
3232:garfield.library.upenn.edu
1935:The Hastings Center Report
1764:. Cal Alumni Association.
641:
577:
483:
5327:William Hayward Pickering
5202:Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir
5079:
3745:
3202:Newton, David E. (2007).
2907:"The Duesberg phenomenon"
2427:Bilsker, Richard (1998).
2227:10.1007/s00109-015-1280-4
1451:. Nobel Prize Outreach AB
1173:Nobel Prize controversies
1000:and an encounter with an
792:Newport Beach, California
415:polymerase chain reaction
241:polymerase chain reaction
212:
167:
128:polymerase chain reaction
91:Newport Beach, California
41:
5790:American Nobel laureates
5020:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
4995:Frederik Willem de Klerk
4671:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
3950:Wendell Meredith Stanley
3530:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2802:Mullis, Kary B. (1995).
1443:Mullis, Kary B. (n.d.).
1205:. Japan Prize Foundation
1066:1998: Inducted into the
1051:, Thomas A. Edison Award
940:Mullis, Kary B. (1995).
794:, from complications of
378:pharmaceutical chemistry
316:Columbia, South Carolina
302:Early life and education
245:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
155:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
5468:/ Keith J. Sainsbury /
3003:specific DNA sequences.
2934:10.1126/science.7992043
2859:The Washington Informer
2164:(video with transcript)
2097:10.1126/science.2999980
1904:Gross, Michael (2001).
1875:"DNA's detective story"
1579:(video with transcript)
1226:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
541:Roche Molecular Systems
502:. Neither Fred, empty
5639:Emmanuelle Charpentier
5258:Frank Sherwood Rowland
5085:Nobel Prize recipients
5031:Physiology or Medicine
4835:Emmanuelle Charpentier
4823:M. Stanley Whittingham
3794:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
2523:on September 23, 2021.
2465:Rabinow, Paul (1996).
1032:of the City Trusts of
771:extraterrestrial alien
556:
519:Thermophilus aquaticus
399:Emeryville, California
308:Lenoir, North Carolina
72:Lenoir, North Carolina
5785:American libertarians
4205:Christian B. Anfinsen
3845:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2773:Mullis, Kary (1998).
2683:, semanticscholar.org
2534:Mullis, Kary (1998).
1075:University of Bologna
802:Selected publications
729:clandestine chemistry
670:and ozone depletion.
648:Climate change denial
405:, Mullis worked as a
5780:American biochemists
5744:John Michael Wallace
4867:Karl Barry Sharpless
4364:Dudley R. Herschbach
4189:Luis Federico Leloir
3460:on January 10, 2013.
3423:on January 21, 2001.
3381:. Masaryk University
3359:on February 27, 2021
3334:on February 20, 2009
3297:"Inventor Profile",
3098:The Post and Courier
2301:. Boca Raton, Fla.:
2118:Vigue, C.L. (2021).
1145:United States portal
763:non-substantial form
723:Use of hallucinogens
459:La Jolla, California
318:, where he attended
312:Blue Ridge Mountains
251:and was awarded the
5810:HIV/AIDS denialists
5805:Georgia Tech alumni
5728:/ Kazuo Hagimoto /
5567:Tadamitsu Kishimoto
5297:Jacques-Louis Lions
4859:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
4771:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
4508:Jens Christian Skou
4476:F. Sherwood Rowland
4388:Charles J. Pedersen
4352:Herbert A. Hauptman
4045:Vincent du Vigneaud
3662:Richard Willstätter
3546:Jacobus van 't Hoff
3379:"Kary Banks Mullis"
3280:www.achievement.org
3256:on February 1, 2019
3250:"Robert Koch Award"
2926:1994Sci...266.1642C
2920:(5191): 1642–1644.
2905:Cohen, Jon (1994).
2740:10.1038/nm0605-581b
2572:"The Nobel disease"
2507:The Washington Post
2089:1985Sci...230.1350S
2083:(4732): 1350–1354.
1804:10.1021/bi00802a010
1762:California Magazine
1698:1968Natur.218..663M
1280:. pp. F1, F5.
1020:Boehringer Mannheim
896:1990SciAm.262d..56M
884:Scientific American
822:1968Natur.218..663M
700:California Magazine
630:The anthropologist
625:Promega Corporation
474:Oakland, California
424:California Magazine
306:Mullis was born in
294:as an instance of "
143:William Allan Award
5706:Robert A. Weinberg
5688:Robert G. Gallager
5633:Steven D. Tanksley
5619:Theodore Friedmann
5522:Victor A. McKusick
5480:Masatoshi Takeichi
5428:Timothy R. Parsons
5424:John B. Goodenough
5418:Kimishige Ishizaka
5393:Jack L. Strominger
5389:W. Wesley Peterson
5369:Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
5365:Joseph Engelberger
5341:Edward F. Knipling
5039:Richard J. Roberts
5014:Russell Alan Hulse
4819:John B. Goodenough
4747:William E. Moerner
4627:Richard R. Schrock
4599:Roderick MacKinnon
4571:K. Barry Sharpless
4396:Johann Deisenhofer
4225:Geoffrey Wilkinson
4221:Ernst Otto Fischer
4145:Robert S. Mulliken
4081:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
4029:Hermann Staudinger
3849:Irène Joliot-Curie
3468:on Nobelprize.org
3204:Forensic Chemistry
2964:California Monthly
2820:10.1007/bf01435010
2660:Skeptical Inquirer
2609:The New York Times
2537:"I am a Capricorn"
1382:Skeptical Inquirer
1333:The New York Times
1278:The New York Times
1082:Masaryk University
958:10.1007/BF01435010
742:California Monthly
712:Skeptical Inquirer
663:The New York Times
644:HIV/AIDS denialism
345:(UC Berkeley), in
320:Dreher High School
291:Skeptical Inquirer
266:The New York Times
5757:
5756:
5726:Masataka Nakazawa
5720:Christopher Field
5605:Yasuharu Suematsu
5549:Shun-ichi Iwasaki
5508:Peter Shaw Ashton
5448:Benoit Mandelbrot
5442:Andrzej Tarkowski
5262:Elias James Corey
5149:
5148:
5056:Economic Sciences
4892:
4891:
4875:Moungi G. Bawendi
4795:Richard Henderson
4639:Roger D. Kornberg
4607:Aaron Ciechanover
4440:Rudolph A. Marcus
4344:Robert Merrifield
4280:Peter D. Mitchell
4053:Cyril Hinshelwood
3814:Friedrich Bergius
3738:Richard Zsigmondy
3654:Theodore Richards
3602:Ernest Rutherford
3454:DirectoryInventor
3213:978-1-4381-0976-3
3152:on August 4, 2019
3101:. Charleston, S.C
3070:The Baltimore Sun
2951:on June 15, 2006.
2891:978-0-3877-9476-1
2788:978-0-679-44255-4
2640:978-1-4419-0306-8
2551:978-0-679-77400-6
2312:978-1-4200-4016-6
2187:(Press release).
2005:on April 21, 2010
1919:978-0-7382-0445-1
1798:(26): 4894–4898.
1692:(5142): 663–664.
1511:978-0-313-33528-0
1502:Biotechnology 101
1307:Los Angeles Times
1276:. Science Times.
1043:Robert Koch Prize
1009:Awards and honors
990:978-0-679-77400-6
934:978-0-8176-3750-7
816:(5142): 663–664.
727:Mullis practiced
586:H. Gobind Khorana
417:(PCR) procedure.
403:molecular biology
395:Cetus Corporation
261:molecular biology
233:Kary Banks Mullis
230:
229:
179:Molecular biology
169:Scientific career
150:Robert Koch Prize
68:December 28, 1944
58:Kary Banks Mullis
18:Kary Banks Mullis
16:(Redirected from
5847:
5795:Biotechnologists
5595:C. Grant Willson
5383:Marc Van Montagu
5357:Takashi Sugimura
5291:Xavier Le Pichon
5236:Donald Henderson
5232:Georges Vendryes
5176:
5169:
5162:
5153:
5087:
5045:Phillip A. Sharp
5041:(United Kingdom)
4919:
4912:
4905:
4896:
4885:
4883:Alexei I. Ekimov
4869:
4863:Morten P. Meldal
4853:
4841:
4829:
4813:
4797:
4787:Jacques Dubochet
4781:
4765:
4749:
4733:
4717:
4711:Robert Lefkowitz
4705:
4697:
4681:
4675:Thomas A. Steitz
4665:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4623:Robert H. Grubbs
4617:
4601:
4589:
4573:
4546:
4544:Hideki Shirakawa
4530:
4522:
4510:
4494:
4478:
4462:
4454:
4442:
4434:
4432:Richard R. Ernst
4426:
4418:
4406:
4390:
4374:
4358:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4310:
4308:Frederick Sanger
4294:
4288:Herbert C. Brown
4282:
4274:
4266:
4264:William Lipscomb
4247:
4235:
4227:
4215:
4199:
4197:Gerhard Herzberg
4191:
4183:
4171:
4163:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4073:Frederick Sanger
4067:
4059:
4057:Nikolay Semyonov
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4011:
4009:Glenn T. Seaborg
3988:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3936:
3934:Artturi Virtanen
3928:
3920:
3918:George de Hevesy
3912:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3879:
3871:
3859:
3851:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3816:
3804:
3796:
3784:
3776:
3774:Heinrich Wieland
3768:
3766:Theodor Svedberg
3751:
3750:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3578:Adolf von Baeyer
3572:
3564:
3562:Svante Arrhenius
3556:
3548:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3473:
3461:
3456:. Archived from
3445:
3440:
3439:
3437:Official website
3424:
3419:. Archived from
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3238:on July 1, 2010.
3224:
3218:
3217:
3199:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3126:. August 8, 2019
3117:
3111:
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3108:
3106:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2944:. Archived from
2911:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2814:(1–3): 195–197.
2799:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2742:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2690:
2684:
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2672:
2671:
2651:
2645:
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2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2517:. Archived from
2498:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2361:(3): 1550–1557.
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1753:
1726:
1725:
1706:10.1038/218663b0
1681:
1675:
1674:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1622:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1566:
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1547:
1541:
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1538:
1536:
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1515:
1497:
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1322:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1267:
1250:
1249:
1238:10.4065/77.7.606
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1199:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1117:Chemistry portal
1114:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1103:Biography portal
1100:
1099:
1098:
1084:, Czech Republic
1030:John Scott Award
1002:extraterrestrial
977:
952:(1–3): 195–197.
915:
878:
841:
830:10.1038/218663b0
531:, medicine, and
496:Mendocino County
445:specializing in
376:(1973–1977) and
355:in the field of
226:
223:
202:Doctoral advisor
196:
163:
147:
86:
67:
65:
46:
32:
21:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:Ronald M. Evans
5734:Karl Deisseroth
5730:Gero Miesenböck
5702:Bert Vogelstein
5698:Martin A. Green
5676:
5657:Max Dale Cooper
5643:Jennifer Doudna
5615:Yutaka Takahasi
5537:
5484:Erkki Ruoslahti
5466:Akira Fujishima
5434:Tim Berners-Lee
5402:
5397:Don Craig Wiley
5283:W. Jason Morgan
5267:
5226:Theodore Maiman
5212:Willem J. Kolff
5186:
5180:
5150:
5145:
5083:
5075:
5072:(United States)
5066:(United States)
5050:
5047:(United States)
5025:
5022:(United States)
5016:(United States)
5000:
4975:
4974:(United States)
4955:
4946:(United States)
4930:
4923:
4893:
4888:
4872:
4856:
4847:David MacMillan
4844:
4839:Jennifer Doudna
4832:
4816:
4800:
4784:
4775:Fraser Stoddart
4768:
4759:Paul L. Modrich
4752:
4736:
4720:
4708:
4700:
4695:Ei-ichi Negishi
4687:Richard F. Heck
4684:
4668:
4655:Osamu Shimomura
4652:
4644:
4636:
4620:
4604:
4592:
4576:
4563:William Knowles
4560:
4549:
4540:Alan MacDiarmid
4533:
4525:
4513:
4497:
4492:Richard Smalley
4481:
4468:Paul J. Crutzen
4465:
4457:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4409:
4393:
4384:Jean-Marie Lehn
4377:
4361:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4313:
4297:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4250:
4245:Vladimir Prelog
4238:
4230:
4218:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4174:
4166:
4150:
4142:
4137:Robert Woodward
4134:
4129:Dorothy Hodgkin
4126:
4114:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3991:
3979:
3974:William Giauque
3971:
3963:
3958:Robert Robinson
3955:
3942:James B. Sumner
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3889:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
3885:Adolf Butenandt
3882:
3874:
3862:
3854:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3822:Irving Langmuir
3819:
3807:
3799:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3707:Frederick Soddy
3704:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3634:Victor Grignard
3631:
3623:
3615:
3610:Wilhelm Ostwald
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3532:
3523:
3483:
3480:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3402:
3399:
3397:Further reading
3394:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3307:on July 6, 2010
3296:
3295:
3291:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3170:
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3165:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2961:
2960:
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2948:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2574:. The Atavism.
2569:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1975:
1947:10.2307/3528230
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1838:www.k-state.edu
1832:
1831:
1827:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1755:
1754:
1729:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1624:
1623:
1592:
1582:
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1568:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1479:
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1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1269:
1268:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1011:
939:
881:
844:
807:
804:
779:
755:
725:
698:. According to
658:ozone depletion
650:
640:
582:
576:
492:
484:Main articles:
482:
390:
304:
263:, described by
220:
194:
158:
153:
148:
145:
141:
130:
110:
99:Alma mater
94:
88:
84:
75:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5853:
5851:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5737:
5723:
5712:Katalin KarikĂł
5709:
5695:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5667:Yoshio Okamoto
5664:
5661:Jacques Miller
5650:
5636:
5626:
5612:
5609:C. David Allis
5602:
5592:
5585:Nicholas Lydon
5574:
5563:Dennis Ritchie
5556:
5553:Peter Vitousek
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5528:Dennis Meadows
5525:
5518:Robert E. Kahn
5511:
5504:Peter GrĂĽnberg
5497:
5487:
5473:
5470:John H. Lawton
5459:
5452:James A. Yorke
5445:
5431:
5421:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5386:
5372:
5354:
5347:Charles K. Kao
5344:
5334:
5331:Arvid Carlsson
5324:
5321:Kary B. Mullis
5314:
5304:
5294:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5248:Luc Montagnier
5229:
5218:Henry Beachell
5215:
5208:David Turnbull
5205:
5198:John R. Pierce
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5070:Douglass North
5067:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4997:(South Africa)
4992:
4991:(South Africa)
4989:Nelson Mandela
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4944:Kary B. Mullis
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4870:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4814:
4807:Gregory Winter
4803:Frances Arnold
4798:
4782:
4766:
4750:
4734:
4727:Michael Levitt
4723:Martin Karplus
4718:
4706:
4698:
4682:
4666:
4663:Roger Y. Tsien
4659:Martin Chalfie
4650:
4642:
4634:
4618:
4602:
4590:
4574:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4536:Alan J. Heeger
4531:
4523:
4511:
4504:John E. Walker
4495:
4479:
4463:
4455:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4407:
4404:Hartmut Michel
4391:
4380:Donald J. Cram
4375:
4359:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4320:Roald Hoffmann
4311:
4304:Walter Gilbert
4295:
4283:
4275:
4272:Ilya Prigogine
4267:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4241:John Cornforth
4236:
4228:
4216:
4209:Stanford Moore
4200:
4192:
4184:
4172:
4164:
4157:Ronald Norrish
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4112:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4065:Alexander Todd
4060:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4012:
4005:Edwin McMillan
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3880:
3872:
3865:Norman Haworth
3860:
3852:
3840:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3805:
3797:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3699:Walther Nernst
3694:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3594:Eduard Buchner
3589:
3581:
3573:
3570:William Ramsay
3565:
3557:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3466:Kary B. Mullis
3463:
3446:
3430:
3429:External links
3427:
3426:
3425:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3370:
3344:
3317:
3289:
3267:
3241:
3219:
3212:
3185:
3163:
3137:
3112:
3083:
3072:. p. 1E.
3056:
3028:
3007:
2977:
2954:
2897:
2890:
2872:
2849:
2794:
2787:
2762:
2713:
2685:
2673:
2646:
2639:
2621:
2593:
2557:
2550:
2526:
2509:. p. D1.
2486:
2479:
2457:
2439:(2): 167–169.
2419:
2408:(4): 644–651.
2390:
2341:
2318:
2311:
2305:. p. 20.
2289:
2270:(2): 341–361.
2260:Khorana, H. G.
2250:
2201:
2175:
2143:
2125:
2110:
2066:
2044:
2032:Karymullis.com
2016:
1990:
1925:
1918:
1893:
1865:
1863:karymullis.com
1850:
1825:
1782:
1727:
1676:
1653:
1590:
1561:
1556:NobelPrize.org
1550:Mullis, Kary.
1542:
1530:NobelPrize.org
1517:
1510:
1487:
1475:NobelPrize.org
1462:
1449:NobelPrize.org
1430:
1402:
1361:
1342:
1312:
1291:
1251:
1216:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:Luc Montagnier
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1131:History portal
1120:
1106:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1026:Gairdner Award
1022:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
978:
937:
916:
879:
842:
803:
800:
778:
775:
754:
751:
747:Albert Hofmann
724:
721:
696:Peter Duesberg
688:Seth Kalichman
684:HIV antibodies
679:Seth Kalichman
654:climate change
639:
636:
607:Richard T. Pon
603:Taq polymerase
575:
572:
524:DNA polymerase
511:Norman Arnheim
486:Taq Polymerase
481:
478:
455:Marilyn Monroe
443:expert witness
389:
386:
347:J. B. Neilands
303:
300:
228:
227:
218:
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207:J. B. Neilands
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165:
164:
139:
135:
134:
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
100:
96:
95:
89:
87:(aged 74)
83:August 7, 2019
81:
77:
76:
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
48:Mullis in 2006
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5852:
5841:
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5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5740:Brian Hoskins
5738:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5716:Drew Weissman
5713:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5653:Akira Yoshino
5651:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5623:Alain Fischer
5620:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5589:Masato Sagawa
5586:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5571:Toshio Hirano
5568:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5532:David E. Kuhl
5529:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5490:John Houghton
5488:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5462:Kenichi Honda
5460:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5435:
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5422:
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5409:
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5376:
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5366:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5337:Nick Holonyak
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:Marvin Minsky
5277:
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5270:
5263:
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5034:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4972:Toni Morrison
4969:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4950:Michael Smith
4948:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4884:
4880:
4879:Louis E. Brus
4876:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4851:Benjamin List
4848:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4827:Akira Yoshino
4824:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4791:Joachim Frank
4788:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4755:Tomas Lindahl
4751:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4731:Arieh Warshel
4728:
4724:
4719:
4716:
4715:Brian Kobilka
4712:
4707:
4704:
4703:Dan Shechtman
4699:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4679:Ada E. Yonath
4676:
4672:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:Avram Hershko
4608:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4587:Kurt WĂĽthrich
4584:
4583:Koichi Tanaka
4580:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:Paul D. Boyer
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4452:Michael Smith
4449:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:Sidney Altman
4408:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:Kenichi Fukui
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4213:William Stein
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4161:George Porter
4158:
4154:
4153:Manfred Eigen
4149:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4097:Melvin Calvin
4093:
4090:
4089:Willard Libby
4085:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4037:Linus Pauling
4033:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4021:Richard Synge
4018:
4017:Archer Martin
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3966:Arne Tiselius
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:John Northrop
3943:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3790:Arthur Harden
3786:
3783:
3782:Adolf Windaus
3778:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3739:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3715:Francis Aston
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3646:Alfred Werner
3642:
3639:
3638:Paul Sabatier
3635:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3586:Henri Moissan
3582:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:0-226-70147-6
2476:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:(6): 619–31.
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:Business Wire
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:The Economist
1876:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1834:"Kary Mullis"
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:(July 1994).
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1132:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
928:
927:0-8176-3750-8
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
805:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
781:Mullis was a
777:Personal life
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
717:Nobel disease
714:
713:
709:According to
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
612:
611:Michael Gross
608:
604:
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
581:
573:
571:
567:
565:
561:
555:
550:
547:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
520:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:Elvis Presley
448:
447:DNA profiling
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
426:
425:
418:
416:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
385:
384:(1977–1979).
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
361:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
296:Nobel disease
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Michael Smith
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
219:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
161:
156:
151:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:Invention of
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
82:
78:
73:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
5692:Svante Pääbo
5629:Hideo Hosono
5599:Jean Fréchet
5581:Brian Druker
5577:Janet Rowley
5559:Ken Thompson
5476:Makoto Nagao
5438:Anne McLaren
5379:Jozef Schell
5307:Gerhard Ertl
5301:John J. Wild
5287:Dan McKenzie
5252:Robert Gallo
5244:Frank Fenner
5222:Gurdev Khush
5115:
5064:Robert Fogel
4943:
4811:George Smith
4691:Akira Suzuki
4647:Gerhard Ertl
4631:Yves Chauvin
4579:John B. Fenn
4567:Ryoji Noyori
4554:2001–present
4528:Ahmed Zewail
4488:Harold Kroto
4472:Mario Molina
4447:
4400:Robert Huber
4372:John Polanyi
4356:Jerome Karle
4292:Georg Wittig
4177:Derek Barton
4169:Lars Onsager
4121:Giulio Natta
4117:Karl Ziegler
4109:John Kendrew
3877:Richard Kuhn
3802:Hans Fischer
3618:Otto Wallach
3554:Emil Fischer
3485:
3458:the original
3453:
3421:the original
3408:
3383:. Retrieved
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3347:
3336:, retrieved
3332:the original
3326:
3320:
3309:, retrieved
3305:the original
3300:Hall of Fame
3299:
3292:
3279:
3270:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3244:
3236:the original
3231:
3222:
3203:
3176:. Retrieved
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:the original
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:MyNewsLA.com
3123:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3096:
3086:
3069:
3059:
3042:
3031:
3022:
3010:
3001:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:
2980:
2963:
2957:
2946:the original
2917:
2913:
2900:
2881:
2875:
2858:
2852:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2776:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:New Humanist
2698:
2688:
2676:
2659:
2649:
2630:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2575:
2541:
2529:
2520:the original
2506:
2468:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2436:
2432:
2422:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2358:
2355:J. Bacteriol
2354:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2321:
2298:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2161:
2156:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1993:
1979:cite journal
1941:(5): 30–39.
1938:
1934:
1928:
1907:
1879:
1868:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1828:
1795:
1792:Biochemistry
1791:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1761:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1662:
1656:
1635:
1626:Yoffe, Emily
1581:. Retrieved
1576:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1501:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1448:
1421:. Retrieved
1393:. Retrieved
1381:
1355:
1345:
1332:
1306:
1294:
1277:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1209:December 13,
1207:. Retrieved
1034:Philadelphia
981:
949:
945:
918:
890:(4): 56–65.
887:
883:
850:
846:
813:
809:
787:
780:
756:
740:
726:
710:
708:
699:
692:Denying AIDS
691:
675:HIV and AIDS
672:
661:
651:
632:Paul Rabinow
629:
620:
600:
593:
590:Kjell Kleppe
583:
568:
557:
552:
548:
545:
517:
515:
508:
493:
463:
440:
429:
422:
419:
391:
362:
357:astrophysics
350:
339:biochemistry
324:
305:
289:
276:, expressed
271:
264:
257:biochemistry
232:
231:
190:
168:
85:(2019-08-07)
29:
5775:2019 deaths
5770:1944 births
5500:Albert Fert
5456:Seiji Ogawa
5317:Frank Press
5183:Japan Prize
4927:Nobel Prize
4779:Ben Feringa
4763:Aziz Sancar
4743:Stefan Hell
4739:Eric Betzig
4516:Walter Kohn
4484:Robert Curl
4460:George Olah
4448:Kary Mullis
4424:Elias Corey
4416:Thomas Cech
4368:Yuan T. Lee
4336:Henry Taube
3869:Paul Karrer
3857:Peter Debye
3837:Harold Urey
3723:Fritz Pregl
3684:Fritz Haber
3626:Marie Curie
2681:Paroma-Basu
2586:January 12,
2215:J. Mol. Med
2028:"Biography"
1423:January 12,
1395:January 12,
1049:Japan Prize
853:: 263–273.
704:Thabo Mbeki
500:Honda Civic
365:siderophore
310:, near the
253:Japan Prize
160:Japan Prize
36:Kary Mullis
5764:Categories
5671:Rattan Lal
5647:Adi Shamir
5494:Akira Endo
5414:Ian McHarg
5361:Bruce Ames
5240:Isao Arita
5185:recipients
4961:Literature
4615:Irwin Rose
4595:Peter Agre
4520:John Pople
4328:Aaron Klug
4233:Paul Flory
4181:Odd Hassel
4105:Max Perutz
3986:Kurt Alder
3982:Otto Diels
3810:Carl Bosch
3478:Interviews
3385:August 14,
3363:August 14,
3260:August 14,
3178:August 14,
3156:August 14,
3130:August 11,
2733:(6): 581.
2706:August 14,
2401:Biokhimiia
2330:. Casemine
1999:"Advisors"
1775:August 24,
1232:(7): 606.
1187:References
759:paranormal
642:See also:
578:See also:
436:ozone hole
370:cardiology
286:paranormal
237:biochemist
222:karymullis
64:1944-12-28
5514:Vint Cerf
5375:Leo Esaki
5351:Masao Ito
4936:Chemistry
4929:laureates
4300:Paul Berg
4255:1976–2000
3996:1951–1975
3926:Otto Hahn
3757:1926–1950
3537:1901–1925
3526:Laureates
3486:Interview
3417:0149-8711
3105:August 9,
3078:1930-8965
3051:0140-0460
3043:The Times
2996:March 11,
2972:939087276
2867:0741-9414
2828:0016-6707
2668:0194-6730
2614:August 6,
2515:0190-8286
2445:1433-5158
2303:CRC Press
2059:March 12,
1955:1552-146X
1888:0013-0613
1843:August 8,
1812:0006-2960
1770:939087276
1714:1476-4687
1644:0194-9535
1535:April 22,
1480:April 22,
1390:0194-6730
1286:0362-4331
998:astrology
796:pneumonia
767:astrology
537:evolution
533:forensics
432:San Diego
329:from the
327:chemistry
282:astrology
4952:(Canada)
3338:July 27,
3311:July 27,
2844:28158163
2808:Genetica
2757:29361429
2749:15937451
2580:Archived
2576:Sciblogs
2450:July 27,
2334:April 8,
2245:25940316
2168:July 27,
2009:July 27,
1971:11656768
1671:17971376
1648:Archived
1455:July 27,
1337:Archived
1246:12108595
1089:See also
974:28158163
946:Genetica
875:26180176
560:TED Talk
529:genetics
284:and the
5006:Physics
3528:of the
2942:7992043
2922:Bibcode
2914:Science
2836:7744261
2414:7378495
2284:4927950
2236:4469262
2194:July 6,
2162:TED.com
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2085:Bibcode
2077:Science
1963:3528230
1861:CV 2009
1820:4332462
1722:4151884
1694:Bibcode
1636:Esquire
1577:TED.com
1077:, Italy
966:7744261
912:2315679
892:Bibcode
867:3472723
838:4151884
818:Bibcode
564:anthrax
410:chemist
380:at the
372:at the
341:at the
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272:Mullis
217:Website
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138:Awards
132:TaqMan
93:, U.S.
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5116:1993
4981:Peace
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2991:Wired
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2840:S2CID
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1959:JSTOR
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558:In a
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