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result, Florence
Crittenton work has been characterized as mostly middle-class people "meddling" in working class lives "in an effort to bring about a well-ordered society." Katherine Aiken thinks this characterization is too sweeping and that it misses the genuine caring that Florence Crittenton workers brought to their work, identifying as women and mothers with their sister "unfortunate girls". Aiken summarizes her conclusions by agreeing with critics that "middle-class Crittenton workers sometimes forced their own values and life-style upon women of another class... hese actions sometimes resulted in negative effects on the women involved. Nevertheless, Crittenton homes served a purpose and filled a void that provided a real service to women enduring considerable personal turmoil."
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prominent women of her time, Kate Waller
Barrett is today a virtually unknown historical character." Aiken notes that popular culture and historians have focused on female activists and social scientists "who tended to be single, career women. Certainly, as a physician and trained nurse, Barrett's professional status was on par with any progressive reformer, male or female. However, unlike many of her contemporaries, Barrett relied on her role as wife and mother to establish her credentials.... Recent studies of maternalism have made it clear that middle-class women often used the rhetoric of motherhood to make inroads toward achieving changes favorable to women. Barrett and the NFCM illustrate this phenomenon".
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promised marriage. Barrett recognized the similarities between herself and the young woman, and concluded that only luck separated her from the young woman in her home; one of them had fallen in love with a "good" man and one with a "bad" one. Furthermore, from her own experiences as a slaveholder and with Jim Crow laws, Barrett also realized how spirits could be broken by degradation. Profoundly moved by her new-found bond with this "fallen" woman, she vowed, "By the power of God that rules the
Universe, I would spend my life trying to wipe out some of the inequalities that were meted out to my sisters who were so helpless to help themselves."
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areas of health care, employment for women, and children's rights. The organization campaigned for equality for women and for recognition of women's needs... Despite differences in class and race with most of their clients, FC volunteers tried to emphasize gender identity.... It would be a long time before a group of women had the resources to duplicate
Crittenton efforts.
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workers being Black. Similarly, the NFCM welcomed the Topeka Home (Colored), founded by Topeka Blacks in 1904, when they later petitioned to join NFCM. Not only did
Barrett accept the Topeka home, but she arranged for the NFCM to pay off the home's sizeable remaining mortgage, and ensured that its leader, Sarah Malone, was included within the NFCM leadership.
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the home residents. "This combination of modern facilities, sympathetic care, and an atmosphere that was conducive to women exercising control over their own treatment caused many women to select
Crittenton hospitals over other alternatives, and probably speeded the transition from home births to hospital births in some locations."
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Two of
Barrett's offspring led the National Florence Crittenton Mission after her. With duties split in the same way that Charles Crittenton and she had functioned early on, her eldest son Robert South Barrett, Jr. (the little boy she had once mentally compared to the child of the unmarried mother at
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included hospital care in its original 1906 building, and then built an entire hospital next door in 1913. Like most
Crittenton hospitals, it featured primarily female staff and welcomed all women (not just home inmates) to use it. The fees charged to middle-class patients helped pay for the care for
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When Rev. Barrett was assigned to
Atlanta in 1886, Katherine Barrett, with his encouragement, pursued a medical degree, while also establishing what came to be her first shelter for unwed mothers. The Women's Medical College of Georgia awarded Barrett an M.D. in 1892 and a doctor of science degree in
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In particular, soon after Robert South
Barrett, Jr., the first of their six children, was born in Richmond, Virginia, a young unmarried woman with her own child begged for help at their door. The Barretts provided the young woman with a meal and listened as she told of being deserted by a man who had
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Barrett fostered important relationships with African American women.... At a time when few white organizations interacted with black women, Barrett facilitated the efforts of middle-class African American women to engage in rescue and maternity home work... The FC approach was neither revolutionary
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Although the NFCM shifted its emphasis from prostitution to unmarried mothers, Barrett led forcefully when the anti-prostitution scare under the label of "white slavery" surfaced around 1910. "When many in the United States were caught up in the white-slavery hysteria, Barrett and the NFCM pushed to
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Upon his death, she succeeded Crittenton as president in 1909, but retained the general superintendent role as well, serving in both positions until she died on February 23, 1925. Operating more than 70 homes around the country and abroad, at the time of her death one-third of all maternity homes in
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Barrett was perhaps less successful in leading Florence Crittenton workers on the class divisions that crept into their work. While unwed mothers were hardly restricted at the time to the working class, middle-class and wealthy women had access to resources that could shield them from censure. As a
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Under her leadership, the NFCM became an established social service organization that provided a wide spectrum of services to women. The mission initiated activities that many now consider essential services for women and children. Florence Crittenton homes pioneered women-oriented policies in the
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throughout the South, historian Katherine G. Aiken concludes that "ithin this context, the NFCM made pathbreaking overtures to the African American community." Aiken observes that under Barrett, the NFCM operated a "colored mission" in Alexandria, Virginia, with not only its inmates but all of its
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on several large plantations, and Barrett's two young black playmates named Jane and Lucy were "given" to young Kate as a birthday gift on her sixth birthday by her grandmother. Later regretting these circumstances, Barrett stated "I looked upon them as mine by 'divine right' and many were the
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Insisting that all mothers had something to say and a right to act, Barrett also successfully led large numbers of women to push the boundaries of what was acceptable for women to pursue. Historian Katherine Aiken finds Barrett's current relatively small profile illuminating. "One of the most
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Barrett's central interest was the plight of unmarried mothers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group that suffered from national prejudices. After starting a "rescue home" on her own in Atlanta, despite being officially opposed by the local government, she joined forces with
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Although Charles Crittenton's emphasis was on rescuing prostitutes, he agreed with Barrett that unmarried mothers and their children were important. Under Barrett's influence, the emphasis slowly shifted to prioritizing unmarried mothers with a secondary emphasis on prostitutes.
184:. Her causes included helping the "outcast woman, the mistreated prisoner, those lacking in educational and social opportunity, the voteless woman, and the disabled war veteran." Although comparatively little known today, she was "ne of the most prominent women of her time".
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Barrett was instrumental in helping unwed mothers become an acceptable subject of philanthropy. She successfully advocated her social reform views by giving a number of public speeches and publishing a number of articles on the plight of the unwed mother.
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On February 21, 1925, Barrett held an organizing meeting in her home for what became the Alexandria/Arlington chapter. Upon Barrett's unexpected death two days later, the new chapter changed its name to the Kate Waller Barrett Chapter in her honor.
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When Barrett's husband moved the family back to Alexandria, Virginia, she was freed from the daily work of the Atlanta rescue home, and systematically pursued Crittenton's idea for a national association of homes. In 1895, they founded the
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For a woman born into a slave-holding family, Barrett put considerable effort into addressing the racial issues inherent in the work of the NFCM. Noting Barrett's background and that her era corresponded with the institutionalization of
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nanny. Her husband's health, never robust, began failing, and they returned to the Alexandria area while he was assigned in Washington, D.C., and later traveled to Europe to seek cures. Thus, Barrett also studied nursing at the Florence
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After her speech at the Democratic National Convention received a standing ovation, she was asked to consider running for Governor of Virginia. Although flattered, she did not pursue the idea due to her declining health.
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nor radical, and both white and black Crittenton workers failed to confront or challenge predominant views of race. At the same time, the Crittenton organization made inroads against racism that deserve to be recognized.
308:. He founded the first one in New York City in 1883 following the death of his beloved four-year-old daughter, Florence, after whom he named them. He established others in California and then, in conjunction with the
663:(1865â1948), although unrelated to Barrett, advocated many of the same voting rights and women's empowerment causes within black communities in Atlanta and Virginia, within Barrett's lifetime and afterward.
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When Barrett died on February 23, 1925, the flag over the Virginia Capitol in Richmond was flown at half-staff. She was the first woman in the history of the commonwealth to be so honored. In 2006, the
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in 1904, as a member of the Mount Vernon Chapter. In 1919, she was elected State Regent of the Virginia Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, an office she held until her death.
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1894. Barrett never intended to practice as a physician, but wanted to bolster her credibility: "she recognized that the initials 'M.D.' behind her name gave weight to her viewpoints."
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help the victims of prostitution rather than to punish them as offenders... NFCM public pronouncements denounced attempts to place the blame for prostitution solely on women".
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Finding the treatment of women in regular hospitals to be unsatisfactory, many Florence Crittenton homes came to build their own. For example, the Florence Crittenton Home in
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Barrett was commissioned to be a delegate for many causes, both social and political. In 1914, Barrett traveled to Europe on a U.S. battleship, where she was:
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the door all those years ago) served as her successor as NFCM president, while daughter Reba Barrett Smith served as vice president and general superintendent.
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While earning those degrees and working on numerous charitable causes, Barrett also raised six children, with the considerable assistance of a
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A resident of Alexandria, Virginia, for approximately 30 years until her death, Barrett was aware that she lived in the house where
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1010:. Children and Youth: Social Problems and Social Policy (Reprint ed.). New York: Arno Press. pp. 161â162 and 168â169.
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Barrett was active in the preservation or improvement of several other local historic buildings and sites, including
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954:. Children and Youth: Social Problems and Social Policy (Reprint ed.). New York: Arno Press. pp. 154â156.
809:. Children and Youth: Social Problems and Social Policy (Reprint ed.). New York: Arno Press. pp. 146â147.
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853:. Children and Youth: Social Problems and Social Policy (Reprint ed.). New York: Arno Press. p. 150.
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Barrett had a tremendous impact on the developing field of social work and on services for women and children.
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physician, humanitarian, philanthropist, sociologist and social reformer, best known for her leadership of the
1097:. Children and Youth: Social Problems and Social Policy (Reprint ed.). New York: Arno Press. p. 40.
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Crittenton had been establishing rescue homes, primarily oriented toward providing women an alternative to
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A Special Representative of the U.S. Government in Europe studying and advising on women's issues for the
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1480:. Washington, DC: National Park Service. pp. 8â15, 8â17, and 8â19â8â24 (pdf pp. 19, 21, and 23â27).
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272:, England. However, Rev. Barrett died in 1896, leaving his 39-year-old widow with six young children.
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301:(1833â1909), a wealthy New Yorker also interested in creating safe havens for "fallen women."
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Orwig, Timothy T. (March 31, 2000). "Florence Crittenton Home and Hospital Sioux City".
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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Harnessing the Power of Motherhood: The National Florence Crittenton Mission, 1883â1925
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lessons of cruelty and lack of appreciation of the rights of others cultivated in me."
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Barrett was born Katherine Harwood Waller at her family's historic estate, Clifton, in
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had drafted the document establishing the District of Columbia. It had been owned by
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Fifty Years' Work with Girls, 1883â1933: A Story of the Florence Crittenton Homes
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Fifty Years' Work with Girls, 1883â1933: A Story of the Florence Crittenton Homes
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Fifty Years' Work with Girls, 1883â1933: A Story of the Florence Crittenton Homes
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Fifty Years' Work with Girls, 1883â1933: A Story of the Florence Crittenton Homes
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Fifty Years' Work with Girls, 1883â1933: A Story of the Florence Crittenton Homes
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Fifty Years' Work with Girls, 1883â1933: A Story of the Florence Crittenton Homes
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435:. Barrett also held offices in a number of political organizations including:
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was state of the art when built in 1913 next to the Florence Crittenton Home.
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minister fresh out of seminary, who had been recently assigned to the nearby
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Youell, Mrs. Rice M Jr. "Women Worthy of Honor: Dr. Kate Waller Barrett".
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Vice President of the Conference of Charities and Corrections of Virginia
236:
232:
231:. It was while traveling with and assisting her husband with his work in
173:
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Kate Waller Barrett Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution
1522:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/va/va0100/va0101/data/va0101data.pdf
197:
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838:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.
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Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School of Arlington County, Virginia
1535:"Virginia Women in History 2006 â Katherine Harwood Waller Barrett"
1712:"Working Out Her Destiny â Notable Virginia Women â Janie Barrett"
559:
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611:, and was the first woman to be made an honorary member of their
427:
Katherine Barrett was a charter member and vice president of the
1756:
Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School, Stafford County, Virginia
1686:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
1358:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
1327:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
1231:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
1124:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
1068:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
1037:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
925:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
780:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. pp.
526:
A delegate to the Conference for the Care of Delinquent Children
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1807:
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1655:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1605:. Arlington, Virginia: Arlington County Schools. Archived from
1497:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1451:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1420:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1389:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1296:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1265:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1200:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
981:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
746:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
715:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p.
1478:
National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form
470:
She was also active in the National Congress of Mothers, the
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Now abandoned, the Florence Crittenton Maternity Hospital of
328:
the U.S. were affiliated with the Florence Crittenton chain.
219:
Katherine Waller attended Arlington Institute for Girls in
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Daughter of the American Revolution and preservationist
292:
and Dr. Kate Waller Barrett collaborated for 16 years.
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In Virginia, three institutions are named after her:
431:, and a motivating force behind the creation of the
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690:. Arlington, Virginia: Kate Waller Barrett Chapter
615:chapter. A dormitory has also been named for her.
512:A delegate to the Zurich Peace Conference in 1919
529:A delegate to the International Council of Women
357:The entrance to the Florence Crittenton Home of
1751:Virginia Women in History of 2006, Virginia.gov
603:Barrett served on the Board of Visitors of the
1174:
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1583:. Stafford, Virginia: Stafford County Schools
1181:Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine
1149:Wilson, Otto; Barrett, Robert South (1974) .
1093:Wilson, Otto; Barrett, Robert South (1974) .
1006:Wilson, Otto; Barrett, Robert South (1974) .
950:Wilson, Otto; Barrett, Robert South (1974) .
849:Wilson, Otto; Barrett, Robert South (1974) .
805:Wilson, Otto; Barrett, Robert South (1974) .
8:
579:. Barrett also championed the creation of a
168:(January 24, 1857 â February 23, 1925), nÊe
349:Race and class in Florence Crittenton homes
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628:Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School of
622:Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School of
1581:"Kate Waller Barrett Elementary School"
1560:"William & Mary- Barrett Hall"
682:
680:
678:
676:
672:
156: 1876; died 1896)
3047:20th-century American women physicians
904:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
897:
634:Kate Waller Barrett Branch Library in
480:Commission on Training Camp Activities
3062:20th-century American philanthropists
3017:19th-century American philanthropists
7:
3027:Scientists from Alexandria, Virginia
2019:Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins
551:Daughters of the American Revolution
516:Back in the United States, she was:
453:the first Virginia State President,
318:National Florence Crittenton Mission
276:National Florence Crittenton Mission
178:National Florence Crittenton Mission
2213:Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell
2172:Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan
688:"Kate Waller Barrett Chapter NSDAR"
522:1924 Democratic National Convention
505:One of only 10 women to attend the
476:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
310:Women's Christian Temperance Union
113:Women's Medical College of Georgia
25:
2537:Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington
1233:42, 59, 65â66, 69â70, and 202â203
832:"Kate Waller Barrett (1858â1925)"
441:Equal Suffrage League of Virginia
180:, which she founded in 1895 with
3057:Burials at Aquia Church Cemetery
3042:20th-century American physicians
2917:Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis
2659:Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith
2460:Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell
281:Leading Florence Crittenton work
40:
830:Prater, Tammy (April 7, 2011).
153:
3037:People from Falmouth, Virginia
2259:Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez
596:honored Barrett as one of the
1:
2817:Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley
2685:Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day
2578:Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford
2812:Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall
2157:John-Geline MacDonald Bowman
1740:Barrett, Kate Harwood Waller
1680:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1649:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1491:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1445:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1414:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1383:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1352:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1321:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1290:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1259:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1225:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1194:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1118:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1062:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
1031:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
975:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
919:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
774:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
740:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
709:Aiken, Katherine G. (1998).
2947:Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker
2695:Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac
2644:Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid
2486:Christiana Burdett Campbell
2208:Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver
1603:"Barrett Elementary School"
659:Educator and social worker
605:College of William and Mary
569:Arlington National Cemetery
266:Nightingale Training School
18:Kate Harwood Waller Barrett
3078:
472:Parent-Teacher Association
359:Charleston, South Carolina
3052:Suffragists from Virginia
2973:Lillie Louise Boone Lucas
2895:
2884:
2362:
2351:
2249:Frances Culpeper Berkeley
2024:Frances Benjamin Johnston
1978:Mary-Cooke Branch Munford
1814:
1803:
1797:Virginia Women in History
598:Virginia Women in History
461:American Legion Auxiliary
455:American Legion Auxiliary
448:National Council of Women
433:American Legion Auxiliary
299:Charles Nelson Crittenton
290:Charles Nelson Crittenton
182:Charles Nelson Crittenton
39:
3022:Physicians from Virginia
2649:Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin
2598:Christine Herter Kendall
2450:Bessie Niemeyer Marshall
2075:Sarah Garland Boyd Jones
1629:"Barrett Branch Library"
581:Shenandoah National Park
170:Katherine Harwood Waller
53:Katherine Harwood Waller
2927:Josephine Mathes Norcom
2853:Georgeanna Seegar Jones
2496:Elizabeth Peet McIntosh
2162:Benita Fitzgerald-Brown
2101:Clara Leach Adams-Ender
2034:Annie Bannister Spencer
2932:Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon
2797:Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa
2756:Louise Harrison McCraw
2736:Corazon Sandoval Foley
2705:Ana Ines Barragan King
2629:Nancy Melvina Caldwell
2588:Elizabeth Ashburn Duke
2009:Anna Whitehead Bodeker
653:
609:Williamsburg, Virginia
564:
439:Vice President of the
429:League of Women Voters
409:Children as successors
397:
377:
361:
293:
216:
2562:Eva Mae Fleming Scott
2501:Orelena Hawks Puckett
2455:Felicia Warburg Rogan
2409:Marian Van Landingham
2182:Mary Virginia Terhune
2111:Bessie Blount Griffin
1973:Lillian Ward McDaniel
1922:Sally Louisa Tompkins
836:Virginia Encyclopedia
648:
563:
507:Versailles Conference
500:Bureau of Immigration
391:
372:
356:
288:
251:Doctor, mother, widow
207:
130:social service leader
2942:Lila Meade Valentine
2868:Kate Peters Sturgill
2782:Gaye Todd Adegbalola
2746:Cynthia Eppes Hudson
2583:Naomi Silverman Cohn
2511:Alice Jackson Stuart
2491:Betty Sams Christian
2399:Jean Miller Skipwith
2305:Caroline Bradby Cook
2223:Sheila Crump Johnson
2121:Barbara Johns Powell
1953:Janie Porter Barrett
1876:Lila Meade Valentine
661:Janie Porter Barrett
221:Alexandria, Virginia
143:Robert South Barrett
2863:Lucy Randolph Mason
2843:Claudia Lane Dodson
2751:Mary Virginia Jones
2680:Flora D. Crittenden
2435:Emily White Fleming
2374:Mollie Holmes Adams
2147:Kate Waller Barrett
2065:Anne Makemie Holden
1609:on October 24, 2012
594:Library of Virginia
549:Barrett joined the
384:Maternity hospitals
194:Widewater, Virginia
166:Kate Waller Barrett
34:Kate Waller Barrett
3032:Virginia Democrats
2978:Evelyn Reid Syphax
2922:Sophie G. Meredith
2807:Barbara Kingsolver
2761:Undine Smith Moore
2394:Kate Mason Rowland
2384:Edythe C. Harrison
2320:Joann Hess Grayson
2279:Isabel Wood Rogers
2177:G. Anne Richardson
2152:Marie Majella Berg
2070:Mary Draper Ingles
2029:Anne Dobie Peebles
1902:Elizabeth Campbell
1831:Mary Julia Baldwin
1688:33â34, 38, and 201
573:Custis-Lee Mansion
565:
520:A delegate to the
423:Political activism
398:
362:
324:on April 9, 1898.
294:
217:
213:Stafford, Virginia
172:, was a prominent
95:Stafford, Virginia
67:Falmouth, Virginia
27:American physician
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2912:Fannie Bayly King
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2833:Sharifa Alkhateeb
2731:Doris Crouse-Mays
2700:Katherine Johnson
2639:Ruth Coles Harris
2527:Mary C. Alexander
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2330:Virginia Randolph
2315:Drew Gilpin Faust
2264:Elizabeth B. Lacy
2254:Lucy Goode Brooks
2218:Mary Jeffery Galt
2198:Mary Willing Byrd
2085:Martha Washington
1983:Jessie M. Rattley
1963:Hannah Lee Corbin
1927:Elizabeth Van Lew
1912:Elizabeth Keckley
1897:Rosa Dixon Bowser
1826:Ella Graham Agnew
1697:978-1-57233-017-7
1666:978-1-57233-017-7
1508:978-1-57233-017-7
1462:978-1-57233-017-7
1431:978-1-57233-017-7
1400:978-1-57233-017-7
1369:978-1-57233-017-7
1338:978-1-57233-017-7
1307:978-1-57233-017-7
1276:978-1-57233-017-7
1242:978-1-57233-017-7
1211:978-1-57233-017-7
1183:(June/July 1991).
1160:978-0-405-05992-6
1135:978-1-57233-017-7
1104:978-0-405-05992-6
1079:978-1-57233-017-7
1048:978-1-57233-017-7
1017:978-0-405-05992-6
992:978-1-57233-017-7
961:978-0-405-05992-6
936:978-1-57233-017-7
860:978-0-405-05992-6
816:978-0-405-05992-6
791:978-1-57233-017-7
757:978-1-57233-017-7
726:978-1-57233-017-7
540:Richard Bland Lee
446:President of the
332:Shift in emphasis
163:
162:
78:February 23, 1925
16:(Redirected from
3069:
2937:Ora Brown Stokes
2897:
2886:
2792:Isabella Gibbons
2715:Meyera Oberndorf
2430:Eleanor Bontecou
2364:
2353:
2233:Camilla Williams
2228:Opossunoquonuske
2131:Mary Belvin Wade
2014:Mary Ann Elliott
1968:Christine Darden
1907:Thomasina Jordan
1881:Maggie L. Walker
1816:
1805:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1646:
1640:
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1637:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1488:
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1473:
1467:
1466:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1003:
997:
996:
972:
966:
965:
947:
941:
940:
916:
910:
909:
903:
895:
893:
892:
886:
880:. Archived from
879:
871:
865:
864:
846:
840:
839:
827:
821:
820:
802:
796:
795:
771:
762:
761:
737:
731:
730:
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
684:
630:Arlington County
418:Other activities
402:Sioux City, Iowa
394:Sioux City, Iowa
322:William McKinley
157:
155:
81:
63:January 24, 1857
62:
60:
44:
30:
21:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2982:
2968:Lerla G. Joseph
2963:Krista N. Jones
2951:
2891:
2872:
2858:Ona Maria Judge
2821:
2802:Kay Coles James
2770:
2719:
2668:
2617:
2613:Stoner Winslett
2566:
2515:
2464:
2445:Lillian Lincoln
2413:
2358:
2339:
2310:Claudia Emerson
2288:
2274:P. Buckley Moss
2237:
2203:Maybelle Carter
2186:
2135:
2089:
2038:
1987:
1948:Rebecca Adamson
1936:
1885:
1871:Clementina Rind
1810:
1799:
1794:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
974:
973:
969:
962:
949:
948:
944:
937:
918:
917:
913:
896:
890:
888:
884:
877:
875:"Archived copy"
873:
872:
868:
861:
848:
847:
843:
829:
828:
824:
817:
804:
803:
799:
792:
773:
772:
765:
758:
739:
738:
734:
727:
708:
707:
703:
693:
691:
686:
685:
674:
669:
644:
624:Stafford County
589:
536:
492:
425:
420:
411:
386:
351:
334:
283:
278:
253:
190:
159:
151:
147:
144:
133:
110:Alma mater
79:
70:
64:
58:
56:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:India Hamilton
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2766:Martha Rollins
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Nikki Giovanni
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:Mildred Loving
2600:
2595:
2593:Rachel Findlay
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:JoAnn Falletta
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Monica Beltran
2478:
2476:Susie May Ames
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2404:Queena Stovall
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2335:Mary Sue Terry
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Sharyn McCrumb
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Theresa Pollak
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Dolley Madison
1858:
1853:
1851:Sarah Lee Fain
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:Margaret Brent
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1734:External links
1732:
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1572:
1551:
1526:
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756:
732:
725:
701:
671:
670:
668:
665:
643:
640:
639:
638:
632:
626:
613:Phi Beta Kappa
588:
585:
544:Elisha C. Dick
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
524:
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513:
510:
503:
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82:(aged 68)
76:
72:
71:
65:
52:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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2913:
2910:
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2907:Pauline Adams
2905:
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2902:
2898:
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2713:
2711:
2710:Betty Masters
2708:
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2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Sarah A. Gray
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2532:Louise Archer
2530:
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2506:Judith Shatin
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2326:
2325:Mary Randolph
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
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2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Pauline Adams
2298:
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87:Resting place
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19:
2741:Nora Houston
2664:Karenne Wood
2425:Lucy Addison
2389:Janis Martin
2379:Ethel Furman
2284:Edith Turner
2167:Grace Hopper
2146:
2080:Annie Snyder
2060:Katie Couric
2050:Grace Arents
2004:Pearl Bailey
1932:Edith Wilson
1841:Willa Cather
1719:. Retrieved
1716:virginia.gov
1715:
1706:
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1623:
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1539:virginia.gov
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889:. Retrieved
882:the original
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314:
306:prostitution
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245:
229:Aquia Church
218:
209:Aquia Church
191:
169:
165:
164:
127:humanitarian
91:Aquia Church
80:(1925-02-23)
3012:1925 deaths
3007:1857 births
2654:Vivian Pinn
2608:Debbie Ryan
2557:Inez Pruitt
2552:Cleo Powell
2542:Ann Compton
2106:Caitlyn Day
2055:Cockacoeske
1999:Nancy Astor
1958:Patsy Cline
1846:Jennie Dean
1721:9 September
1544:9 September
1524:at pp.3, 5.
502:, 1914â1919
463:(1922â1923)
459:President,
450:(1911â1916)
443:(1909â1920)
118:Occupations
102:Nationality
3001:Categories
1866:Pocahontas
891:2013-02-16
667:References
636:Alexandria
575:, home of
59:1857-01-24
2890:2020â2029
2838:Queen Ann
2787:Rita Dove
2357:2010â2019
2126:Lee Smith
1809:2000â2009
1613:March 15,
1587:March 15,
1039:2â4 and 8
694:March 15,
225:Episcopal
188:Biography
124:Physician
2440:Pearl Fu
900:cite web
490:Delegacy
367:Jim Crow
237:Kentucky
233:Virginia
174:Virginia
105:American
1360:115â116
1329:133â135
782:130â131
509:in 1919
241:Georgia
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1565:2 July
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587:Honors
571:, and
474:, the
270:London
198:slaves
138:Spouse
97:, U.S.
69:, U.S.
1742:(bio)
1126:37â39
1070:11â12
927:34â36
885:(PDF)
878:(PDF)
261:black
152:(
148:
2956:2021
2900:2020
2826:2019
2775:2018
2724:2017
2673:2016
2622:2015
2571:2014
2520:2013
2469:2012
2418:2011
2367:2010
2293:2009
2242:2008
2191:2007
2140:2006
2094:2005
2043:2004
1992:2003
1941:2002
1890:2001
1819:2000
1723:2015
1692:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1636:2016
1615:2012
1589:2012
1567:2016
1546:2015
1503:ISBN
1457:ISBN
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752:ISBN
721:ISBN
696:2012
239:and
75:Died
49:Born
1657:209
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