812:
749:
435:
31:
49:
653:
219:
694:
Feral pigs have been blamed for the spread of kauri dieback due to their tendency to gnaw on the roots of kauri trees, and to transport infected soil on their snouts and trotters. Research in 2017 suggests the transport of infected roots via the gut of pigs is a relatively minor vector for the spread
470:
Current pathogen distribution knowledge is based on soil sampling, ground-truthing, and aerial surveillance, but that has usually been limited to stands of kauri showing symptoms, at a coarse scale. Aerial surveillance has not used multi- or hyperspectral imagery or change detection. It is unclear to
875:
began studying the effectiveness of phosphite in 2010. Phosphite injected directly into the trunk of affected trees has been shown to stop the progress of the disease, halting sap bleeding, enabling new bark to grow and prolonging the tree's life. This treatment is effective on trees of a consistent
454:
Clade 5 is believed to be in the East Asia / Pacific region. A media report of an unpublished study based on mitochondrial genomes of 17 isolates suggested that it may have existed in New
Zealand for centuries and has only recently become a danger to kauri. However, the 100% mortality rate and speed
794:
To prevent the spread of the disease, footwear-washing stations have been set up at the entrances and exits of walking tracks. These cleaning stations provide
Trigene detergent spray (also known as Sterigene) and scrubbing brushes or grates. However, the effectiveness and compliance is poor. A 2016
999:
Bradshaw, R. E.; Bellgard, S. E.; Black, A.; Burns, B. R.; Gerth, M. L.; McDougal, R. L.; Scott, P. M.; Waipara, N. W.; Weir, B. S.; Williams, N. M.; Winkworth, R. C.; Ashcroft, T.; Bradley, E. L.; Dijkwel, P. P.; Guo, Y.; Lacey, R. F.; Mesarich, C. H.; Panda, P.; Horner, I. J. (6 November 2019).
466:
in the 1950s. The only forest that has been regularly monitored for kauri dieback using a scientifically peer-reviewed methodology is the Waitākere Ranges. Between 2011 and 2016, the infection rate of kauri trees in the ranges doubled, from 8% to 19%. In the Waitākeres 58% of large areas of kauri
830:(traditional prohibition) over the kauri forest that covers large areas of the Waitākere Ranges to try to slow kauri dieback's spread, but initially at least the rāhui was frequently breached by the general public. The Waitākere Ranges were consequently the only large area of forest close to
1086:? Proceedings of the 4th International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party 7.02.09. Phytophthora in forests and natural ecosystems. Monterey, California, 26–31 August 2007. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-221. USDA, Forest Service, Albany, California, USA. 74–85.
798:
DOC has since conducted research to improve the design of these cleaning stations to find out whether other designs are more likely to be used. Some improved designs were trialled during the Hilary running event in the
Waitakeres and have been installed in the
467:
ecosystem over 5 hectares have some state of infection. An independent review of the epidemiology of the Kauri study found that "the
Auckland data is of limited use if we want to conduct an analysis to identify factors associated with PTA being present".
686:
zoospores remain mobile for up to 10 hours, and can swim at speeds of up to 58 centimetres per hour. However, their direction of travel frequently changes, so they disperse no more than 6 cm by swimming. Consequently, long-distance dispersal of
298:), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water moulds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems.
341:
of the canopy; and overall crown decline. Infection by kauri dieback can rapidly kill seedlings and trees of all ages. Trees of all size classes are killed in natural forest remnants, amenity garden and park trees, and kauri plantations.
859:. However, there is as yet no established treatment for infected trees, with the large size of mature kauri trees and the remote location of many infected areas making any treatment challenging. Trials are underway using injections of
698:
While only kauri trees develop the characteristic dieback disease following infection, it appears that seven other native New
Zealand forest plants can act as hosts for the pathogen without showing symptoms themselves. These include
834:
that was still open to the public. On 20 February 2018, Auckland
Council announced that all forested areas of the Waitākere Ranges would be closed to the public, as the rāhui had not been effective. At-risk parts of the
2081:
Krull, Cheryl R.; Waipara, Nick W.; Choquenot, David; Burns, Bruce R.; Gormley, Andrew M.; Stanley, Margaret C. (2013). "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Feral pigs as vectors of soil-borne pathogens".
1827:
664:
spores can be carried in soil the size of a pinhead. The consensus among experts is that the predominant vector for spread of the disease is human activity. This can be seen as 71% of the infected trees in the
1400:
1370:
in
Forests and Natural Ecosystems, Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party S07-02-09 November 10–14, 2014, Esquel, Argentina Pp 142.
1976:
2165:
2155:"Ryder JM, Burns BR. (2016). What is the host range of Phytophthora agathidicida in New Zealand. Poster session presented at the meeting of New Zealand Plant Protection Vol. 69. Palmerston North"
333:
Symptoms of kauri dieback include root rot of both fine-feeder and larger structural roots; a collar rot lesion causing resin production ("gummosis") at the collar and lower trunk region; severe
420:
can be distinguished from the other species by DNA sequence differences and oospores that have a moderately bumpy surface. In pure agar culture the optimum growth temperature is 21.5 °C.
1649:
1679:
1705:
638:
2403:
1946:
2433:
786:. This began a five-year national programme of research and science oversight, surveillance, education and outreach. In 2014 this was renewed for a further 10 years.
1916:
1481:
2632:
1761:
768:
1513:
2606:
2333:
1823:
876:
size, but research continues on effective dosages for trees of different sizes. Phosphite treatment can be effective against individual kauri trees, but will not kill the
2661:
1162:
1853:
2763:
2369:
2297:
1798:
1381:
2002:
1968:
2955:
2024:
3011:
1564:
2154:
2520:
1735:
1538:
1283:
Beever, R.E., Ramsfield, T.D., Dick, M.A., Park, D., Fletcher, M.., Horner, I.J. (2006) Molecular characterisation of New
Zealand isolates of the fungus
1341:
1882:
2190:
Padamsee, Mahajabeen; Johansen, Renee B.; Stuckey, S. Alexander; Williams, Stephen E.; Hooker, John E.; Burns, Bruce R.; Bellgard, Stanley E. (2016).
2916:
1802:
764:
1641:
974:
3006:
2820:
759:(ARC) began disease surveys and information workshops in October 2006. A Joint Agency was formed in November 2008 comprising the ARC,
1297:
Cooke, D.E.L.; Drenth, A.; Duncan, J.M.; Wagels, G.; Brasier, C.M. (June 2000). "A Molecular
Phylogeny of Phytophthora and Related Oomycetes".
1671:
1701:
1394:
1619:
2395:
1938:
1188:
839:
to the south-east of
Auckland were also to be closed as a preventive measure, even though kauri dieback had not yet been recorded there.
2425:
2065:
774:
This was replaced in November 2009 by the National Kauri Dieback Management Programme, sponsored and funded by MAFBNZ, DOC, ARC, NRC,
424:
1908:
1589:
1474:
1259:
471:
what extent the disease spread is caused by distribution of the pathogen or whether unknown factors such as kauri resistance or how
2628:
2494:
2253:
1757:
1449:
1506:
2602:
2322:
2654:
1143:
811:
748:
1002:"research progress, cultural perspectives and knowledge gaps in the control and management of kauri dieback in New Zealand"
434:
1849:
1784:
2358:
2748:
2286:
48:
30:
1998:
707:
413:
2058:
Water, Fungi and Plants: Symposium of the British Mycological Society Held at the University of Lancaster, April 1985
2960:
2031:
831:
760:
583:
463:
379:
1383:
The Introduction and Spread of Kauri Dieback Disease in New Zealand: Did Historic Forestry Operations Play a Role?
795:
report estimated that 83% of track users were failing to clean their footwear at the cleaning stations provided.
779:
756:
603:
1553:
2117:
Bassett, I.E.; Horner, I.J.; Hough, E.G.; Wolber, F.M.; Egeter, B; Stanley, M.C.; Krull, C.R. (December 2017).
1048:"Surveillance methods to determine tree health, distribution of kauri dieback disease and associated pathogens"
927:
Weir, Bevan S.; Paderes, Elsa P.; Anand, Nitish; Uchida, Janice Y.; Pennycook, Shaun R.; Bellgard, Stanley E.;
2516:
1727:
872:
2463:
1333:
450:
It is not known when the microorganism arrived in New Zealand nor the source, but the centre of diversity of
1875:
713:
2832:
895:
371:
932:
3016:
186:
162:
2970:
2908:
2877:
2207:
2119:"Ingestion of infected roots by feral pigs provides a minor vector pathway for kauri dieback disease
2091:
1219:
823:
528:
354:
369:
in mainland New Zealand kauri trees was also identified causing dieback in the Waitakeres linked to
2687:"Horner IJ, Hough EG, Horner MB. Forest efficacy trials on phosphite for control of kauri dieback.
775:
666:
383:
223:
358:
2542:
Lawrence, Scott A.; Armstrong, Charlotte B.; Patrick, Wayne M.; Gerth, Monica L. (19 July 2017).
856:
198:
43:
1611:
660:
The disease is solely soil-borne and mostly spread in infected soil carried from tree to tree.
178:
2978:
2864:
2583:
2544:"High-Throughput Chemical Screening Identifies Compounds that Inhibit Different Stages of the
2235:
2061:
1532:
1390:
1314:
966:
889:
733:
725:
238:
190:
2983:
880:
pathogen in the soil, potentially allowing it to continue to spread to healthy trees nearby.
2727:
2573:
2563:
2225:
2215:
2134:
2099:
1306:
1227:
1119:
1109:
1059:
1023:
1013:
956:
719:
594:
MPI issues "Controlled Area Notices" for the Waitākere Ranges and parts of the Hunua Ranges
1047:
860:
519:
First documented as a possible new species with the tag name "Phytophthora taxon Agathis"
253:
and associated rot in a collar around the base of the tree, bleeding resin, yellowing and
129:
2192:"The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots and root nodules of New Zealand kauri
2056:
Carlile, M.J. (1985). "The zoospore and its problems". In Ayres, P.G.; Boddy, L. (eds.).
1581:
1251:
2486:
2261:
2211:
2095:
1441:
1223:
455:
with which the disease has spread since 2016 suggests that it is a more recent arrival.
2903:
2578:
2543:
800:
783:
459:
233:
119:
86:
73:
1969:"North Shore councillor gutted, as kauri dieback found in his area for the first time"
1096:
Bellgard, Stan; Pennycook, Shaun; Weir, Bevan; Ho, Wellcome; Waipara, Nick W. (2016).
1078:
Beever, R.E., Waipara, N.W., Ramsfield, T.D., Dick, M.A., Horner, I.J. (2009). Kauri (
652:
3000:
2103:
851:
against the pathogen responsible for kauri dieback, including common broad-spectrum
458:
Another study linked infected forests with plantings from the Sweetwater Nursery in
2869:
1232:
1207:
836:
701:
270:
139:
99:
2686:
1366:
Surveillance and management of kauri dieback in New Zealand." Poster presented at
218:
2855:
2220:
2191:
2929:
928:
566:
NZ Parliament Environment Select Committee calls for briefing on kauri dieback
387:
258:
182:
1064:
961:
656:
Footwashing station at Trounson Kauri Park, to stop the spread of kauri dieback
586:, temporarily reopened later that year. As of 2022 the reserve remains closed.
2139:
2118:
1114:
1097:
852:
2732:
2715:
2568:
2487:"Thousands snubbing Waitakere Ranges rahui despite reminders by park rangers"
970:
2890:
730:
675:
338:
334:
254:
60:
2587:
2239:
1318:
1310:
423:
2942:
2849:
1046:
Waipara, N.W.; Hill, S.; Hill, L.M.W.; Hough, E.G.; Horner, I.J. (2013).
827:
250:
243:
109:
2921:
1208:"Phytophthora cinnamomi in indigenous plant communities in New Zealand"
1028:
868:
863:
into infected kauri trees, as this is an established treatment against
771:(MAFBNZ), to develop joint communications and share information.
679:
475:
living on alternative hosts has influenced the spread of the disease.
311:
2934:
2230:
1124:
1018:
1001:
736:
living on the roots of healthy kauri trees may help protect them from
2947:
2826:
361:, and was initially identified from slides as a different organism,
2895:
2814:
2455:
810:
747:
651:
621:
Government announces an independent panel to review kauri dieback
433:
422:
217:
2882:
2655:"Kauri Rescue or Community Control of Kauri Dieback: Tiaki Kauri"
2517:"Auckland Council votes to close entire Waitakere Ranges forests"
1728:"Auckland Council votes to close entire Waitakere Ranges forests"
1672:"Auckland Council votes against full closure of Waitākere Ranges"
2809:
2803:
1774:
and then reopens the track in 2018. Goldies Bush managed by DOC.
574:
Auckland Council votes to close entire Waitākere Ranges forests
382:
noticed a distinctly different infection in mature kauri in the
2830:
1876:"Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants"
613:
Conservation status of kauri announced as "threatened species"
500:
Publication describing this isolation, initially identified as
820:
2396:"Kauri dieback: National treasure on the brink of extinction"
769:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Biosecurity New Zealand
847:
A number of compounds have been identified which are active
2060:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–118.
550:
Te Kawerau ā Maki place rāhui over Waitākere Ranges forest
682:, and can migrate by themselves through waterlogged soil.
2716:"The uptake of phosphorus acid sprays into kauri foliage"
398:'taxon Agathis' (abbreviated PTA). It was formally named
1469:
1467:
2025:"Kauri Dieback YOUR QUESTIONS ANSWERED, September 2016"
1939:"Independent panel and kauri consultation hui launched"
1909:"It's official: DOC says kauri is a threatened species"
815:
Kauri dieback footwear cleaning station, Waipoua Forest
752:
Kauri dieback footwear cleaning station, Waipoua Forest
558:
Auckland Council decided not to close Waitākere Ranges
242:) of New Zealand that is suspected to be caused by the
2839:
2629:"Kauri dieback treatment depends on the right dose"
2426:"Forest and Bird 'disappointed' ranges remain open"
1999:"Forest & Bird closes kauri reserves to public"
293:
281:
1758:"Goldie Bush tracks closing in support of rāhui"
1334:"Kauri-killer may have been here for centuries"
1287:. MAF Operational Research Report MBS304: 35pp.
1189:"Ground Truthing Survey for Kauri Dieback 2014"
669:are within 50 metres of public walking tracks.
390:and Nick Waipara recognised this as a distinct
2749:"Phytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests"
1642:"Rāhui ceremony performed in Waitakere ranges"
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
994:
992:
1279:
1277:
1041:
1039:
527:Declared as an "unwanted organism" under the
305:means "kauri killer", from the genitive noun
8:
2359:"DOC National Survey of New Zealanders 2013"
1803:Department of Conservation (Te Papa Atawhai)
1245:
1243:
1137:
1135:
1362:Beauchamp, T., & Waipara, N.W. (2014).
320:
287:
275:
2827:
2366:Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai
2281:
2279:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
38:A kauri tree with a bleeding trunk lesion
29:
20:
2731:
2603:"Kauri dieback treatment 'shows promise'"
2577:
2567:
2229:
2219:
2138:
1552:Strategic Science Advisory Group (2018).
1231:
1123:
1113:
1063:
1027:
1017:
960:
492:First isolated from Great Barrier Island
1440:White, Rebekah (January–February 2018).
477:
1850:"Okura Bush Walkway temporarily closed"
1155:New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
908:
2287:"Hygiene procedures for Kauri dieback"
1785:"Goldies Bush Reserve Tracks Reopened"
1537:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1530:
1206:Podger, F. D.; Newhook, F. J. (1971).
729:. It is thought that the community of
2747:Scott, Peter; Williams, Nari (2014).
2631:. Radio New Zealand. 10 August 2017.
2466:from the original on 22 December 2017
2456:"WAITAKERE RAHUI | Te Kawerau a Maki"
2436:from the original on 22 December 2017
2323:"People's Panel Kauri dieback survey"
2303:from the original on 18 December 2019
1570:from the original on 22 January 2020.
1452:from the original on 22 December 2017
1344:from the original on 17 December 2017
691:depends on other forms of transport.
412:called ‘Clade 5’ which is defined by
7:
2971:b201afd9-e264-4db8-b6aa-bee578dfff9a
2769:from the original on 31 January 2019
2667:from the original on 16 January 2020
2497:from the original on 22 January 2018
2339:from the original on 18 January 2019
1519:from the original on 18 January 2019
1487:from the original on 3 February 2019
1168:from the original on 2 February 2016
678:require water to germinate from the
511:First found in the Waitākere Ranges
257:of the leaves followed by extensive
2793:. (2010). Auckland Regional Council
2635:from the original on 2 January 2018
2609:from the original on 3 January 2018
2523:from the original on 20 August 2018
2406:from the original on 5 January 2018
2171:from the original on 2 January 2018
2005:from the original on 22 August 2018
1979:from the original on 22 August 2018
1949:from the original on 21 August 2018
1919:from the original on 22 August 2018
1888:from the original on 22 August 2018
1856:from the original on 21 August 2018
1830:from the original on 22 August 2018
1826:. Ministry for Primary Industries.
1764:from the original on 21 August 2018
1738:from the original on 20 August 2018
1708:from the original on 21 August 2018
1682:from the original on 21 August 2018
1652:from the original on 22 August 2018
1622:from the original on 22 August 2018
1592:from the original on 21 August 2018
1406:from the original on 21 August 2018
1389:. Ministry for Primary Industries.
1262:from the original on 20 August 2018
977:from the original on 17 August 2016
937:Clade 5 including two new species,
441:sporangia and germinating zoospores
236:disease of the native kauri trees (
3012:Nature conservation in New Zealand
2375:from the original on 14 April 2018
1612:"Organism Details - Kauri dieback"
1332:Morton, Jamie (17 December 2017).
14:
2485:Morton, Jamie (21 January 2016).
1554:"Kauri Dieback Science Plan 2018"
1380:Beachman, John (September 2017).
2104:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02444.x
1475:"500 Server Error - OurAuckland"
538:Formal publication of the name "
47:
2806:, Kauri Dieback Management Team
2756:New Zealand Journal of Forestry
2601:Williams, Lois (30 June 2016).
2531:– via www.nzherald.co.nz.
309:- (meaning "of the kauri genus
3007:Conifer pathogens and diseases
2714:Horgan, D. B. (31 July 2017).
1233:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430225
629:Found in North Shore reserves
1:
1212:New Zealand Journal of Botany
819:On 2 December 2017 the local
408:is a species in the group of
2720:New Zealand Plant Protection
2689:New Zealand Plant Protection
2221:10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.015
1907:Smith, Simon (6 June 2018).
1052:New Zealand Plant Protection
378:In March 2006, entomologist
1702:"Briefing on kauri dieback"
1299:Fungal Genetics and Biology
1098:"Phytophthora agathidicida"
708:Phyllocladus trichomanoides
294:
282:
3033:
1704:. New Zealand Parliament.
1586:scd.landcareresearch.co.nz
1256:scd.landcareresearch.co.nz
1065:10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5671
962:10.11646/phytotaxa.205.1.2
790:Footwear cleaning stations
765:Department of Conservation
761:Northland Regional Council
641:reserves that have kauri
464:New Zealand Forest Service
416:sequences. Within Clade 5
247:Phytophthora agathidicida.
2841:Phytophthora agathidicida
2556:Frontiers in Microbiology
2546:Phytophthora agathidicida
2121:Phytophthora agathidicida
939:Phytophthora agathidicida
933:"A taxonomic revision of
873:Plant & Food Research
780:Environment Bay of Plenty
757:Auckland Regional Council
604:Okura Bush Scenic Reserve
540:Phytophthora agathidicida
406:Phytophthora agathidicida
400:Phytophthora agathidicida
394:species and it was named
351:Phytophthora agathidicida
315:") and the Latin suffix -
288:
276:
204:
197:
172:Phytophthora agathidicida
168:
161:
44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
2733:10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.96
2569:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01340
1442:"The Last of the Giants"
1142:Gadgil, Peter D (1974).
353:was first discovered on
2821:Protect our kauri trees
2402:. Fairfax New Zealand.
2258:Kauri Dieback Programme
2140:10.1093/forestry/cpx019
1115:10.5399/osu/fp.5.1.3748
867:in fruit trees such as
714:Leucopogon fasciculatus
2550:Phytophthora cinnamomi
1446:New Zealand Geographic
1311:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1202
1148:, a pathogen of kauri"
896:Phytophthora infestans
865:Phytophthora cinnamomi
816:
753:
657:
442:
431:
372:Phytophthora cinnamomi
321:
261:, and finally, death.
226:
222:A warning sign in the
2691:2015; 68: 7-12 ref.9"
2605:. Radio New Zealand.
1799:"Goldie Bush Walkway"
826:placed an unofficial
814:
751:
655:
437:
426:
386:. Plant pathologists
249:Symptoms can include
221:
2791:Care for Kauri Guide
2519:. 20 February 2018.
1734:. 20 February 2018.
1102:Forest Phytophthoras
1082:) under threat from
711:), tall mingimingi (
529:Biosecurity Act 1993
355:Great Barrier Island
154:P. agathidicida
2817:, Te Kawerau a Maki
2432:. 5 December 2017.
2264:on 22 December 2017
2212:2016FunB..120..807P
2096:2013AusEc..38..534K
1224:1971NZJB....9..625P
1146:Phytophthora heveae
871:. Dr Ian Horner at
776:Environment Waikato
16:Species of oomycete
2823:, Auckland Council
2491:New Zealand Herald
2294:kauridieback.co.nz
2254:"Working Together"
2037:on 28 January 2018
1787:. 18 October 2018.
1582:"Specimen Details"
1561:Kauridieback.co.nz
1338:New Zealand Herald
1252:"Specimen Details"
1187:Hill, Lee (2014).
817:
807:Closing of forests
754:
744:Disease management
658:
443:
432:
227:
2994:
2993:
2979:Open Tree of Life
2833:Taxon identifiers
2332:. November 2013.
2194:Agathis australis
2001:. 2 August 2018.
1396:978-1-77665-669-1
1193:parliament.org.nz
1080:Agathis australis
1019:10.1111/ppa.13104
890:Dutch elm disease
824:Te Kawerau ā Maki
734:mycorrhizal fungi
726:Astelia trinervia
645:
644:
446:History of spread
301:The species name
239:Agathis australis
216:
215:
3024:
2987:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2828:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2460:tekawerau.iwi.nz
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2260:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2030:. Archived from
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1616:www1.maf.govt.nz
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1437:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1021:
996:
987:
986:
984:
982:
964:
924:
720:Knightia excelsa
695:of the disease.
667:Waitākere Ranges
571:20 February 2018
563:15 February 2018
478:
384:Waitākere Ranges
324:
297:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
224:Waitākere Ranges
174:
52:
51:
33:
21:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2835:
2815:Waitākere Rāhui
2810:Waitākere Rāhui
2800:
2787:
2785:Further reading
2782:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2084:Austral Ecology
2080:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1943:www.scoop.co.nz
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1824:"Kauri dieback"
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:"Archived copy"
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1006:Plant Pathology
998:
997:
990:
980:
978:
929:Beever, Ross E.
926:
925:
910:
906:
899:– potato blight
886:
855:agents such as
845:
809:
792:
746:
662:P. agathidicida
650:
639:Forest and Bird
637:Closure of all
555:5 December 2017
547:2 December 2017
473:P. agathidicida
448:
439:P. agathidicida
428:P. agathidicida
418:P. agathidicida
348:
331:
319:(from the verb
286:), "plant" and
267:
210:'taxon Agathis'
193:
176:
170:
157:
130:Peronosporaceae
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2861:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2798:External links
2796:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2739:
2706:
2678:
2646:
2620:
2593:
2534:
2508:
2477:
2447:
2417:
2386:
2350:
2314:
2275:
2245:
2206:(5): 807–817.
2200:Fungal Biology
2182:
2162:auckland.ac.nz
2146:
2133:(5): 640–648.
2109:
2090:(5): 534–542.
2073:
2067:978-0521106238
2066:
2048:
2016:
1990:
1960:
1945:. Scoop News.
1930:
1899:
1867:
1841:
1815:
1790:
1776:
1749:
1719:
1693:
1663:
1633:
1603:
1573:
1544:
1498:
1463:
1448:(149): 64–85.
1417:
1395:
1372:
1355:
1324:
1289:
1273:
1250:Beever, Ross.
1239:
1218:(4): 625–638.
1198:
1179:
1131:
1088:
1071:
1035:
988:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
892:
885:
882:
857:copper sulfate
844:
841:
808:
805:
801:Waipoua forest
791:
788:
784:tangata whenua
745:
742:
649:
646:
643:
642:
635:
631:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
607:
606:
600:
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595:
592:
588:
587:
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576:
575:
572:
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567:
564:
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559:
556:
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548:
544:
543:
536:
532:
531:
525:
521:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
505:
504:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
485:
482:
460:Waipoua Forest
447:
444:
380:Peter Maddison
347:
346:Identification
344:
330:
327:
266:
263:
234:forest dieback
214:
213:
212:
211:
202:
201:
195:
194:
177:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
120:Peronosporales
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
74:Diaphoretickes
71:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Kauri dieback
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3029:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:Kauri Dieback
2802:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:King, Helen.
2390:
2387:
2371:
2368:. July 2013.
2367:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2330:Kauri dieback
2324:
2318:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
989:
976:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
930:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
903:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
842:
840:
838:
833:
832:West Auckland
829:
825:
822:
813:
806:
804:
802:
796:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
732:
728:
727:
722:
721:
717:), rewarewa (
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
696:
692:
690:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:
663:
654:
647:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:Rahui closes
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
581:
579:18 March 2018
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
537:
534:
533:
530:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
506:
503:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
479:
476:
474:
468:
465:
461:
456:
453:
445:
440:
436:
429:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
343:
340:
336:
328:
326:
323:
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
299:
296:
284:
273:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:Kauri dieback
225:
220:
209:
206:
205:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:Stramenopiles
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3017:Phytophthora
2840:
2790:
2771:. Retrieved
2762:(2): 14–21.
2759:
2755:
2742:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2688:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2596:
2559:
2555:
2552:Life Cycles"
2549:
2545:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2399:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2365:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2329:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2293:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2248:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2161:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1793:
1779:
1766:. Retrieved
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1560:
1547:
1521:. Retrieved
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1454:. Retrieved
1445:
1408:. Retrieved
1382:
1375:
1368:Phytophthora
1367:
1363:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1305:(1): 17–32.
1302:
1298:
1292:
1285:Phytophthora
1284:
1264:. Retrieved
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837:Hunua Ranges
818:
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782:(EBoP), and
773:
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738:Phytophthora
737:
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718:
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706:
705:, tanekaha (
702:Dracophyllum
700:
697:
693:
689:Phytophthora
688:
684:P. cinnamomi
683:
673:Phytophthora
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661:
659:
648:Transmission
618:25 June 2018
539:
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452:Phytophthora
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410:Phytophthora
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316:
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303:agathidicida
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300:
274:(from Greek
271:Phytophthora
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141:Phytophthora
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2930:iNaturalist
2470:19 December
2440:17 December
2268:18 December
1808:8 September
1456:18 December
1348:17 December
1172:28 December
1058:: 235–241.
1029:10182/13557
1012:(1): 3–16.
763:(NRC), the
740:infection.
634:August 2018
599:12 May 2018
584:Goldie Bush
582:DOC closed
388:Ross Beever
357:in 1972 by
339:defoliation
259:defoliation
3001:Categories
2699:22 January
2671:22 January
2527:22 January
2501:22 January
2231:2292/29940
2041:22 January
1125:2292/42522
904:References
853:antifungal
767:(DOC) and
591:1 May 2018
508:March 2006
489:March 1972
2856:Q46956896
2773:20 August
2639:2 January
2613:2 January
2410:5 January
2379:20 August
2343:20 August
2009:21 August
1983:21 August
1953:21 August
1923:21 August
1892:21 August
1860:21 August
1834:21 August
1768:21 August
1742:21 August
1732:NZ Herald
1712:21 August
1686:21 August
1656:21 August
1626:21 August
1596:21 August
1410:21 August
1266:21 August
1161:: 59–63.
971:1179-3163
949:Phytotaxa
943:P. cocois
861:phosphite
843:Treatment
731:symbiotic
676:zoospores
626:July 2018
610:June 2018
516:June 2006
502:P. heveae
402:in 2015.
363:P. heveae
335:chlorosis
265:Etymology
255:chlorosis
187:Pennycook
179:B.S. Weir
148:Species:
61:Eukaryota
2943:MycoBank
2904:Fungorum
2883:47077673
2850:Wikidata
2764:Archived
2662:Archived
2633:Archived
2607:Archived
2588:28769905
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2521:Archived
2495:Archived
2464:Archived
2434:Archived
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2370:Archived
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2166:Archived
2127:Forestry
2003:Archived
1977:Archived
1947:Archived
1917:Archived
1883:Archived
1854:Archived
1828:Archived
1762:Archived
1736:Archived
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1680:Archived
1650:Archived
1620:Archived
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1565:Archived
1533:cite web
1514:Archived
1482:Archived
1450:Archived
1401:Archived
1342:Archived
1319:10955905
1260:Archived
1163:Archived
975:Archived
931:(2015).
884:See also
869:avocados
849:in vitro
430:oospores
251:root rot
244:oomycete
199:Synonyms
191:Bellgard
126:Family:
110:Oomycota
106:Phylum:
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2961:1642459
2922:7444058
2726:: 326.
2579:5515820
2208:Bibcode
2092:Bibcode
1852:. DOC.
1760:. DOC.
1618:. MAF.
1220:Bibcode
680:oospore
462:by the
414:ITS DNA
329:Disease
312:Agathis
307:agathid
295:phthorá
136:Genus:
116:Order:
2968:NZOR:
2948:550518
2935:460769
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283:phytón
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289:φθορά
277:φυτόν
232:is a
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2956:NCBI
2917:GBIF
2891:EPPO
2775:2018
2701:2020
2673:2020
2641:2018
2615:2018
2584:PMID
2548:and
2529:2020
2503:2018
2472:2017
2442:2017
2412:2018
2381:2018
2345:2018
2309:2019
2270:2017
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2062:ISBN
2043:2020
2011:2018
1985:2018
1955:2018
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