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1412:, or a peaceful paddle on a lake, flatwater stream or protected salt water away from strong ocean waves. These boats presently make up the largest segment of kayak sales. Compared to other kayaks, recreational kayaks have a larger cockpit for easier entry and exit and a wider beam (69–91 cm (27–36 in)) for more stability. They are generally less than 3.7 m (12 ft) in length and have limited cargo capacity. Less expensive materials like polyethylene and fewer options keep these boats relatively inexpensive. Most canoe/kayak clubs offer introductory instruction in recreational boats. They do not perform as well in the sea. The recreational kayak is usually a type of touring kayak.
1377:
free board enabling the paddler to propel them from the middle of the boat, using a double blade paddle (i.e. 'kayak paddle'), and twin hull kayaks offering each of the paddler's legs a narrow hull of its own. In recent decades, kayaks design have proliferated to a point where the only broadly accepted denominator for them is their being designed mainly for paddling using a kayak paddle featuring two blades i.e. 'kayak paddle'. However, even this inclusive definition is being challenged by other means of human powered propulsion, such as foot activated pedal drives combined with rotating or sideways moving propellers, electric motors, and even outboard motors.
1524:, since water penetrating it does not drain out automatically, as it does in bigger boats equipped with self-bailing systems. Furthermore, the sit-on-top hull cannot be molded in a way that would assure water tightness, and water may get in through various holes in its hull, usually around hatches and deck accessories. If the sit-on-top kayak is loaded to a point where such perforations are covered with water, or if the water paddled is rough enough that such perforations often go under water, the sit-on-top hull may fill with water without the paddler noticing it in time. If a sealed hull develops a split or hole, it will also fill and sink.
119:
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933:(COG) will find all boats more stable; for a paddler with a high center of gravity, all boats will feel tippier. On average, women have a lower COG than men. Women generally may fit a kayak about 10% narrower than the kayak that would fit a similarly sized man. Commercial kayaks made for women are rare. Unisex kayaks are built for men. Younger children have proportionately smaller and lighter bodies, but near-adult-size heads, and thus a higher center of gravity. A paddler with narrow shoulders will also want a narrower kayak.
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achieve stability, due to extremely narrow hulls. Whitewater racing kayaks, like all racing kayaks, are made to regulation lengths, usually of fiber reinforced resin (usually epoxy or polyester reinforced with Kevlar, glass fiber, carbon fiber, or some combination). This form of construction is stiffer and has a harder skin than non-reinforced plastic construction such as rotomolded polyethylene: stiffer means faster, and harder means fewer scratches and therefore also faster.
136:
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generally most evident at the ends, and in moderation improves handling. Similarly, although a rockered whitewater boat may only be about a meter shorter than a typical recreational kayak, its waterline is far shorter and its maneuverability far greater. When surfing, a heavily rockered boat is less likely to lock into the wave as the bow and stern are still above water. A boat with less rocker cuts into the wave and makes it harder to turn while surfing.
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716:. It can also be narrower for a given displacement, reducing the drag, and it will generally track (follow a straight line) better than a shorter kayak. On the other hand, it is less maneuverable. Very long kayaks are less robust, and may be harder to store and transport. Some recreational kayak makers try to maximize hull volume (weight capacity) for a given length as shorter kayaks are easier to transport and store.
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1505:, since participants need to easily enter and exit the water, change seating positions, and access hatches and storage wells. Ordinarily the seat of a sit-on-top is slightly above water level, so the center of gravity for the paddler is higher than in a traditional kayak. To compensate for the higher center of gravity, sit-on-tops are often wider and slower than a traditional kayak of the same length.
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turn, but harder to direct in a constant direction. A round-bottomed boat has minimal area in contact with the water, and thus minimizes drag; however, it may be so unstable that it will not remain upright when floating empty, and needs continual effort to keep it upright. In a skin-on-frame kayak, chine placement may be constrained by the need to avoid the bones of the pelvis.
566:. One "winner," Royal Little, crossed the finish line clinging to his overturned foldboat. Upstream, the river was "strewn with many badly buffeted and some wrecked boats." Two women were in the competition, Amy Lang and Marjory Hurd. With her partner Ken Hutchinson, Hurd won the double canoe race. Lang won the doubles foldboat event with her partner, Alexander "Zee" Grant.
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693:, for instance, have very little positive buoyancy). Displacements vary with paddler weight. Most manufacturers include kayaks for paddlers weighing 65–85 kg (143–187 lb), with some kayaks for paddlers down to 50 kg (110 lb). Kayaks made for paddlers under 45 kg (100 lb) are almost all very beamy and intended for beginners.
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1183:. Strip–built kayaks are sold commercially by a few companies, priced US$ 4,000 and up. An experienced woodworker can build one for about US$ 400 in 200 hours, though the exact cost and time depend on the builder's skill, the materials and the size and design. As a second kayak project, or for the serious builder with some
1206:, and lashed together, and covered with stretched seal skin, as those were the most readily available materials in the Arctic regions (other skins and baleen framing members were also used at need). A "poor man's kayak" might be frameless and stuffed with a snow "frame". Today, seal skin is usually replaced with
1564:, little to no tail rocker, flat hulls, sharp rails and up to four fins set up as either a three fin thruster or a quad fin. This enables them to move at high speed and maneuver dynamically. International Class boats have to be at least 3 m (9.8 ft) long and until a recent rule change had to have a
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regions hunted rather than fished from kayaks, in recent years kayak sport fishing has become popular in both fresh and salt water, especially in warmer regions. Traditional fishing kayaks are characterized by wide beams of up to 1.1 m (42 in) that increase their lateral stability. Some are
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attach one or two smaller hulls to the main hull to enhance stability, especially for fishing, touring, kayak sailing and motorized kayaking. Twin hull kayaks feature two long and narrow hulls, and since all their buoyancy is distributed as far as possible from their center line, they are more stable
2007:
Walter Höhn (English Hoehn) had built, developed and then tested his design for a folding kayak in the white-water rivers of
Switzerland from 1924 to 1927. In 1928, on emigrating to Australia, he brought 2 of them with him, lodged a patent for the design and proceeded to manufacture them. In 1942 the
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frame. Modern skin-on-frame kayaks often possess greater impact resistance than their fiberglass counterparts, but are less durable against abrasion or sharp objects. They are often the lightest kayaks. Like the older skin-on-frame kayaks, they are often home-built to fit a specific paddler. Engineer
1119:
designs, begin to approach the performance of traditional sea kayaks. Being inflatable they are virtually unsinkable and often more stable than hardshell designs. New drop-stitch technology means slab, rather than tube shapes are used in the designs with higher inflation pressures (up to 0.7 bar
654:
kayaks first appeared in 1973. Most kayaks today are made from roto-molded polyethylene resins. The development of plastic and rubberized inflatable kayaks arguably initiated the development of freestyle kayaking as we see it today since these boats could be made smaller, stronger, and more resilient
1976:
The appeal of inflatable kayaks is their portability, their durability (they don't dent), ruggedness in white water (they bounce off rocks rather than break) and their easy storage. In addition, inflatable kayaks generally are stable, have a small turning radius and are easy to master, although some
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The other primary type is the creek boat, which gets its name from its purpose: running narrow, low-volume waterways. Creekboats are longer and have far more volume than playboats, which makes them more stable, faster and higher-floating. Many paddlers use creekboats in "short boat" downriver races,
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Newcomers will often want a craft with high primary stability (see above). The southern method is a wider kayak. The West
Greenland method is a removable pair of outriggers, lashed across the stern deck. Such an outrigger pair is often homemade of a small plank and found floats such as empty bottles
848:
Primary stability is often a big concern to a beginner, while secondary stability matters both to beginners and experienced travelers. By example, a wide, flat-bottomed kayak will have high primary stability and feel very stable on flat water. However, when a steep wave breaks on such a boat, it can
2003:
Folding kayaks are direct descendants of the skin-on-frame boats used by the Inuit and
Greenlandic peoples. Modern folding kayaks are constructed from a wooden or aluminum frame over which is placed a synthetic skin made of polyester, cotton canvas, polyurethane, or Hypalon. They are more expensive
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Sprint kayak is a sport held on calm water. Crews or individuals race over 200 m, 500 m, 1000 m or 5000 m with the winning boat being the first to cross the finish line. The paddler is seated, facing forward, and uses a double-bladed paddle pulling the blade through the water on
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kayaks are rotomolded in a semi-rigid, high impact plastic, usually polyethylene. Careful construction ensures that the boat remains structurally sound when subjected to fast-moving water. The plastic hull allows these kayaks to bounce off rocks without leaking, although they scratch and eventually
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Modern kayaks serve diverse purposes, ranging from slow and easy touring on placid water, to racing and complex maneuvering in fast-moving whitewater, to fishing and long-distance ocean excursions. Modern forms, materials and construction techniques make it possible to effectively serve these needs
680:
of a kayak is not enough to support the passenger(s) and gear, it will sink. If the displacement is excessive, the kayak will float too high, catch the wind and waves uncomfortably, and handle poorly; it will probably also be bigger and heavier than it needs to be. Being excessively big will create
535:
in 1860, but
Klepper was the first person to mass-produce these boats made of collapsible wooden frames covered by waterproof rubberized canvas. By 1929, Klepper and Company were making 90 foldboats a day. Joined by other European manufacturers, by the mid-1930s there were an estimated half-million
759:
boat curves more, shortening its effective waterline. For example, an 5.5 m (18 ft) kayak with no rocker is in the water from end to end. In contrast, the bow and stern of a rockered boat are out of the water, shortening its lengthwise waterline to only 4.9 m (16 ft). Rocker is
663:
Typically, kayak design is largely a matter of trade-offs: directional stability ("tracking") vs maneuverability; stability vs speed; and primary vs secondary stability. Multihull kayaks face a different set of trade-offs. The paddler's body shape and size is an integral part of the structure, and
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has an open cockpit and can be up to 6.4 m (21 ft) long but only 46 cm (18 in) wide, requiring expert balance and paddling skill. Surf skis were originally created for surf and are still used in races in New
Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. They have become popular in the
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are typically designed for travel by one, two or even three paddlers on open water and in many cases trade maneuverability for seaworthiness, stability, and cargo capacity. Sea-kayak sub-types include "skin-on-frame" kayaks with traditionally constructed frames, open-deck "sit-on-top" kayaks, and
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kayaks. The broader kayak categories today are 'sit-in' (SI), which is inspired mainly by traditional kayak forms, 'sit-on-top' (SOT), which evolved from paddle boards that were outfitted with footrests and a backrest, 'hybrid', which are essentially canoes featuring a narrower beam and a reduced
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and the seams reinforced with fiberglass. When the epoxy dries, the copper stitches are removed. Sometimes the entire boat is then covered in fiberglass for additional strength and waterproofing though this adds greatly to the weight and is unnecessary. Construction is fairly straightforward, but
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A chine typically increases secondary stability by effectively widening the beam of the boat when it heels (tips). A V-shaped hull tends to travel straight (track) well but makes turning harder. V-shaped hulls also have the greatest secondary stability. Conversely, flat-bottomed hulls are easy to
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The
Australian Military MKII and MKIII folding kayaks were extensively used during WWII in the Pacific Theater for some 33 raids and missions on and around the South-East Asian islands. Documentation for this will be found in the National Archives of Australia official records, reference No. NAA
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White water racers combine a fast, unstable lower hull portion with a flared upper hull portion to combine flat water racing speed with extra stability in open water: they are not fitted with rudders and have similar maneuverability to flat water racers. They usually require substantial skill to
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A kayaker must be able to move the hull of their kayak by moving their lower body, and brace themselves against the hull (mostly with the feet) on each stroke. Most kayaks therefore have footrests and a backrest. Some kayaks fit snugly on the hips; others rely more on thigh braces. Mass-produced
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A narrower kayak makes a somewhat shorter paddle appropriate and a shorter paddle puts less strain on the shoulder joints. Some paddlers are comfortable with a sit-in kayak so narrow that their legs extend fairly straight out. Others want sufficient width to permit crossing their legs inside the
685:
is easier in lower-displacement kayaks. On the other hand, a higher deck will keep the paddler(s) drier and make self-rescue and coming through surf easier. Many beginning paddlers who use a sit-in kayak feel more secure in a kayak with a weight capacity substantially more than their own weight.
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Pedal kayaks represent a pioneering type of watercraft engineered for hands-free functionality, utilizing a propulsion system operated by the kayaker's feet. This mechanism usually consists of pedals that are rotated in a circular motion, akin to bicycling, generating forward momentum through a
436:
Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats. The length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builder's hips plus two fists (sometimes less). The typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb (hitch
381:
Subarctic builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them passed on through oral tradition. The word "kayak" means "man's boat" or "hunter's boat", and subarctic kayaks were a personal craft, each built by the man who used it — with
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because plywood does not bend to form compound curves, design choices are limited. This is a good choice for the first-time kayak builder as the labor and skills required (especially for kit versions) is considerably less than for strip-built boats which can take three times as long to build.
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Traditional-style and some modern types of kayaks (e.g. sit-on-top) require that paddler be seated with their legs stretched in front of them, in a right angle, in a position called the "L" kayaking position. Other kayaks offer a different sitting position, in which the paddler's legs are not
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alternate sides to propel the boat forward. In competition the number of paddlers within a boat is indicated by a figure besides the type of boat; K1 signifies an individual kayak race, K2 pairs, and K4 four-person crews. Kayak sprint has been in every summer olympics since it debuted at the
149:
Some modern paddlecrafts, which still claim the title "kayak", remove integral parts of the traditional design; for instance, by eliminating the cockpit and seating the paddler on top of a canoe-like open deck, commonly known as a sit-on-top kayak. Other designs include inflated air chambers
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conditions. Variants include planing surf craft, touring kayaks, and sea marathon kayaks. Increasingly, manufacturers build leisure 'sit-on-top' variants of extreme sports craft, typically using polyethylene to ensure strength and affordability, often with a skeg for directional stability.
1166:
Strip-built designs are similar in shape to rigid fiberglass kayaks but are generally both lighter and tougher. Like their fiberglass counterparts the shape and size of the boat determines performance and optimal uses. The hull and deck are built with thin strips of lightweight wood, often
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Specialty surf boats typically have flat bottoms, and hard edges, similar to surf boards. The design of a surf kayak promotes the use of an ocean surf wave (moving wave) as opposed to a river or feature wave (moving water). They are typically made from rotomolded plastic, or fiberglass.
1967:
While many inflatables are non-rigid, essentially pointed rafts, best suited for use on rivers and calm water, the higher-end inflatables are designed to be hardy, seaworthy vessels. Recently some manufacturers have added an internal frame (folding-style) to a multi-section inflatable
2201:
that increase their stability, and others feature twin hulls enabling stand up paddling and fishing. Compared with motorboats, fishing kayaks are inexpensive and have few maintenance costs. Many kayak anglers like to customize their kayaks for fishing, a process known as 'rigging'.
895:, designed for open water and rough conditions, are generally narrower at 55–65 cm (22–25 in) and have more secondary stability than recreational kayaks, which are wider 65–75 cm (26–30 in), and have a flatter hull shape and more primary stability.
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is generally more defined (helping the kayaker track in a straight line). Whitewater kayaks, which generally depend upon river current for their forward motion, are short, to maximize maneuverability. These kayaks rarely exceed 2.4 m (8 ft) in length, and
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2008:
Australian
Director of Military operations approached him to develop them for Military use. Orders were placed and eventually a total of 1024, notably the MKII & MKIII models, were produced by him and another enterprise, based on his 1942 patent (No. 117779)
1114:
Inflatable kayaks are increasingly popular due to their ease of storage and transport, as well as the ability to be deflated for extended portage. Although slower than hardshell kayaks, many higher-end models often constructed of hypalon, as opposed to cheaper
772:
Inflatable kayaks tend to be very wide; this is not a problem for the large, broad-shouldered stern paddler. The smaller bow paddler is leaning sideways and sliding her hands along the paddle to improve her leverage. Her safety equipment is also too large. US
1085:. Fiberglass kayaks may be "laid-up" in a mold by hand, in which case they are usually more expensive than polyethylene kayaks, which are rotationally molded in a machine. The deck and hull are often made separately and then joined at a horizontal seam.
1576:. Surf boats come in a variety of materials ranging from tough but heavy plastics to super light, super stiff but fragile foam–cored carbon fiber. Surf kayaking has become popular in traditional surfing locations, as well as new locations such as the
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in 1992. The SBS currently use
Klepper two-person folding kayaks that can be launched from surfaced submarines or carried to the surface by divers from submerged ones. They can be parachuted from transport aircraft at sea or dropped from the back of
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Hypothetical cross-sections of kayaks. Left to right: High primary stability but low secondary stability, lower primary stability but ~same secondary stability, lower primary but higher secondary stability, two extra chines, four extra chines. More
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puncture with enough use. Whitewater kayaks range from 1.2 to 3.0 m (4 to 10 ft) long. There are two main types of whitewater kayak, playboats and river-running boats. Creekboats (for small rivers) and squirt boats are more specialized.
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involves paddling both on the surface of the river and underwater. Squirt boats must be custom-fitted to the paddler to ensure comfort while maintaining the low interior volume necessary to allow the paddler to submerge completely in the river.
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to produce a seaworthy boat. Fully drop-stitch inflatable kayaks are also available, which are inflated to 8–10 PSI. They are much stiffer, which enhances their paddling characteristics to vastly outperform traditional inflatable kayaks.
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Kayak sitting positions. The longer boat is a West
Greenland kayak, the shorter a kayak polo boat. Pale orange areas are the places against which the paddler braces their feet and thighs (contact with hips, and with the kayak's seat, not
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can be edged or leaned into waves and (in the hands of a skilled kayaker) provides a safer, more comfortable response on stormy seas. Kayaks with only moderate primary, but excellent secondary stability are, in general, considered more
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730:
may be only 1.5–1.8 m (5–6 ft) long. Recreational kayak designers try to provide more stability at the price of reduced speed, and compromise between tracking and maneuverability, ranging from 2.7–4.3 m (9–14 ft).
4263:
2634:"Renew Attempt To Row Boat Across Atlantic," Messenger Inquirer, April 23, 1928; "In A Rubber Boat Over The Sea," Baltimore Sun, September 30, 1928; "Rowing Around World In A Canvas Boat," Bradford Evening Star, November 13, 1935
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A variation on the closed-cockpit surf kayak is called a waveski. Although the waveski offers dynamics similar to a sit–on–top, its paddling technique and surfing performance and construction can be similar to surfboard designs.
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Because inflatable kayaks aren't as sturdy as traditional, hard-shelled kayaks, a lot of people tend to steer away from them. However, there have been considerable advancements in inflatable kayak technology over recent years.
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The sea kayak, though descended directly from traditional types, is implemented in a variety of materials. Sea kayaks typically have a longer waterline, and provisions for below-deck storage of cargo. Sea kayaks may also have
918:
98:
There are countless different types of kayaks due to the craft being easily adaptable for different environments and purposes. The traditional kayak has an enclosed deck and one or more cockpits, each seating one occupant or
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1661:, is short, with a scooped bow and blunt stern. These trade speed and stability for high maneuverability. Their primary use is performing tricks in individual water features or short stretches of river. In playboating or
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1964:. They can be inflated with foot, hand or electric pumps. Multiple compartments in all but the least expensive increase safety. They generally use low pressure air, almost always below 0.2 bar (3 psi).
667:
Attempting to lift and carry a kayak by oneself or improperly is a significant cause of kayaking injuries. Good lifting technique, sharing loads, and not using needlessly large and heavy kayaks prevent injuries.
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1179:. The strips are edge-glued together around a form, stapled or clamped in place, and allowed to dry. Structural strength comes from a layer of fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin, layered inside and outside the
1150:
with a thickness of about 3 to 5 mm (0.12 to 0.20 in). After cutting out the required pieces of hull and deck (kits often have these pre-cut), a series of small holes are drilled along the edges.
607:
mixed with resin composites, invented in the 1930s and 1940s, were soon used to make kayaks and this type of watercraft saw increased use during the 1950s, including in the US. Kayak Slalom World
Champion
937:
or plastic ducks. Outriggers are also made commercially, especially for fishing kayaks and sailing. If the floats are set so that they are both in the water, they give primary stability, but produce more
531:(German Faltboot or Hardernkahn) became widely popular in Europe beginning in 1907 when they were mass-produced by Johannes Klepper and others. This type of kayak was introduced to England and Europe by
378:
is a large open-sea canoe, ranging from 5.2 to 9.1 m (17 to 30 ft), made with seal skins and wood, originally paddled with single-bladed paddles and typically had more than one paddler.
636:, along with approximately 600 pounds of food and water, including a device to convert sea water to fresh water. Within six days of reaching Hawaii, both he and his yellow kayak were featured on
783:. A wide hull is more stable and packs more displacement into a shorter length. A narrow hull has less drag and is generally easier to paddle; in waves, it will ride more easily and stay dryer.
2453:
Brydon, S (September 10, 2019). "ARCTIC HUNTERS, AMERICAN EXPLORERS, ADVENTURERS, AND ANTHROPOLOGISTS: The ex-Museum of the American Indian Collection of Kayaks at the Canadian Canoe Museum".
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propeller or fins situated beneath the kayak. Steering is managed by a rudder or steering mechanism, typically operated by a hand lever or supplementary foot pedals for directional control.
1019:, this will cause pain and may injure the knee. Insufficient foot space will cause painful cramping and inefficient paddling. The paddler should generally be in a comfortable position.
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used wood whereas the eastern Inuit used whalebone due to the treeless landscape). Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old. The oldest kayaks remaining are exhibited in the
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107:
that prevents unwanted entry of water from waves or splashes. Even within these confines, kayaks vary vastly in respect to materials, length, and width, with some kayaks such as the
1131:
Solid wooden hulls don't necessarily require significant skill and handiwork, depending on how they are made. Three main types are popular, especially for the home builder: plywood
503:
were important in some areas. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves.
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There is scant evidence of Ainu peoples using the classic kayak design in prehistoric times. The following indicates that they did use skin-covered vessels, however: "Like the
1716:, are capable of basic playboating moves. They are typically owned by paddlers who do not have enough whitewater involvement to warrant the purchase of more–specialized boats.
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These watercraft were brought to the United States and used competitively in 1940 at the first National Whitewater Championship held in America near Middledam, Maine, on the
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1103:('rotomolded') from a various grades and types of polyethylene resins ranging from soft to hard. Such kayaks are seamless and particularly resistant to impact, but heavy.
1139:, and hybrids which have a stitch & glue hull and a strip-built deck. Kayaks made from wood sheathed in fiberglass have proven successful, especially as the price of
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carrying 270 kg (590 lb) of tinned food and 210 L (55 U.S. gal) of water. Fifty-eight days and 5,060 km (2,730 nmi) later he reached
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Kayaks that are built to cover longer distances such as touring and sea kayaks are longer, generally 4.9 to 5.8 m (16 to 19 ft). With touring kayaks the
689:
While the kayak's buoyancy must be more than the loaded kayak, the optimal amount of excess buoyancy varies somewhat with kayak type, purpose, and personal taste (
686:
Maximum volume in a sit-in kayak is helped by a wide hull with high sides. But paddling ease is helped by lower sides where the paddler sits and a narrower width.
881:
The shape of the cross section affects stability, maneuverability, and drag. Hull shapes are categorized by roundness, flatness, and by the presence and angle of
601:
on each side of his boat and filled the boat with beach balls. As with nearly all American foldboat enthusiasts of the day, he did not know how to roll his boat.
2718:, The Untold Story of Kayaking's Boldest Voyage." Falcon; The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Blvd., Ste.200, Lanham, MD 20706. 2018.
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Slalom kayaks are flat–hulled, and—since the early 1970s—feature low profile decks. They are highly maneuverable, and stable but not fast in a straight line.
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to become the preferred methods of recovery after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim; their waters are too cold for a swimmer to survive for long.
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hulls are also allowed, although fins are not. Surfing on international boats tends to be smoother and more flowing, and they are thought of as kayaking's
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hulls, but they are more prone to damage from impact, including cracking. Most modern kayaks have steep V sections at the bow and stern, and a shallow V
613:
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559:, paddled his foldboat down the Danube and four years later reached the Australian coast after having traveled roughly 14,000 miles across the Pacific.
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398:, a garment that was stretched over the rim of the kayak coaming and sealed with drawstrings at the coaming, wrists, and hood edges. This enabled the "
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150:
surrounding the craft; replacing the single hull with twin hulls; and replacing handheld paddles with other human-powered propulsion methods such as
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837:
stability describes how stable a kayak feels when put on edge or when waves are passing under the hull perpendicular to the length of the boat. For
391:
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Most modern kayaks differ greatly from the original traditional subarctic kayaks in design, manufacturing and usage. They are often designed with
476:
kayaks that appear similar to the West Greenland style, but often fit more snugly to the paddler and possess a steeper angle between gunwale and
5920:
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2518:
582:
616:). Like Grant's foldboat, Kirschbaum's fiberglass kayak had no seat and no thigh braces. In June 1987, Ed Gillet, using a stock off the shelf
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hiker). Thus typical dimensions were about 5.2 m (17 ft) long by 51–56 cm (20–22 in) wide by 18 cm (7 in) deep.
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benefit from increased lateral stability without sacrificing speed, and these advantages have been successfully applied in twin hull kayaks.
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is thus self-bailing. The hull may be sealed, or perforated by hatches and deck fixtures. Contrary to popular belief, the sit-on-top kayak
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is then used to "stitch" the pieces together through the holes. After the pieces are temporarily stitched together, they are glued with
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expertise, a strip–built boat can be an impressive piece of work. Kits with pre-cut and milled wood strips are commercially available.
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built a fiberglass kayak and paddled it through Grand Canyon in June 1960. He knew how to roll and only swam once, in Hance Rapid (see
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foldboat kayaks in use throughout Europe. First Nation masters of the roll taught this technique to Europeans during this time period.
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300:
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built a kayak out of transparent fibreglass as well as LEDs to create a floating vessel that lights up at night, which she calls the
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This Greenland paddle is 210 cm (7 ft) in length, and much narrower than European paddles. A storm paddle would be shorter.
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comes in two main varieties, High Performance (HP) and International Class (IC). High Performance boats tend to have a lot of nose
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be easily overturned because the flat bottom is no longer level. By contrast, a kayak with a narrower, more rounded hull with more
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These boats were tough and intrepid individuals were soon doing amazing things in them. In June 1928, a German named Franz Romer
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Two different approaches to giving beginners more stability; left, a wider kayak, right, outriggers lashed across the stern deck
628:, landing his vessel there on August 27, 1987, after 64 days of paddling. Gillet had navigated his kayak by using a traditional
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Skin-on-frame (SOF) boats are often more traditional in design, materials, and construction. They were traditionally made with
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1120:(10 psi)), leading to considerably faster, though often less stable kayaks which rival hardshell boats in performance.
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stability, or the stability of an upside-down kayak, is also important (lower tertiary stability makes rolling up easier).
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In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Alexander "Zee" Grant was most likely America's best foldboat pilot. Grant kayaked the
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1461:(fixed rudder) and upturned bow or stern profiles for wave shedding. Modern sea kayaks usually have two or more internal
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833:) stability describes how much a boat tips, or rocks back and forth when displaced from level by paddler weight shifts.
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rim and body of the kayaker, and which can be released rapidly from the cockpit to permit easy exit (in particular in a
996:
stretched out in front of them, and the thigh brace bears more on the inside than the top of the thighs (see diagram).
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and they are often seen on large rivers where their extra stability and speed may be necessary to get through rapids.
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The position of the center of gravity is affected by body shape. The lower the CoG, the higher the primary stability.
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Modern kayaks have evolved into specialized types that may be broadly categorized according to their application as
941:. If they are set so that they are both out of the water when the kayak is balanced, they give secondary stability.
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Paddling puts substantial force through the legs, alternately with each stroke. The knees should therefore not be
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kayaks generally have adjustable bracing points. Many paddlers also customize their kayaks by putting in shims of
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2275:. US Special Forces have used Kleppers but now primarily use Long Haul folding kayaks, which are made in the US.
1993:
Assembling an aluminum frame for a folding kayak; the cloth covering (foreground) will later be stretched over it
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Sit-on-top kayaks come in 1–4 paddler configurations. Sit-on-top kayaks are particularly popular for fishing and
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Today almost all kayaks are commercial products intended for sale rather than for the builder's personal use.
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Contemporary traditional-style kayaks trace their origins primarily to the native boats of Alaska, northern
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than inflatable kayaks, but have the advantage of greater stiffness and consequently better seaworthiness.
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Ainu material culture from the notes of N. G. Munro: in the archive of the Royal Anthropological Institute
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Marathon races vary in distances from ten kilometres to over 1000 kilometres for multi-day stage races.
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kayaks. These medium–sized boats are designed for rivers of moderate to high volume, and some, known as
1292:
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Custom-made fiberglass-on-frame kayak (kayaks in background are two-piece fiberglass and skin-on-frame)
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SBS, The Invisible Raiders: the History of the Special Boat Squadron from World War Two to the Present
1194:
Modern skin-on-frame kayak; the skin is cloth, sewn to fit over the wooden frame and then waterproofed
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Interior 360 degree photosphere of a kayak at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian.
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1260:. It has a collapsible frame, of wood, aluminum or plastic, or a combination thereof, and a skin of
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was made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An
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20 foot long by 31 inch wide fiberglass tandem kayak paddled over 2,000 miles non-stop from
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The term "kayak" is increasingly applied to craft that look little like traditional kayaks.
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kayaks, with fewer chines and a more angular shape, with gunwales rising to a point at the
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and "flippers". Some kayaks are also fitted with external sources of propulsion, such as a
103:, differentiating the craft from an open-deck canoe. The cockpit is sometimes covered by a
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Length alone does not fully predict a kayak's maneuverability: a second design element is
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Yuungnaqpiallerput/The Way We Genuinely Live: Masterworks of Yup'ik Science and Survival
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2489:"History of Kayak: Eskimos 4000 Years Vision Realized – Kayak Information and Reviews"
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2347: – Panic disorder associated with Inuit hunters out alone on a calm sea or lake
2254:(SAS) and the Special Boat Service (SBS) used kayaks for reconnaissance in the 1982
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1940:, can usually be transported by hand using a carry bag. They are generally made of
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Sealed-hull ("unsinkable") craft were developed for leisure use, as derivatives of
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Boom Patrol Detachment. The latter made perhaps the best known use of them in the
1426:
1015:. Separately, if the kneecap is in contact with the boat, or the knee joint is in
506:
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or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. (Western
41:
3368:
3325:"Canada's special forces to get ancient war-fighting machines: canoes – The Star"
2665:"How It Feels To Run Treacherous Rapids Of Colorado River Related By Altadenan",
573:
Alexander Grant in his foldboat, July 19, 1941, at the bottom of the Grand Canyon
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A cross-section through a skin-on-frame kayak. The skin touches only at the two
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331:. They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the
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rigged his 6.1 m (20 ft) long foldboat with a sail and departed from
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The body of the paddler must also be taken into account. A paddler with a low
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818:(angles) give a more rounded profile, decreasing stability, tracking, and the
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has a lot of rocker; that is, the bottom is not flat when seen from the side.
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2326: – Canoeing and kayaking involving the descent of waterfalls and slides
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while continuing to leverage the insights of the original Arctic inventors.
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Subarctic people made many types of boats for different purposes. The Aleut
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155:
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1295:(CAD) software, often in combination with CAD customized for naval design.
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2279:
K1214-123/1/06. They were deployed from disguised watercraft, submarines,
1977:
models take more effort to paddle and are slower than traditional kayaks.
1569:
963:
Symmetrical: the widest part of the boat is halfway between bow and stern.
956:
Some kayak hulls are categorized according to the shape from bow to stern
495:
relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of prey—primarily seals, though
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3081:"Outriggers – Wavewalk® Stable Fishing Kayaks, Portable Boats and Skiffs"
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1945:
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A squirt boat barely floats, allowing the paddler to submerge completely.
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2618:
Dyson, Baidarka, Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 1986, pp. 80–81,
2466:
2419:
and kayak. Skin-covered boats ... are referred to in old traditions. -
2416:
2377:
2267:
1941:
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1509:
1508:
Water that enters the cockpit of a sit-on-top kayak drains out through
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Inflatable rubberized fabric boats were first introduced in Europe and
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to execute a series of tricks, which are scored for skill and style.
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holes—tubes that run from the cockpit to the bottom of the hull. The
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870:
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more drag, and the kayak will move more slowly and take more effort.
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65:
1826:
United States for ocean races, lake races and even downriver races.
1807:
1037:
477:
382:
assistance from his wife — and closely fitting his size for maximum
91:). In British English, the kayak is also considered to be a kind of
2698:
Martin, Big Water Little Boats, Vishnu Temple Press, 2012, p. 190,
6022:
5605:
4854:
Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions
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The Canadian Museum of Civilization – Native Watercraft in Canada
1708:
Between the creekboat and playboat extremes is a category called
527:. The use of fabric kayaks on wooden frames called a foldboat or
5478:
5428:
2305:
1593:
1458:
1172:
1155:
874:
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1465:. Some models can accommodate two or sometimes three paddlers.
192:
Kayaks are often used to get closer to marine animals, such as
5820:
3724:
2643:"Only Three Shoot Rapids," Philadelphia Inquirer, July 7, 1940
2098:
2015:
1849:
1008:), or more elaborate structures, to make it fit more tightly.
1268:
built into the hull, making the kayak float even if flooded.
1146:
Stitch & glue designs typically use modern, marine-grade
712:
As a general rule, a longer kayak is faster: it has a higher
421:
synthetic material stretchy enough to fit tightly around the
885:. This cross-section may vary along the length of the boat.
3433:
3409:
Commando Kayak: The Role of the Folboat in the Pacific War
3407:
2602:
Altenhofer, Der Hadernkahn, Pollner Verlag, 1997, p. 143,
347:
oceans. These first kayaks were constructed from stitched
3146:"Top 10 Best Kayak Seats: Comfort for Your Back and More"
2957:"Touring vs Recreational Kayaks - Brooklyn Kayak Company"
3467:
3436:- the international federation of kayak and canoe bodies
2833:"Kayarchy – retail outlets (3) sea kayaks & paddles"
2423:, British Museum, Department of Ethnography, 1994, p. 33
2738:"Kayarchy – contents of chapter on sea kayaking safety"
2388:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2340:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
452:, the oldest design, whose rounded shape and numerous
111:
designed to be fast and light, and others such as the
64:
typically propelled by means of a long, double-bladed
3462:
A kayak made from clear wood and fiberglass with LEDs
2756:"Kayarchy – paddling your sea kayak (1) starting out"
2338: – Discipline of whitewater kayaking or canoeing
597:. He outfitted his foldboat, named Escalante, with a
2367:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
777:
The overall width of a kayak's cross-section is its
6218:
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Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon
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3447:- the national governing body of kayaking in the UK
3063:"Hobie Gear SideKick AMA Kit Hobie Kayak Outrigger"
3038:"Greenland National Championships in Sisimiut 2006"
1669:boating), kayakers exploit the complex currents of
1127:
Strip-built solid wooden kayak with fiberglass coat
593:in 1940. In 1941, Grant paddled a foldboat through
1404:are designed for the casual paddler interested in
3172:"Xyla Foxlin makes a clear kayak with LED lights"
2827:
2825:
2823:
2178:than mono hull kayaks outfitted with outriggers.
3199:. International Canoe Federation. Archived from
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
4758:Toronto International Dragon Boat Race Festival
3108:
3106:
2283:, P.T. boats, motor launches and by parachute.
1821:A specialized variant of racing craft called a
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
1309:
386:. For this reason, kayaks were often designed
5914:
4945:
4085:
3483:
3369:"Kayaks | Canoes | Special Operations Forces"
1928:An example of a man using an inflatable kayak
1256:A special type of skin-on-frame kayak is the
174:), or even a completely independent gasoline
8:
2218:Kayaks were adapted for military use in the
2214:Klepper Aerius Quattro XT in military colors
1596:below. The straps form back- and foot-rests.
4728:Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival
3457:Greenlandinc terms for the parts of a kayak
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2374: – Act of propelling a boat using oars
2133:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2050:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1884:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
755:, i.e. its lengthwise curvature. A heavily
200:The kayak was first used by the indigenous
5921:
5907:
5899:
5878:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums
5741:
5595:
4973:
4952:
4938:
4930:
4738:Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival in New York
4092:
4078:
4070:
3929:
3804:
3586:
3490:
3476:
3468:
3412:. Zurich, Switzerland: Hirsch Publishing.
614:List of Colorado River rapids and features
440:Traditional kayaks encompass three types:
2153:Learn how and when to remove this message
2070:Learn how and when to remove this message
1904:Learn how and when to remove this message
899:Stability from body shape and skill level
2876:"Car-Topping and Strapping Down a Kayak"
2095:Inflatable catamaran kayak by SuperKayak
1264:and durable fabric. Many types have air
858:, especially in challenging conditions.
413:, most traditional kayakers today use a
392:own body proportions as units of measure
115:designed to be sturdy and maneuverable.
3266:"Cockleshell Heroes: the truth at last"
2400:
902:
4796:British Dragon Boat Racing Association
2572:, 5th ed., Falcon Guides, Connecticut.
664:will also affect the trade-offs made.
583:Green River (Colorado River tributary)
515:20th century & contemporary kayaks
275:, photographed by Gunnar Lundh in 1938
170:(which essentially modifies it into a
142:Click for an immersive 360 degree view
3170:Jason Weisberger (January 16, 2021).
2434:Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary, 2nd edition
2332: – Kayak adapted with hydrofoils
2308: – Vessel for transport by water
2262:reportedly used them at the start of
294:
86:
7:
6269:
4897:The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes
4849:International Dragon Boat Federation
2727:Shively p. 13, 14, 100, 106-109, 150
2682:, Vishnutemple Press, 2014, p. 424,
2131:adding citations to reliable sources
2048:adding citations to reliable sources
1882:adding citations to reliable sources
367:, with the oldest dating from 1577.
166:to drive a propeller or flippers, a
3184:...(she calls it the 'Rainbowt')...
2656:, Vol 4, No 2, pp. 6–13, P2P p. 426
2320: – Team sport played in kayaks
1700:Creekboats and river-running kayaks
1493:(e.g. paddle or wave skis), or for
982:Seating position and contact points
319:) were originally developed by the
3113:Crowhurst C (September 25, 2012).
2858:"Kayarchy – sea kayaking for kids"
2548:. University of Washington Press.
1077:Fiberglass hulls are stiffer than
25:
4662:List of world records in canoeing
3971:Bering Straits Native Corporation
3961:Arctic Slope Regional Corporation
3115:"Masik designs for modern kayaks"
2570:The Complete Book of Sea Kayaking
2314: – British canoeing magazine
2302: – Native Alaskan watercraft
553:Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
6268:
6259:
6258:
4915:
3567:
3306:, Arms & Armour Press 1983,
2521:. March 12, 2008. Archived from
2443:. Alaska Native Language Center.
2293:Outline of canoeing and kayaking
2103:
2020:
1854:
1060:
1048:
1036:
917:
905:
271:World Championships in Vaxholm,
6305:Canoeing and kayaking equipment
4916:
4748:Lethbridge Dragon Boat Festival
2927:"kayakways.net – Kayak Fitting"
2386: – Competitive water sport
2359: – Use of a kayak on water
2169:vessels such as catamarans and
1969:
1932:Inflatables, also known as the
1252:Folding kayak, partly-assembled
1143:has decreased in recent years.
1055:Sea kayak, two-piece fiberglass
973:Swede form: the widest part is
480:, which lends maneuverability.
4014:Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated
3434:International Canoe Federation
3264:Tweedie N (October 28, 2010).
3144:Buchnev A (October 26, 2021).
2519:"SMV München/ English Summary"
2234:Pilotage Parties (COPPs), the
1920:An inflatable sit-on-top kayak
1783:International Canoe Federation
966:Fish form: the widest part is
1:
4672:Au Sable River Canoe Marathon
2810:"Kayarchy – sea kayak design"
2652:Cockleshell on the Colorado,
1477:Sit-on-top three-person kayak
4743:Houston Dragon Boat Festival
4645:Canoeing and kayaking venues
3392:Commando Kayak, Hoehn, 2011.
3343:"SBS Boats - Klepper Canoes"
2432:Jacobson, Steven A. (2012).
2353: – Fishing from a kayak
1568:hull; now flat and slightly
5930:Water sports and activities
4826:Portuguese Canoe Federation
4753:Ottawa Dragon Boat Festival
4712:Riverland Paddling Marathon
3238:David G (January 4, 2024).
2365: – portable watercraft
2192:While native people of the
1665:competition (also known as
1561:
970:(in front) of the midpoint.
233:Los Glaciares National Park
6326:
4821:Scottish Canoe Association
4781:American Canoe Association
4776:European Canoe Association
4269:Women's Canadian medalists
2380: – Type of surf kayak
2290:
2185:
1996:
1814:
1792:
1765:
1650:
1624:
1599:
1531:
1419:
1394:
1023:Materials and construction
794:
595:Grand Canyon National Park
587:Dinosaur National Monument
533:John MacGregor (sportsman)
178:(which converts it into a
31:
27:Light boat that is paddled
6254:
4913:
4859:UK Rivers Access Campaign
4811:Croatian Canoe Federation
4054:
3981:NANA Regional Corporation
3956:Alaska Native corporation
3940:Inuit Circumpolar Council
3565:
2714:Shively, Dave. (P. 30) "
2544:Fienup-Riordan A (2007).
1962:polyurethane-coated cloth
1169:thuja (Western Red cedar)
1043:Carbon-fiber sprint kayak
361:State Museum of Ethnology
128:in a kayak, armed with a
6310:Human-powered watercraft
5863:Animal-powered transport
4816:Israel Canoe Association
4687:Hawkesbury Canoe Classic
4667:Adirondack Canoe Classic
4264:Men's Canadian medalists
3849:Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ
2961:brooklynkayakcompany.com
1430:Kayaking in a double on
1232:coating, on a wooden or
591:Middle Fork Salmon River
292:Inuktitut pronunciation:
62:human-powered watercraft
5738:Non-vehicular transport
4961:Human-powered transport
4320:Slalom Junior & U23
4309:Women's kayak medalists
4299:Women's canoe medalists
4279:Women's kayak medalists
3999:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
3976:Cook Inlet Region, Inc.
2439:August 3, 2017, at the
2087:Twin hull and outrigger
1714:river running playboats
1647:Playboating competition
959:Common shapes include:
822:, and increasing speed.
708:; long hull, ~no rocker
655:than fiberglass boats.
247:Two people in a kayak,
6180:Outrigger canoe racing
5888:Zero-emissions vehicle
4697:National Student Rodeo
4380:Canoe and kayak diving
4241:Standup paddleboarding
3373:Americanspecialops.com
3174:. Boing Boing magazine
2902:"How to Store a Kayak"
2785:"Kayarchy – the kayak"
2215:
2096:
1994:
1929:
1921:
1812:
1763:
1729:
1696:
1648:
1622:
1597:
1550:
1486:
1478:
1442:
1392:
1288:
1253:
1195:
1128:
1111:
1096:
992:
953:
878:
823:
774:
748:
709:
574:
511:
276:
260:
235:
197:
146:
132:
53:
34:Kayak (disambiguation)
6190:Synchronized swimming
4844:Canadian Canoe Museum
4692:Massive Murray Paddle
4639:Artificial whitewater
4314:Mixed canoe medalists
4304:Men's kayak medalists
4294:Men's canoe medalists
4274:Men's kayak medalists
3349:on September 15, 2012
3221:Commando Kayak 2011,
3012:Traditionalkayaks.com
2213:
2094:
1992:
1927:
1919:
1838:Specialty and hybrids
1810:
1761:
1727:
1687:
1646:
1618:
1591:
1541:
1484:
1476:
1449:recreational kayaks.
1429:
1388:
1346:sea or touring kayaks
1293:computer-aided design
1279:
1251:
1193:
1126:
1109:
1091:
989:
952:
864:
812:
771:
742:
704:
572:
509:
394:. The paddler wore a
266:
246:
226:
191:
138:
121:
50:Great Falls, Virginia
44:
4550:Canoe paddle strokes
4507:Sturgeon-nosed canoe
3540:Proto-Inuit language
3197:"ICF – Canoe Sprint"
3125:on September 5, 2021
3042:Freyahoffmeister.com
2937:on February 24, 2020
2680:From Powell to Power
2312:Canoe & Kayak UK
2236:Special Boat Service
2127:improve this section
2044:improve this section
1878:improve this section
1775:1936 summer olympics
1762:Single-person racing
945:Hull surface profile
456:give them an almost
72:originates from the
32:For other uses, see
6185:Synchronized diving
5995:Activities on water
5938:Activities in water
5826:Alpine touring skis
5636:Hand and foot power
5226:Cold-weather biking
5166:Small-wheel bicycle
5074:Glossary of cycling
5039:Cyclo-cross bicycle
5024:Cold-weather biking
4836:Other organisations
4682:Dusi Canoe Marathon
4436:International Canoe
4356:Whitewater canoeing
4351:Small-craft sailing
4284:Paracanoe medalists
4004:Makivik Corporation
3966:Calista Corporation
3854:Inuvialuit Nunangit
3445:British Canoe Union
2654:American Whitewater
2455:Museum Anthropology
2411:, bark houses, ...
2273:Chinook helicopters
2252:Special Air Service
2232:Combined Operations
1781:is governed by the
1627:Whitewater kayaking
1436:Seattle, Washington
1402:Recreational kayaks
1101:rotationally molded
1099:Plastic kayaks are
801:secondary stability
564:Rapid River (Maine)
60:is a small, narrow
6175:Dragon boat racing
5831:Cross-country skis
5495:Litter/sedan chair
5059:Flat bar road bike
4801:Canoe Kayak Canada
4583:Albano buoy system
4446:Recreational kayak
4390:Canoe orienteering
4335:Wildwater canoeing
4139:Wildwater canoeing
3284:on August 28, 2012
3203:on October 8, 2010
3091:on August 12, 2020
2880:Kayakroofracks.net
2568:D. C. Hutchinson,
2467:10.1111/muan.12208
2264:Unified Task Force
2244:Operation Frankton
2230:, principally the
2216:
2097:
1995:
1954:nitrile-rubberized
1930:
1922:
1813:
1764:
1730:
1697:
1649:
1623:
1598:
1551:
1487:
1479:
1443:
1397:Recreational kayak
1393:
1390:Recreational kayak
1330:Recreational kayak
1310:Major kayak types
1289:
1254:
1196:
1129:
1112:
1097:
993:
977:(behind) midpoint.
954:
879:
829:(sometimes called
824:
805:tertiary stability
791:Types of stability
775:
749:
710:
618:traditional design
575:
555:. Another German,
512:
460:-like appearance;
359:department of the
277:
261:
255:, photographed by
236:
198:
147:
133:
54:
46:Whitewater kayaker
6282:
6281:
6231:Modern pentathlon
5896:
5895:
5851:
5850:
5684:
5683:
5585:
5584:
5267:Motorized scooter
5262:Motorized bicycle
5141:Recumbent bicycle
5084:Motorized bicycle
4927:
4926:
4885:Paddle-to-the-Sea
4878:La Chasse-galerie
4497:Pacific Northwest
4460:Traditional boats
4194:Other disciplines
4067:
4066:
4024:
4023:
3921:
3920:
3796:
3795:
3419:978-3-033-01717-7
3312:978-0-85368-593-7
3227:978-3-033-01717-7
3150:PaddlingSpace.com
3018:on April 22, 2021
2983:"Types of kayaks"
2716:The Pacific Alone
2555:978-0-295-98669-2
2525:on March 12, 2008
2493:Waterkayaking.com
2384:Whitewater slalom
2281:Catalina aircraft
2250:harbor. Both the
2224:British Commandos
2222:. Used mainly by
2163:
2162:
2155:
2080:
2079:
2072:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1685:
1485:Sit-on-top kayaks
1342:
1341:
1202:frames, jointed,
1133:stitch & glue
1030:Fiberglass kayaks
931:center of gravity
797:primary stability
659:Design principles
610:Walter Kirschbaum
311:"surface; top"),
218:subarctic regions
16:(Redirected from
6317:
6272:
6271:
6262:
6261:
6210:Water volleyball
6200:Water basketball
5923:
5916:
5909:
5900:
5742:
5696:Amphibious cycle
5651:(sliding rigger)
5596:
5377:Invalid carriage
5292:Other foot power
5250:Electric bicycle
4974:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4919:
4918:
4786:Paddle Australia
4768:Governing bodies
4707:Waterside Series
4702:Thameside Series
4180:Female medalists
4112:Main disciplines
4094:
4087:
4080:
4071:
3930:
3826:Nunavut (Alaska)
3805:
3587:
3571:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3451:Kayak size guide
3423:
3406:Hoehn J (2011).
3393:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3345:. Archived from
3339:
3333:
3332:
3329:The Toronto Star
3321:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3280:. Archived from
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3229:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3121:. Archived from
3110:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3087:. Archived from
3077:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2696:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2495:. Archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2450:
2444:
2430:
2424:
2405:
2389:
2368:
2341:
2220:Second World War
2175:Outrigger kayaks
2171:outrigger canoes
2158:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2107:
2099:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2024:
2016:
1970:sit-on-top kayak
1909:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1858:
1850:
1754:Flatwater sprint
1688:River kayaks in
1686:
1620:Whitewater kayak
1323:Whitewater kayak
1307:
1110:Inflatable kayak
1094:whitewater kayak
1064:
1052:
1040:
1002:closed-cell foam
921:
909:
638:The Tonight Show
624:, California to
589:in 1939 and the
523:, and Southwest
489:Aleutian Islands
450:Aleutian Islands
298:
296:[qaˈjaq]
293:
257:Edward S. Curtis
227:Kayaking in the
113:whitewater kayak
90:
85:
21:
6325:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6295:Inuit transport
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6250:
6214:
6151:
5989:
5932:
5927:
5897:
5892:
5847:
5799:
5733:
5700:
5680:
5654:
5631:
5581:
5572:Summer toboggan
5535:
5509:Weight shifting
5504:
5500:Scoop stretcher
5483:
5444:Pulled rickshaw
5434:Flatbed trolley
5402:
5386:
5350:
5287:
5283:Treadle bicycle
5271:
5235:
5201:Utility bicycle
5176:Touring bicycle
5126:Porteur bicycle
5094:Mountain biking
5064:Folding bicycle
5029:Cruiser bicycle
4999:Bicycle trailer
4963:
4958:
4928:
4923:
4909:
4863:
4830:
4762:
4733:Duanwu Festival
4716:
4650:
4627:
4569:
4536:
4492:Outrigger canoe
4455:
4399:
4339:
4245:
4189:
4170:Summer Olympics
4158:
4149:Canoe freestyle
4107:
4098:
4068:
4063:
4050:
4020:
3987:
3944:
3917:
3875:
3835:
3792:
3734:
3681:
3608:
3580:
3572:
3563:
3501:
3496:
3464:- YouTube video
3453:- Fishing Learn
3430:
3420:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3331:. May 19, 2011.
3323:
3322:
3318:
3302:James D. Ladd,
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3270:Daily Telegraph
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3008:"Championships"
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2963:. June 10, 2021
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2697:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2669:, July 28, 1941
2664:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2499:on June 3, 2021
2487:
2486:
2482:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2441:Wayback Machine
2431:
2427:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2366:
2339:
2295:
2289:
2208:
2190:
2184:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2124:
2108:
2089:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2041:
2025:
2014:
2001:
1987:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1875:
1859:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1819:
1805:
1797:
1795:Slalom canoeing
1791:
1770:
1756:
1747:
1742:
1722:
1702:
1676:
1655:
1641:
1629:
1613:
1604:
1586:
1536:
1530:
1471:
1424:
1418:
1399:
1383:
1370:fishing kayaks,
1305:
1274:
1262:water-resistant
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1025:
984:
947:
925:
922:
913:
910:
901:
807:
795:Main articles:
793:
766:
737:
699:
674:
661:
579:Gates of Lodore
517:
493:Greenland Inuit
384:maneuverability
353:Alaskan Natives
291:
241:
176:outboard engine
88:[qajɑq]
83:
52:, United States
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6323:
6321:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6287:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6266:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6100:Stone skipping
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6053:Paddleboarding
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5985:Water aerobics
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5856:Related topics
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5793:Stair climbing
5785:
5784:
5783:
5781:Stair climbing
5773:
5772:
5771:
5764:Roller skating
5761:
5760:
5759:
5752:Inline skating
5748:
5746:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5646:
5645:(sliding seat)
5639:
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5616:Paddleboarding
5613:
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5577:Gravity biking
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5454:Shopping caddy
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5241:Electric motor
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5171:Tandem bicycle
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5156:Safety bicycle
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5121:Penny-farthing
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5079:Hybrid bicycle
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4477:Chundan vallam
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4467:Aleutian kayak
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4461:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
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4421:Concrete canoe
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4385:Dongola racing
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4206:Dragon boating
4203:
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4175:Male medalists
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4129:Canoe marathon
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4029:Notable people
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3428:External links
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3240:"Pedal Kayaks"
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3119:Qajaqrolls.com
3102:
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2999:
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2882:. May 14, 2016
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1815:Main article:
1811:Surfski kayaks
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1657:One type, the
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474:East Greenland
462:West Greenland
337:North Atlantic
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229:Upsala Glacier
220:of the world.
164:electric motor
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5547:Gravity racer
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5276:Treadle power
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5181:Track bicycle
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5131:Prone bicycle
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4555:Eskimo Rescue
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4431:Folding kayak
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4406:
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4375:Kayak fishing
4373:
4371:
4370:Canoe camping
4368:
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4255:
4253:championships
4252:
4248:
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4234:
4232:
4229:
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4226:Surf kayaking
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4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Canoe sailing
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:United States
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3979:
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3972:
3969:
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3954:
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3947:
3941:
3938:
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3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:Organisations
3924:
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3605:
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3600:
3597:
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3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
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3575:
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3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
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3370:
3364:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3067:Kayakshed.com
3064:
3058:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2931:Kayakways.net
2928:
2922:
2919:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:9780979505560
2701:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:9780990527022
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:Pasadena Post
2662:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:Kayak fishing
2349:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:US Navy SEALs
2257:
2256:Falklands War
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:Royal Marines
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:Kayak fishing
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2154:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2112:This section
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:This section
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1999:Folding kayak
1991:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:This section
1861:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:river–running
1706:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:long boarding
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Surf kayaking
1555:
1548:
1545:competition,
1544:
1543:Surf Kayaking
1540:
1535:
1534:Surf kayaking
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:United States
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:racing kayaks
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1272:Modern design
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:folding kayak
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:covered with
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:hyperextended
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
988:
981:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
951:
944:
942:
940:
934:
932:
920:
915:
908:
903:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
884:
876:
872:
868:
863:
859:
857:
852:
846:
844:
840:
839:kayak rolling
836:
832:
828:
821:
817:
811:
806:
802:
798:
790:
788:
784:
782:
781:
770:
763:
761:
758:
754:
746:
741:
734:
732:
729:
728:
722:
717:
715:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
687:
684:
679:
671:
669:
665:
658:
656:
653:
650:
645:
643:
642:Johnny Carson
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
571:
567:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
530:
529:folding kayak
526:
522:
514:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:Instead of a
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:ergonomically
385:
379:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:North America
354:
350:
346:
345:North Pacific
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
290:
286:
282:
274:
270:
265:
258:
254:
250:
245:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
219:
215:
212:and possibly
211:
207:
203:
195:
190:
186:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
137:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
96:
94:
89:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6246:Yacht racing
6219:Competitions
6130:Water skiing
6115:Wakeboarding
6090:Skimboarding
6048:Kneeboarding
6038:Kiteboarding
6018:Cable skiing
6008:Bodyboarding
5978:synchronized
5963:Scuba diving
5956:synchronized
5804:Snow and ice
5623:(fixed seat)
5610:
5526:Caster board
5459:Stairclimber
5419:Baggage cart
5398:Rowing cycle
5309:Kick scooter
5299:Balance bike
5221:Wheelie bike
5186:Trailer bike
5146:Road bicycle
5019:City bicycle
4902:
4895:
4883:
4876:
4655:Competitions
4643:
4603:Paddle leash
4598:Paddle float
4451:Sprint canoe
4415:
4404:Modern boats
4395:Canoe livery
4365:Sea kayaking
4358: /
4330:Ocean Racing
4231:Snow boating
4124:Canoe slalom
4119:Canoe sprint
3910:
3864:Nunavik ᓄᓇᕕᒃ
3859:Nunavut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ
3762:
3672:
3668:Snow goggles
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3408:
3400:Bibliography
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3372:
3363:
3353:September 4,
3351:. Retrieved
3347:the original
3337:
3328:
3319:
3303:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:the original
3269:
3259:
3249:February 25,
3247:. Retrieved
3243:
3233:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3191:
3183:
3176:. Retrieved
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3129:November 29,
3127:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3118:
3095:February 23,
3093:. Retrieved
3089:the original
3085:Wavewalk.com
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3047:February 23,
3045:. Retrieved
3041:
3032:
3022:November 29,
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3011:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2960:
2951:
2941:November 29,
2939:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2930:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2879:
2870:
2862:Kayarchy.com
2861:
2837:Kayarchy.com
2836:
2814:Kayarchy.com
2813:
2789:Kayarchy.com
2788:
2760:Kayarchy.com
2759:
2750:
2742:Kayarchy.com
2741:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2694:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2614:
2598:
2590:Qajaqusa.org
2589:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2545:
2539:
2529:February 23,
2527:. Retrieved
2523:the original
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:the original
2492:
2483:
2461:(2): 71–88.
2458:
2454:
2448:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2277:
2217:
2191:
2174:
2165:Traditional
2164:
2149:
2143:October 2015
2140:
2125:Please help
2113:
2081:
2066:
2060:October 2015
2057:
2042:Please help
2030:
2006:
2002:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1900:
1891:
1876:Please help
1864:
1841:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1798:
1771:
1768:Sprint kayak
1748:
1731:
1720:Squirt boats
1713:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1630:
1605:
1573:
1556:
1552:
1522:self-bailing
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:SCUBA diving
1500:
1488:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1400:
1381:Recreational
1374:recreational
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1337:Sprint kayak
1297:
1290:
1255:
1242:
1223:polyurethane
1197:
1165:
1145:
1130:
1113:
1098:
1092:Rotomoulded
1079:polyethylene
1076:
1073:
1010:
998:
994:
974:
967:
958:
955:
935:
928:
891:
887:
880:
847:
842:
834:
830:
826:
825:
785:
778:
776:
764:Beam profile
756:
752:
750:
725:
718:
711:
706:Sprint kayak
691:squirt boats
688:
678:displacement
675:
672:Displacement
666:
662:
646:
640:, hosted by
637:
617:
603:
576:
561:
538:
518:
491:eastward to
485:Aleut people
483:Most of the
482:
473:
461:
441:
439:
435:
410:
408:
390:using one's
380:
369:
333:Arctic Ocean
316:
308:
304:
284:
278:
269:canoe sprint
199:
179:
148:
141:
109:sprint kayak
100:
97:
77:
69:
57:
55:
38:
29:
6226:Boat racing
6157:Team sports
6142:Windsurfing
6125:Wakesurfing
6120:Wakeskating
6065:Parasailing
6043:Kiteboating
6013:Bodysurfing
5946:Aquajogging
5883:Human power
5729:Ornithopter
5557:Street luge
5474:Wheelbarrow
5304:Dandy horse
5136:Quadracycle
5109:Singletrack
4977:Pedal power
4904:Waterwalker
4806:Canoe Wales
4487:Fur brigade
4221:Surf skiing
4211:Nouka Baich
4009:Nunatsiavut
3869:Nunatsiavut
2992:October 10,
2967:October 10,
2906:Wikihow.com
2409:yara chisei
2345:Kayak angst
2336:Freeboating
1944:(a kind of
1592:A waveski.
1578:Great Lakes
1410:photography
1362:surf kayaks
1239:Xyla Foxlin
1185:woodworking
1141:epoxy resin
1137:strip-built
1135:(S&G),
820:wetted area
557:Oskar Speck
444:, from the
400:eskimo roll
216:hunters in
214:Ainu people
126:seal hunter
68:. The word
6289:Categories
6205:Water polo
6165:Canoe polo
5968:Snorkeling
5816:Ice skates
5745:Foot power
5724:Helicopter
5689:Amphibious
5666:Hydrocycle
5659:Foot power
5599:Hand power
5552:Billy cart
5531:Snakeboard
5521:Pogo stick
5439:Hand truck
5424:Bath chair
5391:Row action
5382:Wheelchair
5355:Hand power
5346:Skateboard
5336:Freeskates
5326:Brakeboard
5216:Velomobile
5211:Velocipede
5116:Party bike
5014:Cargo bike
5009:Boneshaker
4618:Spray deck
4560:Kayak roll
4542:Techniques
4344:Recreation
4134:Canoe polo
3773:Snowmobile
3748:Ammassalik
3244:Kayaks Hub
2608:3925660097
2395:References
2318:Canoe polo
2199:outriggers
2167:multi-hull
1846:Inflatable
1745:Whitewater
1632:Whitewater
1611:Whitewater
1491:surfboards
1469:Sit-on-top
1446:Sea kayaks
1432:Lake Union
1350:whitewater
893:Sea kayaks
873:, and the
869:, the two
851:hull flare
745:polo kayak
727:play boats
714:hull speed
649:rotomolded
605:Fiberglass
545:Las Palmas
446:Bering Sea
419:waterproof
415:spray deck
341:Bering Sea
267:The first
194:sea otters
105:spray deck
6241:Triathlon
5843:Snowshoes
5671:Hydrofoil
5562:Snowboard
5469:Toy wagon
5464:Stretcher
5367:Handcycle
5341:Longboard
5331:Freeboard
5230:ice cycle
4791:Paddle UK
4721:Festivals
4588:Outrigger
4575:Equipment
4532:Swan boat
4527:War canoe
4154:Paracanoe
4046:Greenland
3899:Kalaallit
3801:Homelands
3778:Snowshoes
3535:Phonology
3525:Languages
3515:Astronomy
3278:0307-1235
2678:Marston,
2475:203460793
2413:yara chip
2114:does not
2031:does not
1956:fabric),
1865:does not
1817:Surf skis
1663:freestyle
1463:bulkheads
1422:Sea kayak
1316:Sea kayak
1282:sea kayak
1200:driftwood
1083:amidships
1004:(usually
871:stringers
856:seaworthy
835:Secondary
541:Sea kayak
525:Greenland
442:Baidarkas
431:capsizing
281:Inuktitut
183:motorboat
162:-powered
156:propeller
74:Inuktitut
6264:Category
6147:Yachting
6135:barefoot
6095:Skurfing
6033:Kayaking
6023:Canoeing
5973:Swimming
5811:Crampons
5712:Aircraft
5567:Toboggan
5321:Kicksled
5314:Kickbike
5196:Unicycle
5191:Tricycle
5161:Sociable
5151:Roadster
5104:Downhill
5004:BMX bike
4613:Sea sock
4360:kayaking
4325:Marathon
4201:Creeking
4163:Olympics
4105:kayaking
4101:Canoeing
4059:Category
3904:Tunumiit
3894:Inughuit
3831:Nunarpet
3783:Qamutiik
3768:Sled dog
3650:Kamleika
3627:Research
3614:Clothing
3578:Material
3559:Religion
3314:(p. 231)
3207:July 18,
3155:July 12,
2503:March 5,
2437:Archived
2363:Packraft
2357:Kayaking
2324:Creeking
2287:See also
2248:Bordeaux
2246:raid on
2238:and the
2206:Military
1950:nitrilon
1946:neoprene
1830:Marathon
1823:surf ski
1803:Surfskis
1690:Hokkaido
1659:playboat
1653:Playboat
1639:Playboat
1584:Waveskis
1549:, Canada
1284:in west
1266:sponsons
1243:Rainbowt
1234:aluminum
867:gunwales
843:tertiary
757:rockered
622:Monterey
429:after a
427:wet exit
417:made of
372:baidarka
279:Kayaks (
180:de facto
172:sailboat
154:-driven
18:Kayakers
6274:Commons
6105:Surfing
6085:Sailing
6070:Rafting
6058:standup
6028:Fishing
6003:Boating
5872:outline
5868:Cycling
5788:Walking
5776:Running
5540:Gravity
5488:Carried
5372:Hobcart
5362:Handcar
5255:Pedelec
5206:Velocar
5069:Go-kart
5054:Fatbike
4993:outline
4989:Bicycle
4921:Outline
4608:Royalex
4565:Portage
4502:Rabaska
3912:Denmark
3881:Denmark
3758:Inuksuk
3708:Kakivak
3693:Weapons
3636:Atikłuk
3622:History
3604:Inuksuk
3582:culture
3530:Grammar
3520:Cuisine
3507:Culture
3378:May 23,
3288:May 23,
3178:July 8,
2911:May 23,
2886:May 23,
2417:coracle
2378:Waveski
2268:Somalia
2182:Fishing
2135:removed
2120:sources
2052:removed
2037:sources
1985:Folding
1942:hypalon
1934:duckies
1886:removed
1871:sources
1602:Waveski
1570:concave
1520:is not
1514:cockpit
1510:scupper
1455:rudders
1406:fishing
1280:Modern
1227:hypalon
1225:, or a
1177:redwood
1148:plywood
1017:torsion
991:shown).
968:forward
831:initial
827:Primary
787:kayak.
683:Rolling
676:If the
652:plastic
634:compass
630:sextant
599:sponson
581:on the
547:in the
501:caribou
487:in the
423:cockpit
249:Nunivak
239:History
160:battery
130:harpoon
101:kayaker
6300:Kayaks
6195:Waboba
6110:Tubing
6080:Rowing
5951:Diving
5769:skates
5757:skates
5676:Pedalo
5649:Rowing
5643:Rowing
5621:Rowing
5516:Trikke
5243:assist
5049:Enduro
4632:Venues
4623:Tuilik
4593:Paddle
4512:Taimen
4482:Dugout
4472:Cayuco
4290:Slalom
4260:Sprint
4185:Venues
4041:Canada
3992:Canada
3949:Alaska
3933:Global
3889:Nunaat
3841:Canada
3809:Alaska
3753:Iggaak
3730:Qulliq
3674:Tuilik
3657:Mukluk
3643:Amauti
3631:Types
3416:
3310:
3276:
3225:
2702:
2686:
2622:
2606:
2583:"Home"
2552:
2473:
2372:Rowing
2194:Arctic
1789:Slalom
1779:Racing
1740:Racing
1671:rapids
1566:convex
1562:rocker
1547:Tofino
1358:kayaks
1230:rubber
1208:canvas
1204:pegged
1153:Copper
883:chines
816:chines
803:, and
753:rocker
735:Rocker
697:Length
626:Hawaii
521:Canada
497:whales
472:; and
454:chines
448:&
411:tuilik
404:rescue
402:" and
396:tuilik
365:Munich
327:, and
325:Yup'ik
307:(from
301:Yup'ik
273:Sweden
259:, 1930
253:Alaska
66:paddle
5611:Kayak
5606:Canoe
5591:Water
4869:Media
4517:Umiak
4441:Malia
4426:Flyak
4416:Kayak
4411:Canoe
3788:Umiak
3763:Qajaq
3720:Savik
3703:Sakku
3698:Unaaq
3686:Tools
3663:Parka
3599:Dolls
3547:Music
3499:Inuit
2586:(PDF)
2471:S2CID
2330:Flyak
2012:Pedal
1960:, or
1694:Japan
1667:rodeo
1594:Skegs
1459:skegs
1354:river
1303:Types
1286:Wales
1219:paint
1215:cloth
1212:nylon
1160:epoxy
773:Navy.
743:This
470:stern
458:blimp
376:umiak
329:Aleut
321:Inuit
317:Iqyax
313:Aleut
305:qayaq
285:qajaq
210:Yupik
206:Inuit
202:Aleut
152:pedal
123:Inuit
93:canoe
79:qajaq
76:word
70:kayak
58:kayak
5717:list
5627:Punt
5479:Sled
5429:Cart
5099:27.5
4984:29er
4969:Land
4890:film
4522:Waka
4103:and
3715:Pana
3414:ISBN
3380:2018
3355:2012
3308:ISBN
3290:2018
3274:ISSN
3251:2024
3223:ISBN
3209:2014
3180:2021
3157:2023
3131:2017
3097:2022
3049:2022
3024:2017
2994:2023
2969:2023
2943:2017
2913:2018
2888:2018
2700:ISBN
2684:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2531:2022
2505:2021
2306:Boat
2226:and
2118:any
2116:cite
2035:any
2033:cite
1869:any
1867:cite
1528:Surf
1518:hull
1495:surf
1372:and
1352:(or
1181:hull
1173:pine
1156:wire
939:drag
875:keel
780:beam
721:keel
632:and
499:and
478:stem
468:and
349:seal
343:and
309:qai-
168:sail
84:IPA:
5821:Ski
5705:Air
4251:ICF
3725:Ulu
3591:Art
2987:MEC
2463:doi
2129:by
2046:by
1958:PVC
1948:),
1938:IKs
1936:or
1880:by
1457:or
1434:in
1416:Sea
1210:or
1175:or
1117:PVC
1006:EVA
975:aft
585:in
466:bow
433:).
363:in
299:),
289:ᖃᔭᖅ
231:in
185:).
48:at
6291::
3813:US
3811:,
3371:.
3327:.
3272:.
3268:.
3242:.
3182:.
3148:.
3117:.
3105:^
3083:.
3065:.
3040:.
3010:.
2985:.
2959:.
2929:.
2904:.
2878:.
2860:.
2845:^
2835:.
2822:^
2812:.
2797:^
2787:.
2768:^
2758:.
2740:.
2588:.
2491:.
2469:.
2459:42
2457:.
2258:.
1785:.
1777:.
1692:,
1580:.
1438:,
1408:,
1368:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:)
1348:,
1245:.
1221:,
1171:,
841:,
799:,
644:.
339:,
335:,
323:,
315::
303::
283::
251:,
208:,
204:,
95:.
56:A
5922:e
5915:t
5908:v
5874:)
5870:(
5232:)
5228:(
4995:)
4991:(
4953:e
4946:t
4939:v
4892:)
4888:(
4316:)
4292:(
4286:)
4262:(
4093:e
4086:t
4079:v
3491:e
3484:t
3477:v
3422:.
3382:.
3357:.
3292:.
3253:.
3211:.
3159:.
3133:.
3099:.
3069:.
3051:.
3026:.
2996:.
2971:.
2945:.
2915:.
2890:.
2864:.
2839:.
2816:.
2791:.
2762:.
2744:.
2592:.
2558:.
2533:.
2507:.
2477:.
2465::
2156:)
2150:(
2145:)
2141:(
2137:.
2123:.
2073:)
2067:(
2062:)
2058:(
2054:.
2040:.
1952:(
1907:)
1901:(
1896:)
1892:(
1888:.
1874:.
877:.
287:(
196:.
144:.
82:(
36:.
20:)
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