44:
230:
403:
507:) reinstated Timurid rule over Mazandaran in 1407, and confirmed the rule of Kayumarth. Regardless, Kayumarth would for several years cautiously lend support to rulers rebelling against Shah Rukh, but after Shah Rukh secured a victory in Fars in 1414/15, Kayumarth fully accepted his suzerainty. Kayumarth was an energic expansionist ruler during his long rule, with his kingdom experiencing a resurgence. He convinced his subjects to convert to Twelver Shi'ism, which resulted in closer links with the likewise Twelver Mar'ashi rulers of Mazandaran. In
529:
607:, where he convinced him to help him. At the behest of Shah Rukh, Kiya Muhammad returned Kayumarth's territories to him, with the exception of Taleqan and the castle of Falis. They were first to be returned to him later in 1441/2 by Kiya Muhammad's son Mahdi Kiya, when he looked for support against his brother Nasir Kiya. In 1436/7, Kayumarth supported Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi in his struggle against Sayyid Muhammad (a son of Sayyid Murtada) over the control of
436:, Iskandar-i Shaykhi staged a rebellion against Timur, who sent a force to subdue him. The commanders of the force requested the help of Kayumarth, due to his reputation as a rival of Iskandar-i Shaykhi. However, they had him deceived by capturing and sending him to Iskandar-i Shaykhi as a bargaining chip to convince him to cease his rebellion. However, Iskandar-i Shaykhi instantly had Kayumarth released, who left for the court of Timur's son at
474:
514:, he sent soldiers to aid Ghiyath al-Din against Sayyid Ali Sari, who had been acknowledged by Shah Rukh. Ghiyath al-Din was, however, defeated, and fled to Kayumarth. In 1413, he sent an army to help Sayyid Ali Amuli recapture Amul from Sayyid Ali Sari. However, after Ali Sari's death in 1417, he made peace with the latter's son Sayyid Murtada (
557:. Ilyas protested to Shah Rukh about this, but Kayumarth successfully kept the latter content by sending him extravagant gifts. Shah Rukh eventually sent a force under Abd al-Ali Bakavli to warn Kayumarth and aid Ilyas if required. However, Bakavli was soon killed near Shamiran by Kayumarth's forces. Kayumarth instantly released the
317:
During the time of
Kayumarth, the Caspian region of northern Iran was under the control of several local dynasties who often intermarried, fell into dispute over lands, and intervened in each other's affairs. He was a distant member of the Baduspanid royal family; he was a son of Bisutun and grandson
459:, with his brother Ghiyath al-Din as his second-in-command. After Timur's death in 1405, the Mar'ashis started to gradually assert their rule over their former territories. Meanwhile, Kayumarth was briefly imprisoned, but a few months after escaped and disguised himself amongst a group of travelling
618:
Kayumarth died in 1453. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons
Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. The Baduspanid dynasty was never to be united again, with the two branches ruling separately until they were
377:), who intended to conquer Mazandaran. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran. He split up their territories between rival families and
611:. Zahir al-Din was soon defeated, and together with his ally Sayyid Kamal al-Din Amuli took refuge in Kayumarth's realm. However, Kayumarth soon made an agreement with Sayyid Muhammad, in which he agreed to withdraw his support for the latter's enemies in return for control over
590:
Kiya
Muhammad now started to search for allies. He soon made an alliance with Sayyid Murtada and Ilyas Khwaja in a common cause against Kayumarth. In 1429, they attacked Kayumarth from all sides, defeating and routing his forces. Wounded, Kayumarth fled to
381:
governors. Tus managed to convince him to spare the Mar'ashi family, while
Iskandar-i Shaykhi was appointed governor of Mazandaran. In 1394, Tus was killed by his nephew Iskandar ibn Gustahm ibn Ziyar. It remains uncertain whether Iskandar succeeded him as
658:) to study Shi'i jurisprudence with other religious scholars abroad. Ten years later, the latter returned to Rustamdar, shortly after the death of Kayumarth. He is known to have later composed a religious volume under the patronage of Ka'us II.
642:
Under
Kayumarth, Twelver Shia Islam was declared the official religion of his realm. In the rural parts of Rustamdar, he had several shrines constructed on top of the tombs of Shia scholars and descendants of the prophet. The
540:
In 1420, following the request of Sayyid
Murtada, Kayumarth sent a force to help him against a revolt led by Sayyid Nasir al-Din. He made incursions into the domains of Ilyas Khwaja (a vassal of Shah Rukh) to the south of the
615:. He later helped Murtada ibn Rida al-Din repel Kamal al-Din from Amul, but withdrew after the latter counterattacked. He protected Murtada ibn Rida al-Din until he took over Amul after Kamal al-Din's death in 1445.
1018:
568:
of eastern Gilan. The death of their chief ruler Sayyid Rida Kiya in March–April 1426 had led to internal strife. Kayumarth took advantage of this by plundering several areas in the region. He seized
421:
expedition, the latter deprived the
Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. Kayumarth's holdings were now restricted to that of the castle of
651:
inscriptions on their walls demonstrate
Kayumarth's devotion to the religion. Later in his reign, he is known to have sent a certain scholar named Abd al-Rahim ibn Ma'ruf Rustamdari (
521:), acknowledging his rule. A marriage was arranged between Kayumarth's daughter and Sayyid Murtada's son, while Kayumarth's son Ka'us married a daughter of the first Mar'ashi ruler
194:
from 1394 to 1453, with a three-year interruption. An active expansionist ruler, his kingdom experienced a resurgence during his long reign, which included the reconquest of
579:
Khudawand
Muhammad, briefly occupying it for over a year until it was taken by the Kar-Kiya ruler Sayyid Kiya Muhammad. In 1427, Kayumarth resumed his incursions, attacking
1750:
1735:
1770:
1069:
964:
465:. When he reached Nur, he killed its Timurid commander, and subsequently restored Baduspanid rule in Rustamdar with the assistance of its inhabitants.
43:
561:, including a son of Ilyas. He implored Shah Rukh for forgiveness, which he received in return for promising to contain himself in the future.
229:
1305:
1091:
1006:
599:. His realm was split up by the victors, who gave it to his relatives Malik Nawzar (a grandson of Tus) and Malik Husayn (a great-grandson of
1745:
1740:
652:
213:). After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in
1181:
1124:
935:
1478:
1136:
587:
and Qasran. Kayumarth followed this back with another attack on
Tonekabon, burning the residence of its ruler Sayyid Da'ud Kiya.
1529:
974:
872:
1760:
233:
Map of northern Iran and its surroundings. The borders represent the traditional geographical boundaries of each region
1458:
1063:
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1298:
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387:
1679:
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1372:
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1534:
1108:
600:
451:
Iskandar-i Shaykhi was defeated and killed in 1403/4 at Shir-rud-duhazar, and Timur appointed the Mar'ashi
1629:
1539:
1340:
1116:
1604:
916:
Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In
1191:
Melville, Charles (2000). "The Caspian Provinces: A World Apart Three Local Histories of Mazandaran".
1765:
1755:
1579:
1494:
1291:
1240:
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84:
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333:
1619:
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904:
418:
355:
125:
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1023:
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238:
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177:
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and Alamut. A year later (1428), Kiya Muhammad retaliated, laying waste to the lands of
473:
987:
979:
889:
885:
478:
426:
378:
199:
1729:
1694:
1634:
1220:
881:
573:
533:
441:
354:(a son of Taj al-Dawla Ziyar) on the Baduspanid throne in Rustamdar to challenge the
266:
603:), whose fathers had been killed at his instigation. Kayumarth went to Shah Rukh in
237:
The Baduspanids were a local Iranian dynasty that ruled the mountainous district of
1704:
1689:
1644:
620:
522:
461:
363:
297:). Since the rise of the Shahriyarid line of the Baduspanid family, established by
1684:
344:
314:, originally an administrative title of provincial governors under the Sasanians.
1102:
1081:
1051:
921:
249:
coast of northern Iran. It was founded in 665 by its eponym Baduspan I, a son of
1714:
1314:
1253:
596:
250:
246:
191:
151:
66:
1639:
1609:
1473:
1332:
1204:
608:
242:
53:
49:
1157:
1039:
908:
394:
doubts this, stating that Kayumarth "must have been too young at this time."
1274:
580:
554:
497:
482:
422:
218:
203:
105:
1488:
1248:
310:
186:
1212:
1112:
584:
287:
254:
923:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
644:
569:
550:
546:
542:
437:
329:). The Baduspanids had been temporarily removed from power after the
262:
417:
When Iskandar-i Shaykhi left his realm in 1399/1400 to join Timur's
1266:
1174:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
604:
592:
472:
407:
401:
367:
258:
214:
97:
34:
576:
456:
411:
272:
57:
1287:
1283:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
261:
and western Mazandaran. Gil Gavbara was the great-grandson of
775:
773:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
719:
717:
715:
713:
736:
734:
732:
1056:
Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. III, Fasc. 4
525:. Sayyid Murtada also ceded Kayumarth some marchland.
347:, who incorporated Rustamdar into their own domains.
951:
Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 7
444:. There he was well-received, and also converted to
390:, Kayumarth succeeded him, but the modern historian
318:
of Gustahm, who was the son of the Baduspanid ruler
308:), the Baduspanids wielded the pre-Islamic title of
282:
270:
1658:
1593:
1548:
1432:
1321:
147:
136:
124:
116:
112:
90:
80:
72:
64:
21:
1135:
1017:
973:
871:
386:or not. According to the 15th-century historian
553:, while capturing the castle of Tabarak, near
492:), the suzerain of Kayumarth from 1407 to 1447
198:. He was often at odds with his suzerain, the
1299:
24:
8:
1176:. New York City: Columbia University Press.
1083:Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran
1104:The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran Vol.9
564:Kayumarth soon fell into conflict with the
1306:
1292:
1284:
1234:
1068:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
993:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
963:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
895:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
740:
42:
18:
343:) was defeated and killed in 1381 by the
140:Bisutun, son of Iskandar ibn Gustahm ibn
1751:14th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1736:15th-century monarchs in the Middle East
779:
752:
723:
704:
527:
228:
1771:Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam
815:
666:
619:eventually deposed in the 1590s by the
281:from 496 to 498/9 and a brother of the
48:The burial place of Kayumarth I in the
1061:
956:
827:
7:
851:
839:
803:
791:
764:
425:. After his return to the castle of
181:
25:
532:Map of the political situation in
14:
350:In 1390, the Mar'ashis installed
1144:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1026:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
629:
516:
502:
487:
372:
338:
324:
303:
292:
208:
1152:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1086:. Cambridge University Press.
1034:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1:
1058:. New York. pp. 385–391.
1016:Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2018).
953:. New York. pp. 742–743.
508:
477:Facial reconstruction of the
430:
295: 488–496, 498–531
1746:14th-century Iranian people
1741:15th-century Iranian people
406:Coin minted in the name of
1787:
1101:Melville, Charles (2020).
928:Cambridge University Press
1675:Taj-al-Dawla ibn Iskandar
1570:Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi
1505:Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar II
1413:Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid
1397:Shahriyar II ibn Baduspan
1260:
1245:
1237:
1205:10.1080/00210860008701976
299:Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid
41:
32:
1464:Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar I
1357:Shahriyar I ibn Baduspan
945:Bosworth, C. E. (1984).
1680:Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla
1565:Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar
1535:Shams al-Muluk Muhammad
1373:Abdallah ibn Vanda-Umid
1172:Bosworth, C.E. (1996).
1134:Yavari, Neguin (2015).
1109:University of Cambridge
1001:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
903:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
601:Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar
283:
271:
1540:Nasir al-Din Shahriyar
1150:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1032:Encyclopaedia of Islam
537:
493:
414:
234:
1228:registration required
1117:Bloomsbury Publishing
1078:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
531:
476:
405:
388:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi
232:
1341:Khurzad ibn Baduspan
638:Religious activities
362:who accompanied the
1761:14th-century births
1575:Adud al-Dawla Qubad
972:Calmard, J (1991).
806:, pp. 137–138.
782:, pp. 742–743.
707:, pp. 385–391.
455:as the governor of
334:Adud al-Dawla Qubad
1560:Taj al-Dawla Ziyar
1525:Namawar Shah Ghazi
1140:. In Fleet, Kate;
1022:. In Fleet, Kate;
918:Boyle, John Andrew
538:
494:
446:Twelver Shia Islam
415:
360:Iskandar-i Shaykhi
320:Taj al-Dawla Ziyar
245:, a region on the
235:
157:Twelver Shia Islam
154:(before 1402–1405)
1723:
1722:
1663:
1598:
1580:Sa'd al-Dawla Tus
1553:
1437:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1381:Afridun ibn Karan
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1326:
1282:
1281:
1261:Succeeded by
1241:Sa'd al-Dawla Tus
1093:978-1-139-46284-6
1064:cite encyclopedia
1048:Madelung, Wilferd
1008:978-90-04-08112-3
959:cite encyclopedia
623:monarch of Iran,
352:Sa'd al-Dawla Tus
184:) was the ruler (
163:
162:
159:(after 1402–1405)
85:Sa'd al-Dawla Tus
1778:
1661:
1596:
1551:
1435:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1324:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1238:Preceded by
1235:
1231:
1224:
1187:
1161:
1139:
1130:
1097:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1043:
1021:
1012:
977:
968:
962:
954:
941:
912:
875:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
727:
721:
708:
702:
657:
654:
633:
632: 1588–1629
631:
566:Kar-Kiya dynasty
559:prisoners of war
520:
519: 1417–1433
518:
513:
510:
506:
505: 1405–1447
504:
491:
490: 1405–1447
489:
435:
432:
392:Wilferd Madelung
376:
375: 1370–1405
374:
342:
341: 1379–1381
340:
328:
327: 1325–1333
326:
307:
305:
296:
294:
286:
276:
212:
211: 1405–1447
210:
183:
46:
28:
27:
19:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1660:
1659:Maliks of Kojur
1654:
1595:
1589:
1550:
1544:
1495:Zarrin-Kamar II
1434:
1428:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1225:
1193:Iranian Studies
1190:
1184:
1171:
1168:
1166:Further reading
1146:Rowson, Everett
1133:
1127:
1100:
1094:
1076:
1060:
1046:
1028:Rowson, Everett
1015:
1009:
980:Bosworth, C. E.
971:
955:
947:"Āl-e Afrāsīāb"
944:
938:
915:
890:Bosworth, C. E.
866:
863:
858:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
771:
763:
759:
751:
747:
741:Ghereghlou 2018
739:
730:
722:
711:
703:
668:
664:
655:
640:
628:
625:Abbas the Great
515:
511:
501:
486:
471:
453:Sayyid Ali Sari
433:
400:
371:
337:
323:
302:
291:
279:Sasanian Empire
227:
207:
155:
131:
103:
101:
95:
60:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Zarrin-Kamar I
1446:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1262:
1259:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1199:(1–2): 45–91.
1188:
1182:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1142:Krämer, Gudrun
1137:"Afrāsiyābids"
1131:
1125:
1098:
1092:
1074:
1044:
1024:Krämer, Gudrun
1013:
1007:
984:van Donzel, E.
969:
942:
936:
913:
878:van Donzel, E.
868:Bosworth, C.E.
862:
859:
857:
856:
854:, p. 142.
844:
842:, p. 251.
832:
820:
818:, p. 512.
808:
796:
794:, p. 137.
784:
769:
767:, p. 136.
757:
745:
728:
726:, p. 808.
709:
665:
663:
660:
639:
636:
470:
467:
399:
396:
306: 937–949
226:
223:
221:respectively.
182:ملک کیومرث یکم
168:(also spelled
161:
160:
149:
145:
144:
138:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
62:
61:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
26:ملک کیومرث یکم
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1783:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Kayumarth III
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Kayumarth III
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Malik Ka'us I
1603:
1602:
1600:
1594:Maliks of Nur
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Kay Khusraw I
1528:
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1057:
1053:
1052:"Baduspanids"
1049:
1045:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:"Bādūsbānids"
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
989:
985:
981:
976:
975:"Marʿas̲h̲is"
970:
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948:
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939:
937:0-521-06936-X
933:
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776:
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753:Melville 2020
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724:Bosworth 1978
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534:northern Iran
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65:Ruler of the
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
36:
31:
20:
1710:Mohammad III
1705:Jahangir III
1690:Jahangir III
1645:Jahangir III
1620:Kayumarth II
1584:
1405:Hazar Sandan
1389:Baduspan III
1247:
1246:
1196:
1192:
1173:
1149:
1103:
1082:
1055:
1031:
998:
991:
950:
922:
900:
893:
847:
835:
823:
816:Calmard 1991
811:
799:
787:
760:
748:
641:
617:
589:
563:
545:, attacking
539:
523:Mir-i Buzurg
496:Timur's son
495:
469:Second reign
460:
450:
416:
383:
364:Turco-Mongol
349:
330:
316:
309:
253:, the first
236:
185:
173:
169:
165:
164:
33:
1766:1453 deaths
1756:Baduspanids
1715:Jahangir IV
1670:Iskandar IV
1662:(1453–1598)
1597:(1453–1594)
1585:Kayumarth I
1552:(1324–1453)
1510:Ardashir II
1484:Hazarasp II
1479:Kai Ka'us I
1349:Baduspan II
1315:Baduspanids
1263:Iskandar IV
1254:Baduspanids
988:Pellat, Ch.
886:Pellat, Ch.
828:Yavari 2015
656: 1453
512: 1409
434: 1402
398:First reign
356:Afrasiyabid
251:Gil Gavbara
241:in western
192:Baduspanids
170:Gayumarth I
166:Kayumarth I
152:Sunni Islam
130:Iskandar IV
94:Iskandar IV
81:Predecessor
67:Baduspanids
52:village in
22:Kayumarth I
1730:Categories
1640:Malik Aziz
1625:Bisutun II
1610:Jahangir I
1515:Iskandar I
1491:occupation
1474:Shahrivash
1469:Hazarasp I
1459:Ardashir I
1436:(965–1324)
1365:Vanda-Umid
1333:Baduspan I
1322:Ispahbadhs
1258:1394–1453
997:Volume VI:
899:Volume IV:
662:References
419:Azerbaijan
284:shahanshah
273:shahanshah
243:Mazandaran
225:Background
174:Kayumars I
54:Mazandaran
50:Hezar Khal
1700:Bahman II
1685:Ka'us III
1650:Bahman II
1520:Shahragim
1500:Bisutun I
1444:Istwandad
1433:Ustandars
1424:(938–965)
1416:(899–938)
1408:(887–899)
1400:(???–???)
1392:(???–???)
1384:(855–???)
1376:(822–855)
1368:(791–822)
1352:(723–762)
1344:(665–694)
1336:(665–694)
1325:(665–965)
1221:161557156
1158:1873-9830
1040:1873-9830
909:758278456
882:Lewis, B.
852:Manz 2007
840:Manz 2007
804:Manz 2007
792:Manz 2007
765:Manz 2007
595:and then
581:Tonekabon
572:from the
498:Shah Rukh
483:Shah Rukh
462:qalandars
345:Mar'ashis
277:) of the
257:ruler of
239:Rustamdar
204:Shah Rukh
196:Rustamdar
190:) of the
91:Successor
76:1394–1453
1630:Bahman I
1615:Ka'us II
1489:Bavandid
1421:Muhammad
1360:(762–79)
1271:Ka'us II
1249:Ustandar
1148:(eds.).
1080:(2007).
1050:(1988).
1030:(eds.).
999:Mahk–Mid
990:(eds.).
901:Iran–Kha
892:(eds.).
870:(1978).
427:Firuzkuh
384:ustandar
331:ustandar
311:ustandar
187:ustandar
148:Religion
132:Ka'us II
102:Ka'us II
1454:Ba-Harb
1252:of the
1213:4311334
1113:English
920:(ed.).
873:"Ḳāwūs"
861:Sources
649:Persian
621:Safavid
613:Mianrud
585:Taleqan
574:Ismaili
536:in 1425
479:Timurid
379:Timurid
358:prince
288:Kavad I
255:Dabuyid
247:Caspian
200:Timurid
178:Persian
1549:Maliks
1219:
1211:
1180:
1156:
1123:
1090:
1038:
1005:
986:&
934:
907:
888:&
645:Arabic
570:Alamut
551:Bistam
547:Simnan
543:Alborz
481:ruler
438:Shiraz
366:ruler
263:Jamasp
202:ruler
137:Father
1267:Kojur
1217:S2CID
1209:JSTOR
978:. In
876:. In
605:Herat
597:Natel
593:Kojur
408:Timur
368:Timur
259:Gilan
215:Kojur
142:Ziyar
126:Issue
98:Kojur
73:Reign
35:Malik
16:Malik
1178:ISBN
1154:ISSN
1121:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1070:link
1036:ISSN
1003:ISBN
965:link
932:ISBN
905:OCLC
647:and
609:Sari
577:imam
549:and
457:Amul
442:Fars
412:Amul
217:and
120:1453
117:Died
58:Iran
1275:Nur
1201:doi
653:fl.
634:).
555:Ray
448:.
440:in
429:in
423:Nur
410:at
219:Nur
172:or
106:Nur
1732::
1215:.
1207:.
1197:33
1195:.
1119:.
1115::
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1107:.
1066:}}
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209:r.
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1269:)
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1230:)
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1072:)
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967:)
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