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469:(勘分西北界约记), which ceded part of the territory of China's northwest frontier to Russia. After that, some Kazakh tribes returned to China. The Qing government implemented a 1,000-family system in Kazakh tribes. Kazakhs had to pay taxes and accept direct jurisdiction from the central government. During the Tsar's rule, a large amount of Kazakh land was converted into immigrant areas, the number of livestock was greatly reduced, and the nomadic herdsmen's life deteriorated. Therefore, a large number of Kazakhs migrated to China in order to survive. During the
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68:
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38:
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border was demarcated on the ground by joint commissions. According to the commissions protocols and maps, the two countries' border line is 1782.75 km long, including 1215.86 km of land border and 566.89 km of border line run along (or across) rivers or lakes. The commissions' work was documented by several joint protocols, finalized with the
Protocol signed in Beijing on May 10, 2002.
497:
1008:
flee to
Kazakhstan. The agreements allows Kazakh and Chinese authorities to exchange information on citizens, including name, date and place of birth, photograph, identification issuing authority, citizenship status, exit and entry records, and whether a person had terminated their citizenship in the other country when they gained citizenship of another.
1239:
851:, "The collapse of the Soviet Union might have presented China with an ideal opportunity to regain the more than 34,000 square kilometers of territory it claimed in Central Asia. In the context of ethnic unrest, however, China chose to improve ties with the newly independent states to deny external support to separatist groups in Xinjiang."
993:, they went to Xinjiang to do trade and imported technology from Xi'an to develop Kazakhstan's economy. As for Kazakhs in China, most live in northern Xinjiang, with a smaller number in Gansu and Qinghai. According to data from mid-2014, China has nearly 8,000 Kazakh students, and Kazakhstan also has Chinese students.
938:
Cooperation between the
Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (中华人民共和国政府和哈萨克斯坦共和国政府文化合作协定). The Agreement serves as a platform for guiding cultural exchanges between the two countries. The two cultures hold cultural activities on the basis of the Agreement.
930:
but also the embodiment of Muslim civilization and has influence around the world. Thus China can learn from
Kazakhstan and the two from each other mutually. The countries can set up an example of cross-cultural cooperation so that the people of Central Asia and China can better understand each other.
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929:
Kazakhstan is an important gateway for cultural exchanges between China and
Central Asia. Kazakhstan advocates solving global issues via mutual cooperation and relies on supranational organizations to achieve cooperation between civilizations. Kazakhstan is not only a representative of Central Asia,
605:
in 2005 bought
Petrokazakhstan, that was the former Soviet Union's largest independent oil company, for US$ 4.18 billion and spent another US$ 700 million on a pipeline that will take the oil to the Chinese border. Petrokazakhstan was the largest foreign purchase ever by a Chinese company.
446:
to provide horses. As a gesture of gratitude, the
Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title of Khan on Abulai and let him lead all the Kazakhs. Since then Kazakh tribes have continuously paid tribute to the Qing. Abulai had sent his descendants to Beijing to study, thus spreading the etiquette of China at
1007:
In May 2023, the countries agreed to create a visa-free regime to each other. In
October 2023, Kazakhstan signed an agreement with China to crackdown on dual citizenship. Dual citizenship is forbidden by both nations but loopholes were previously used by Chinese nationals primarily from Xinjiang to
977:
Since 2000 the number of
Chinese immigrants in Kazakhstan has increased significantly. According to a 2010 study, 68% of Kazakhs said they lived alongside Chinese citizens in their cities; 56% thought there were not that many Chinese, while 36% thought there were many. Most thought that the Chinese
676:
In 2022, bilateral trade between China and
Kazakhstan had reached $ 24 billion, which was a 34.1 percent increase over the year before. The Kazkah government aims to further grow annual trade turnover with China by up to $ 35 billion by 2030, following an agreement by the two countries' leaders.As
843:
A narrow strip of hills east of Zhalanashkol which the USSR and China had contested in 1969 became recognized as part of China. To delineate certain small sections of the border more precisely, additional agreements were signed on 24 September 1997 and 4 July 1998. Over the next several years, the
854:
China compromised in territorial disputes with central Asian republics in order to secure their support for stability in Xinjiang. According to Fravel, "China needed cooperation with its neighbors to prevent the spread of pan-Islamic and pan-Turkic forces to the region, limit external support for
753:
The SCO aims to reduce the "three evils" of terrorism, separatism, and extremism. That objective has at the forefront of China's diplomatic dealings in Kazakhstan and elsewhere since 1997. On 28 March 2023, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China
631:
On October 16, 2013, the Kazakhstan Majilis and China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) signed a memorandum of understanding. The agreement is the most important legislations signed between the two nations that further bilateral relations. The legislation helps both
937:
once said that both China and Kazakhstan have a long common history, similar traditions and cultures, and are multi-ethnic countries. Therefore, cultural exchanges between the two countries are very important. In August 1992, the Chinese and Kazakh governments signed the "Agreement on Cultural
839:
When Kazakhstan became an independent country, around 2,420 square kilometers of land was disputed with China. A border treaty between the two nations was signed in Almaty on April 26, 1994, and ratified by the Kazakh president on June 15, 1995. China received around 22% of the total disputed
2836:. ("On the ratification of the Protocol agreed by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the demarcation of the line of the Kazakhstan-China international border. Law No. 469 of the Republic of Kazakhstan. July 4, 2003")
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were there to find jobs (57%) and do business (49%). A smaller number thought they were there for other purposes, including marriage (8%), acquisition of citizenship (6%), and acquisition of property (4%). Tensions over Chinese workers in Kazakhstan have sometimes led to protests.
536:
Kazakhstan is China's key partner in the Central Asian region due to its location, size, and substantial energy resources. Kazakh political elites portray cooperation with China in a positive light, which has also helped increase favorable public sentiment in Kazakhstan.
1707:
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to two Kazakh kings. This provided territory for the initial establishment of the Kazakh khanate. Since then the two countries have joined forces against enemies and intermarried, but they have also fought each other. In the 16th century, a group of
540:
In 1991, Kazakhstan and China signed an agreement to encourage the development of shop tourism. This trade grew quickly, with about 700,000 citizens of Kazakhstan crossing the border to China in 1992 to buy consumer goods for re-sale in Kazakhstan.
560:, which they addressed with their first boundary agreement in April 1994, a supplementary agreement in September, 1997, and their second supplementary boundary agreement in July 1998 to mark their 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) shared border.
877:) which did not represent China's official position at all and he would convey to "relevant domestic departments" his Kazakh counterpart's request to eliminate the influence of "people with ulterior motives". The article was then deleted and
4454:
2827:О ратификации Протокола между Правительством Республики Казахстан и Правительством Китайской Народной Республики о демаркации линии казахстанско-китайской государственной границы. Закон Республики Казахстан от 4 июля 2003 года, N 469
726:(SCO). In developing ties with China, Kazakhstan aims to balance the geopolitical and economic influence of its northern neighbour Russia. However, potential conflicts exist around China's cultural ties between the
827:
in Russia, the Sino-Russian border became the PRC-USSR border. However, the Chinese and Soviet authorities were not always in agreement where the border line run on the ground, which led, in particular to a
600:
Owing to rapidly expanding domestic energy needs, China has sought to obtain a leading role in cultivating and developing energy industries in Kazakhstan. Along with operating four smaller oil fields, the
1121:. TIAS Central Eurasian Research Series (Special Issue 1). Department of Islamic Area Studies, Center for Evolving Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo: i-176.
2442:
2749:О ратификации Соглашения между Республикой Казахстан и Китайской Народной Республикой о казахстанско-китайской государственной границе. Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 15 июня 1995 г. N 2331
952:), which have even been attended by numerous leaders of the province. The city also hosted a Kazakh film premiere. China and Kazakhstan jointly applied for a section of the Silk Road to become a
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From 2015-2017, Kazakhstan and China signed five agreements to create cooperation zones in transportation infrastructure, trade, processing industries, construction, agriculture, and more.
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See the text of the "Agreement between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China on the Kazakhstan-China international border, signed in Almaty on Aprel 26, 1994" in
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cavalry invaded Xinjiang and defeated Manchu troops, occupying 580,000 square kilometers, including a large part of present-day Kazakhstan. In 1864, China and Russia signed the
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The Sino-Russian border set forth in the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864). Today's Sino-Kazakh border largely follows the line set in this protocol, with only fairly small changes
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province, which could influence a Uighur separatist movement. China also aims to prevent the growth of U.S. influence in the region and the possible establishment of American
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fled to Abulai (阿布赉) after the rebellion failed. Abulai intended to capture Amursana and deliver him to the Qing court. After the Qing defeated the Dzungar and arrived at
4547:
2758:. The border shown on Google Maps follows the description in the treaty; specifically, border point 38 described in the text is at the border line's crossing with the
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signed a Second friendly dialogue of cross-border cooperation, where covered areas including energy, tourism, food industry, engineering, agriculture, and others.
921:' water in China has been of concern for Kazakhstan's environmentalists and politicians. Bilateral negotiations are periodically conducted on the related issues.
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The origins of the border line between China and Kazakhstan date back to the mid-19th century, when the Russian empire was able to establish its control over the
568:
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In a talk with China's Kazakhstan ambassador Zhang Xiao on 14 April 2020, the Kazakh Foreign Ministry expressed discontent with an article on Chinese website
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1724:
1708:"The Tūqmāq (Golden Horde), the Qazaq Khanate, the Shībānid Dynasty, Rūm (Ottoman Empire), and Moghūlistan in the XIV-XVI Centuries: from Original Sources"
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separatists within Xinjiang, and increase cross-border trade as part of a broader strategy to reduce tensions among ethnic groups through development."
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had been effected and nearly 500 cases reported. However, the next day, the Kazakh Health Ministry dismissed the claim by China's embassy and media as "
574:. Since then, the leaders of China and Kazakhstan have frequently exchanged high-level official visits. In 1996, both nations became co-founders of the
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and strengthening ties, with a series of border agreements, economic cooperation, and strategic partnership. However, several incidents with regard to
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673:'s Health Emergencies Program, says that the outbreak in Kazakhstan is likely to be COVID-19 cases that "just have not been diagnosed correctly."
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China and Kazakhstan have promoted a rapid expansion of commerce and partnership over economic development, especially in harnessing Kazakhstan's
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The Kazakh Khanates between the Russian and Qing Empires: Central Eurasian International Relations during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
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Sun, Yi (2024). "Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).
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597:, and the two countries signed an agreement in 1997 to build it. This pipeline became the first between China and any Central Asian country.
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have good ties. China has said that it values exchanges between the two parties and hopes to strengthen ties and cooperation even further.
170:. Ever since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, political, cultural, and economic ties have developed between the two. The
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China came into contact with Kazakhstan as early as the 2nd century BC. The Kazakhstan region was very useful between China and the West.
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897:, flow from China. Their waters are extensively used for irrigation and urban water supply in both countries (in particular, via China's
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407:. In 1640, the Dzungars unified the various tribes of Oirat Mongolia and formed the Dzungar khanate. In 1680 the Dzungars defeated the
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in Kazakhstan. In 1997, both nations signed an agreement to reduce the presence of military forces along the common border along with
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2025:"President Tokayev commemorates Al-Farabi's 1150th anniversary at Beijing University event, bolstering Kazakhstan-China relations"
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titled 'Why Is Kazakhstan Eager To Get Back to China?'. In an interview after returning to China, Zhang Xiao said the article was
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1001:
669:" but did note that those pneumonia cases had exhibited clinical symptoms of abnormalities. Michael Ryan, a top official for the
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956:, and the application was approved. Kazakhstan and China designated 2017 as the 'year of tourism' between the two countries.
792:(1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side. The Qing Empire's military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the
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expressed support for the Qing troops against the Dzungars and flocked to assist the Qing armies. In 1757, Dzungar nobleman
3335:
Proń, Elżbieta; Szwajnoch, Emilie (2020-08-07). "Kyrgyz and Kazakh Responses to China's Xinjiang Policy under Xi Jinping".
2935:["Many countries yearn to return to China" has been deleted, and the pathological self-media needs to be treated].
2656:
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628:, Kazakhstan. Astana has become a major hub for the BRI, including for BRI-related financial services and legal services.
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771:
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260:. Since the Wusun did not want to cooperate with the Xiongnu, they allied with the Han dynasty to defeat the Xiongnu (
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formed diplomatic relations on January 3, 1992, on the same day that the Kazakh government expressed support for the
1855:[Freight volume at Xinjiang's Alashankou port of entry is up by 12.8% for the first 10 months of the year].
4625:
4499:
4127:
3445:
3385:"China-Kazakhstan to share migration data, closing route for some, including from Xinjiang, keen to bypass Beijing"
1917:
Alfred, Gerstl (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
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On 9 July 2020, the Chinese embassy in Kazakhstan issued a warning which stated that an unidentified strain of
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2907:["Kazakhstan longs to return to China"? Chinese ambassador explains the whole story of the incident].
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Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation
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171:
2803:. The 1969-era Soviet claim in the area can be seen on the period's topo maps, e.g. border point No. 40 on
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2687:"Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes"
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established ties with the Tarim Basin region. In 1456, Kelie (克烈) and Jianibieke (贾尼别克) defected to the
159:
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China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets
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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
1424:"Kazakhstan Firmly Committed to 'One China' Policy on Taiwan, Says Foreign Ministry's Spokesperson"
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960:
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held a "Kazakhstan culture day" (it actually lasted more than one day, between 2013 November 5–8).
918:
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and drug trafficking amongst Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan and China become co-founders of the
707:
190:
2686:
2649:"The Lost Frontier – Treaty Maps that Changed Qing's Northwestern Boundaries_The Changing Borders"
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has prioritized close relations with China. Tokayev studied in China and speaks Chinese fluently.
477:, causing Kazakhs to rebel and revolt. More than 300,000 nomads fled to China to avoid repression.
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Aimed at bolstering regional partnership on regional security, economic development and fighting
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and the Qing Empire, not too different from today's Sino-Kazakh border was provided for in the
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2435:"Chinese media reports on 'unknown pneumonia' in Kazakhstan are fake – Kazakh Health Ministry"
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have contributed to Kazakhstan's current position as the world's largest exporter of uranium.
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of China (1757), soon after the Qing conquest of Xinjiang. Soon, intensive trade started in
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442:, Abulai and the Kazakh tribes under his rule submitted to the Qing and sent envoys to the
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2404:"'Unknown pneumonia' deadlier than coronavirus sweeping Kazakhstan, Chinese embassy warns"
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in the Tarim Basin region. In the 17th century, the Dzungars defeated the second of three
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316:
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1345:[Under the guise of "patriotism", it actually damages the image of the country].
244:(intermarriage) with the Chinese, marking the beginning of relations. During the rule of
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of 1860; the actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of
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In 2009 China lent $ 10 billion to Kazakhstan and gained a stake in MangistauMunaiGas.
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The Chinese government says that Kazakhstan recognizes the PRC as representing all of
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of 2024, China is Kazakhstan's most important trading partner and foreign investor.
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and other) invested more than US$ 20 billion in the petroleum sector of Kazakhstan.
593:, minerals and other major energy resources. Kazakhstan proposed the creation of an
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3010:"Transboundary Jurisdiction and Watercourse Law: China, Kazakhstan and the Irtysh"
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512:, Kyrgyz horses, sheep and goats being traded for Chinese silk and cotton fabrics.
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approach includes investment in foreign mining operations. Chinese investment in
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in eastern Kazakhstan, which makes it one of the westernmost points reached by a
2874:"Kazakhstan Protests Over Chinese Article Questioning Its Territorial Integrity"
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1998:
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The first Kazakh embassy visited China sometime around 1453. Under the reign of
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The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
1951:
The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
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and independence of Kazakhstan, China and Kazakhstan have pursued a process of
4735:
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1371:"Chinese nationalist internet warriors creating diplomatic disputes for China"
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regime and ordered the recruitment of the Kazakhs. The tribal alliance led by
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2495:"Kazakhstan, China Bilateral Trade Turnover Increases by One-Third in 2022"
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followed by removing 227 similar articles and banning 153 public accounts.
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parliaments meet together to discuss bilateral issues amongst one another.
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3141:
3119:
2847:"Kazakhstan's Foreign Ministry expresses discontent to Chinese ambassador"
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with a death rate which was "much higher" than the one which is caused by
2298:"Kazakhstan's Majilis and China's NPCSC sign memorandum of understanding"
2034:
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532:. Around 10 million ton of rail freight crosses the border here annually.
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1115:"A Collection of Documents from the Kazakh Sultans to the Qing Dynasty"
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By 2016, Chinese companies (e.g. China National Petroleum Corporation,
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2141:. Association for Asian Research, Jamestown Foundation. Archived from
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was spreading in several Kazakh cities. It said that the provinces of
283:. Zhizhi was defeated and killed. The battle was probably fought near
2168:
Zhao, Huasheng (2016). "Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking".
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801:
658:
654:
625:
529:
388:
383:
209:
205:
137:
1137:
796:. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by
347:(1522–1566), the foundations for a flourishing relationship between
5006:
2465:"Mystery pneumonia outbreak in Kazakhstan likely to be coronavirus"
1151:"XVIII - XIX Centuries. In the Manuscripts of the Kazakhs of China"
1150:
1114:
4469:
3440:
2373:"Coronavirus: Chinese report of 'more lethal' pneumonia dismissed"
949:
804:
basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia's favor, by the
761:
703:
515:
495:
284:
241:
237:
72:
2139:"China's relations with Kazakhstan are warming, but to what end?"
905:). Besides, the Ili is the main source of water for Kazakhstan's
1153:. Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan: East Kazakhstan State University.
859:
567:
made an official visit to Beijing at the invitation of the then-
412:
4706:
4531:
4438:
3456:
3411:
2550:
Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption
996:
With more ethnic Kazakhs in China persecuted and imprisoned in
5001:
2599:"Kazakhstan and China sign commercial agreements worth $ 565m"
1994:"Brief introduction to relations between China and Kazakhstan"
917:. Accordingly, since the 1990s, the increasing use of the two
586:
163:
1303:(3 May 2020). "Development of China–Kazakhstan Cooperation".
800:, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the
2958:"For China and Kazakhstan, No Meeting of the Minds on Water"
484:
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the
913:, also flowing from China, supplies water to Kazakhstan's
1138:"The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources"
889:
The two most important rivers of eastern Kazakhstan, the
1000:
as of August 2020, many have fled from places like the
197:
in recent years have hampered the development process.
1949:
Peyrouse, Sebastien (2016). "China and Central Asia".
1645:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC-AD 1840
989:, Shaanxi province more than 100 years ago. After the
840:
territory, and Kazakhstan received the remaining 78%.
556:. The two nations inherited a border dispute from the
1400:"What's Behind Protests Against China in Kazakhstan?"
624:'s land-based Silk Road component during a speech in
319:
was fought in the same area as the Battle of Zhizhi.
2205:
Cheung, Fanny M.; Hong, Ying-yi, eds. (2018-10-26).
780:
region. The establishment of the border between the
115:
5020:
4994:
4898:
4787:
4747:
4405:
4334:
4143:
3889:
3743:
3467:
1890:(in Simplified Chinese). 2012-11-23. Archived from
1859:(in Simplified Chinese). 2012-11-23. Archived from
370:Long before the founding of the Kazakh nation, the
355:were established, but contacts stopped after 1537.
87:
82:
44:
1077:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 59–70.
3240:"Anti-Chinese Protests Spread Across Kazakhstan"
2366:
2364:
3383:Zhao, Ziwen; Bela, Victoria (14 October 2023).
1295:
1293:
1291:
467:Treaty of Demarcation of the Northwest Frontier
382:gave the western part of the western border in
31:Kazakhstan-People's Republic of China relations
1614:. Vol. 1. Osprey Publishing. p. 39.
1501:Китайский дракон готов к поглощению Казахстана
500:Kyrgyz deliver a white horse as a gift to the
4718:
3423:
3345:(4). University of Silesia, Poland: 761–778.
3045:
3043:
1819:, Columbia University Press, pp. 45–47,
1506:
1493:
1200:
1198:
1196:
8:
2647:Museum, National Palace (14 February 2010).
691:On the border between the two countries, at
473:, the Tsar government recruited Kazakhs for
271:(郅支之戰) was fought in 36 BC between the
30:
4638:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
1535:
1533:
699:and logistics center has been established.
563:In 1993, the First President of Kazakhstan
378:, which controlled the Tarim Basin region.
4725:
4711:
4703:
4528:
4435:
3464:
3453:
3430:
3416:
3408:
3003:
3001:
2523:. New York, NY, United States of America:
1816:Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang
1782:
1780:
1405:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
524:crossing from China to Kazakshtan between
331:briefly unified the two regions under the
2822:
2820:
2239:"China's Hu On Central Asian Energy Tour"
458:, many Kazakhs fled to the Qing dynasty.
3163:
3161:
2333:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
479:
256:(西域 xiyu) to help the Wusun against the
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2172:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1953:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1164:
162:up to the modern relations between the
2578:"中华人民共和国和哈萨克斯坦共和国关于进一步深化全面战略伙伴关系的联合宣言"
2514:
2512:
2505:from the original on January 19, 2024.
2475:from the original on 22 September 2020
2209:(1 ed.). Routledge. p. 119.
2098:"China Pays Dearly For Kazakhstan Oil"
1912:
1910:
1908:
29:
3378:
3376:
3200:
3198:
3196:
2743:
2741:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2163:
2161:
2159:
1944:
1942:
1919:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
1682:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
1611:Imperial Chinese Armies:200 Bc-589 Ad
1175:. 中华人民共和国驻哈萨克斯坦共和国大使馆. Archived from
1136:Nurlan, Kenzheakhmet (October 2013).
236:, one of Kazakhstan's ancestors, the
7:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1364:
1362:
603:China National Petroleum Corporation
554:East Turkestan independence movement
426:sent troops to wipe out the Dzungar
1113:Noda, Jin; Onuma, Takahiro (2010).
544:The People's Republic of China and
363:The Kazakh Khanate allied with the
297:Protectorate of the Western Regions
252:was the official dispatched to the
4543:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
3238:Goble, Paul (September 10, 2019).
2659:from the original on 13 March 2015
2268:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
2249:from the original on 18 April 2018
1648:. Osprey Publishing. p. 146.
25:
5068:Bilateral relations of Kazakhstan
5028:Diplomatic missions of Kazakhstan
4668:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3530:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
2445:from the original on 10 July 2020
2414:from the original on 10 July 2020
2383:from the original on 10 July 2020
981:Kazakhstan has more than 100,000
806:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
724:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
576:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
154:) refer to the relations between
4778:
4734:
3439:
2945:from the original on 2024-05-18.
2917:from the original on 2024-05-18.
2685:Fravel, M. Taylor (2005-10-01).
2584:from the original on 2014-03-31.
2137:Marat Yermukhanov (2004-07-09).
2096:Pala, Christopher (2006-03-17).
1412:from the original on 2020-06-24.
1355:from the original on 2024-05-18.
1002:Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
66:
55:
36:
4741:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
4688:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
4596:Dates of diplomatic recognition
3314:from the original on 2014-10-06
3282:from the original on 2014-10-06
3252:from the original on 2019-09-21
3179:from the original on 2014-10-06
3094:from the original on 2014-08-04
3061:from the original on 2014-10-06
3017:Texas International Law Journal
2879:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2727:from the original on 2020-12-20
2304:from the original on 2020-12-20
2110:from the original on 2013-06-27
2059:"中外文化交流的见证者与推动者（辉煌·纪念改革开放40周年）"
2006:from the original on 2015-04-02
1833:from the original on 2015-11-26
1548:from the original on 2015-02-22
1508:Агентство политических новостей
1472:from the original on 2014-09-11
1444:from the original on 2014-10-06
1381:from the original on 2020-10-01
1274:from the original on 2014-10-06
1023:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
973:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
758:Border and territorial disputes
558:relations of China and the USSR
151:
4611:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
2768:
2763:
419:. The Kazakhs faced a crisis.
142:
133:
125:
1:
3351:10.1080/03068374.2020.1827547
2956:Stone, Richard (2012-07-27),
2371:Martyr, Kate (10 July 2020).
1317:10.1080/10758216.2018.1545590
1074:La silenciosa conquista china
1004:into neighboring Kazakhstan.
885:Cross-border water management
204:and China's sovereignty over
5073:Bilateral relations of China
4567:Diplomatic missions of China
3118:. 2011-12-14. Archived from
2985:10.1126/science.337.6093.405
2433:Sultan, Nur (10 July 2020).
2243:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
2067:. 2008-07-10. Archived from
1582:刘国俊 (2012-06-26). 李铭 (ed.).
1369:Yang Danxu (17 April 2020).
1238:Kazankapova Marzhan (2013).
1054:Resources in other libraries
450:Due to the conflict between
208:. The PRC has an embassy in
200:Kazakhstan acknowledges the
183:collapse of the Soviet Union
5037:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4555:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3169:"中国媒体：哈萨克斯坦——丝绸之路经济带国际段桥头堡"
3082:高雷; 权娟, eds. (2013-09-05).
1813:Millward, James A. (2007),
899:Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal
847:According to MIT Professor
616:In 2013, Chinese President
447:that time to Central Asia.
116:
5089:
5063:China–Kazakhstan relations
4626:Political status of Taiwan
3446:Foreign relations of China
3138:"哈萨克斯坦哈语电影《比尔江—萨勒》在乌鲁木齐首映"
2905:""哈萨克斯坦渴望回归中国"？中国大使还原风波始末"
2705:10.1162/016228805775124534
2623:Russian text of the treaty
2580:. 中华人民共和国外交部. 2013-09-08.
1305:Problems of Post-Communism
1040:China–Kazakhstan relations
1018:Foreign relations of China
970:
769:
492:Modern bilateral relations
117:Qazaq-Qytai qarym-qatynasy
106:Қазақ-Қытай қарым-қатынасы
98:China–Kazakhstan relations
18:Kazakhstan-China relations
4776:
4538:
4527:
4445:
4434:
3463:
3452:
3008:Sievers, Eric W. (2002),
2402:Wu, Wendy (9 July 2020).
2174:Stanford University Press
1955:Stanford University Press
1679:The Empire of the Steppes
1507:
1494:
1262:廖雷; 赵宇; 苗苗 (2010-11-11).
1092:Jin Noda (6 April 2016).
1049:Resources in your library
998:Xinjiang internment camps
948:stages Kazakh huaju (话剧,
671:World Health Organization
367:against Dzungar Khanate.
105:
78:
65:
54:
35:
4652:Major historical splits
4576:Belt and Road Initiative
3515:Central African Republic
3390:South China Morning Post
2933:""多国渴望回归中国"被删，病态的自媒体该治了"
2621:Articles 2 and 3 in the
2548:Garlick, Jeremy (2024).
2519:Massot, Pascale (2024).
2408:South China Morning Post
2272:. New Haven and London:
1882:
1852:前10个月新疆阿拉山口口岸铁路货运增长12.8%
1851:
1789:"清末民初新疆与哈萨克斯坦哈萨克族人口变迁刍议"
1500:
622:Belt and Road Initiative
486:Belt and Road Initiative
311:, China established the
212:; Kazakhstan has one in
4601:Foreign policy of China
4515:China and the Antarctic
4480:China–Japan–South Korea
3136:王化洁, ed. (2011-07-15).
2525:Oxford University Press
2337:Leiden University Press
2215:10.4324/9780429467172-5
1727:. 黃花崗雜誌. Archived from
1676:Grousset, Rene (1970).
991:Chinese economic reform
794:Dungan revolt (1862–77)
772:China–Kazakhstan border
582:was educated in China.
578:. New Kazakh President
444:Chengde Mountain Resort
391:Mongolians crossed the
172:Chinese Communist Party
152:Җунгуй–Хазахстан гуанщи
91:Chinese embassy, Astana
88:Kazakh embassy, Beijing
4995:Multilateral relations
4683:Wolf warrior diplomacy
4510:Arctic policy of China
4450:BCIM Economic Corridor
4440:Multilateral relations
3535:Congo, Republic of the
2692:International Security
1244:. 江南大学. Archived from
903:Irtysh–Karaganda Canal
767:
552:and opposition to the
533:
513:
488:
4606:Foreign Relations Law
4581:China's peaceful rise
3670:São Tomé and Príncipe
3304:"哈总统：八千多哈萨克斯坦学生在中国学习"
2791:45.61667°N 82.25833°E
2439:Kazinform News Agency
2274:Yale University Press
1787:李刚 (September 2006).
1757:《民族问题五种丛书》（〈中国少数民族〉卷）
1642:Peers, Chris (2006).
1608:Peers, Chris (1995).
1248:on November 16, 2020.
971:Further information:
765:
714:Strategic cooperation
697:special economic zone
640:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
638:Kazakhstan President
595:oil pipeline to China
580:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
519:
499:
483:
403:and then entered the
327:In the 13th century,
4113:United Arab Emirates
3245:Jamestown Foundation
3213:(11). Archived from
1883:新疆霍尔果斯火车站获批成立 年底有望通车
1264:"贾庆林会见哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫"
1065:Cardenal, Juan Pablo
961:Confucius Institutes
959:Kazakhstan has five
919:transboundary rivers
786:Convention of Peking
565:Nursultan Nazarbayev
4631:Chinese unification
4591:Confucius Institute
4128:Northern Domination
3866:Trinidad and Tobago
3751:Antigua and Barbuda
3458:Bilateral relations
3023:(1), archived from
2977:2012Sci...337..405S
2787: /
2554:Bloomsbury Academic
954:world heritage site
708:Chinese unification
682:uranium procurement
315:. Later in 751 the
202:One China principle
191:Chinese nationalism
130:traditional Chinese
32:
27:Bilateral relations
3806:Dominican Republic
3272:"试论解放前我国哈萨克族的社会性质"
3051:"哈总统:中哈两国将互相举办旅游年"
2832:2013-10-04 at the
2810:2013-10-01 at the
2796:45.61667; 82.25833
2754:2013-10-05 at the
2103:The New York Times
1584:"《皇清职贡图》：绘不完的民族情谊"
1540:莊一言 (2014-10-26).
933:Indeed, President
909:, and the smaller
821:October Revolution
768:
534:
514:
489:
122:simplified Chinese
83:Diplomatic mission
5050:
5049:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4678:Theater diplomacy
4643:Stadium diplomacy
4563:
4551:
4548:General Secretary
4523:
4522:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
3550:Equatorial Guinea
2971:(6093): 405–407,
2772:) can be seen at
2563:978-1-350-25231-8
2534:978-0-19-777140-2
2224:978-0-429-46717-2
2183:978-0-8047-9764-1
1964:978-0-8047-9764-1
1932:978-1-03-239508-1
1693:978-0-8135-1304-1
1621:978-1-85532-514-2
1377:. Lianhe Zaobao.
1343:"假以"爱国"之名，实损国家形象"
1339:China Youth Daily
1205:郭琼 (2014-07-24).
1149:Smagulova, Anar.
1128:978-4-904039-17-5
1105:978-90-04-31447-4
1069:Araújo, Heriberto
1035:Library resources
901:and Kazakhstan's
825:Russian Civil War
817:Chinese Civil War
813:Xinhai Revolution
569:Chinese President
461:In 1862, Russian
397:Mongolian Plateau
313:Anxi Protectorate
246:Emperor Wu of Han
195:Xinjiang conflict
174:and Kazakhstan's
114:
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
5080:
4782:
4739:
4738:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4648:String of Pearls
4560:Foreign Minister
4557:
4545:
4529:
4436:
4377:Papua New Guinea
3465:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3202:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3140:. Archived from
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3116:"哈萨克斯坦经典话剧在新疆上演"
3112:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2843:
2837:
2824:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2499:The Astana Times
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2471:. 11 July 2020.
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2328:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2134:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1990:
1977:
1976:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1795:. Archived from
1784:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1655:978-18460-309-87
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1590:. Archived from
1579:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:. 4 August 2022.
1420:
1414:
1413:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1301:Kembayev, Zhenis
1297:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1207:"中国向西开放视角下的中哈关系"
1202:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1132:
1109:
1088:
872:
836:in August 1969.
686:Kazakhstan mines
661:and the city of
550:one-China policy
502:Qianlong Emperor
475:military service
424:Qianlong Emperor
401:Dzungarian basin
269:Battle of Zhizhi
156:historical China
153:
144:
135:
127:
119:
109:
107:
70:
69:
59:
58:
40:
33:
21:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5016:
4990:
4894:
4783:
4774:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4701:
4692:
4621:Panda diplomacy
4586:Chinese Century
4534:
4519:
4441:
4422:
4401:
4387:Solomon Islands
4330:
4139:
3885:
3739:
3459:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3207:"哈萨克斯坦人眼中的在哈华人"
3204:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3084:"中国与哈萨克斯坦的文化关系"
3081:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2834:Wayback Machine
2825:
2818:
2812:Wayback Machine
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2756:Wayback Machine
2746:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2347:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2184:
2176:. p. 173.
2167:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1965:
1957:. p. 229.
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1495:Сергей Балмасов
1492:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1112:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1014:
975:
969:
927:
887:
866:
830:border conflict
774:
760:
716:
494:
471:First World War
409:Yarkent Khanate
393:Altai Mountains
361:
341:
325:
317:Battle of Talas
305:
262:Han–Xiongnu War
254:Western Regions
230:
222:
71:
67:
60:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5042:United Nations
5039:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5021:Related topics
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5012:European Union
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4986:United Kingdom
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Czech Republic
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4618:
4616:Nine-dash line
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4564:
4552:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:United Nations
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:European Union
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4321:United Kingdom
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Czech Republic
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3372:
3327:
3310:. 2014-05-20.
3295:
3262:
3230:
3192:
3175:. 2014-08-12.
3157:
3128:
3122:on 2014-09-07.
3107:
3074:
3057:. 2014-05-20.
3039:
2997:
2948:
2931:(2020-04-17).
2929:People's Daily
2920:
2903:(2020-04-17).
2901:People's Daily
2892:
2865:
2838:
2816:
2737:
2670:
2653:www.npm.gov.tw
2639:
2626:
2614:
2603:commonspace.eu
2590:
2569:
2562:
2540:
2533:
2508:
2486:
2469:Deutsche Welle
2456:
2425:
2394:
2360:
2345:
2314:
2300:. 2013-10-16.
2289:
2282:
2260:
2230:
2223:
2197:
2182:
2155:
2120:
2081:
2064:People's Daily
2050:
2016:
2002:. 2003-05-27.
1978:
1963:
1938:
1931:
1904:
1888:huochepiao.com
1873:
1857:huochepiao.com
1842:
1826:978-0231139243
1825:
1805:
1799:on 2014-09-14.
1776:
1744:
1716:
1699:
1692:
1668:
1654:
1634:
1620:
1600:
1594:on 2014-09-07.
1561:
1529:
1498:(2013-02-24).
1485:
1457:
1440:. 中华人民共和国外交部.
1438:"驻哈萨克斯坦共和国大使馆"
1429:
1415:
1408:. 2019-10-30.
1391:
1358:
1341:(2020-04-19).
1330:
1311:(3): 204–216.
1287:
1254:
1230:
1192:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1133:
1127:
1110:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
985:who fled from
983:Donggan people
968:
965:
926:
923:
886:
883:
875:personal media
782:Russian Empire
770:Main article:
759:
756:
715:
712:
620:announced the
493:
490:
456:Kazakh Khanate
452:Russian Empire
417:Kazakh khanate
360:
357:
353:Kazakh Khanate
340:
337:
324:
321:
304:
301:
229:
226:
221:
218:
181:Following the
143:Zhōnghā Guānxì
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
64:
52:
51:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5085:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:in Kazakhstan
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4770:United States
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Latin America
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:Former states
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:United States
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Guinea-Bissau
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
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3377:
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3368:
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3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:Asian Affairs
3331:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3217:on 2015-04-01
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3144:on 2014-09-07
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3030:on 2013-09-21
3026:
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2771:
2769:Tiělièkètí Hé
2761:
2760:Terekty River
2757:
2753:
2750:
2744:
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2346:9789087284411
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2283:9780300266900
2279:
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2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2145:on 2015-09-23
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2071:on 2019-05-02
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
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1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1894:on 2013-07-29
1893:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1863:on 2013-07-29
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1843:
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1822:
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1809:
1806:
1798:
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1783:
1781:
1777:
1763:on 2014-09-12
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1731:on 2015-09-24
1730:
1726:
1725:"俄羅斯對中國的百年侵略"
1720:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
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1681:
1680:
1672:
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1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1543:
1542:"與前蘇3國邊界基本解決"
1536:
1534:
1530:
1516:on 2014-09-12
1515:
1511:
1503:
1489:
1486:
1471:
1467:
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1375:thinkchina.sg
1372:
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1292:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1217:on 2014-09-07
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1179:on 2014-09-06
1178:
1174:
1173:"中国同哈萨克斯坦的关系"
1168:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1144:(8): 131–156.
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1084:9788498922578
1080:
1076:
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1066:
1062:
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1021:
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979:
974:
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947:
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939:
936:
931:
925:Cultural ties
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Lake Balkhash
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
870:
865:
861:
856:
852:
850:
849:Taylor Fravel
845:
841:
837:
835:
832:east of lake
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
764:
757:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Kazakh people
725:
721:
713:
711:
709:
706:and supports
705:
700:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
672:
668:
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629:
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441:
440:Lake Balkhash
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:By 1755, the
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Kazakh Steppe
402:
399:to enter the
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
333:Mongol Empire
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:Zhizhi Chanyu
278:
274:
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265:
263:
259:
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243:
239:
235:
227:
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187:rapprochement
184:
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149:
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112:
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90:
86:
81:
77:
74:
63:
53:
50:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4885:Turkmenistan
4814:
4413:Soviet Union
4326:Vatican City
4108:Turkmenistan
4056:Saudi Arabia
3978:
3695:South Africa
3685:Sierra Leone
3495:Burkina Faso
3394:. Retrieved
3388:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:(in Chinese)
3316:. Retrieved
3307:
3298:
3292:(in Chinese)
3284:. Retrieved
3275:
3270:王治来 (1963).
3265:
3254:. Retrieved
3243:
3233:
3227:(in Chinese)
3219:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3210:
3205:于晓丽 (2010).
3189:(in Chinese)
3181:. Retrieved
3172:
3154:(in Chinese)
3146:. Retrieved
3142:the original
3131:
3125:(in Chinese)
3120:the original
3110:
3104:(in Chinese)
3096:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3071:(in Chinese)
3063:. Retrieved
3054:
3032:, retrieved
3025:the original
3020:
3016:
2968:
2964:
2951:
2936:
2923:
2908:
2895:
2884:. Retrieved
2882:. 2020-04-14
2877:
2868:
2857:. Retrieved
2855:. 2020-04-14
2850:
2841:
2767:
2729:. Retrieved
2699:(2): 46–83.
2696:
2690:
2661:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2629:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2587:(in Chinese)
2572:
2549:
2543:
2520:
2498:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2438:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2407:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2332:
2306:. Retrieved
2292:
2269:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
2206:
2200:
2169:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2112:. Retrieved
2101:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2062:
2053:
2042:. Retrieved
2040:. 2023-10-17
2028:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
1997:
1950:
1918:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:the original
1887:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1856:
1845:
1835:, retrieved
1815:
1808:
1802:(in Chinese)
1797:the original
1792:
1773:(in Chinese)
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1756:
1747:
1741:(in Chinese)
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1719:
1702:
1678:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1644:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1610:
1603:
1597:(in Chinese)
1592:the original
1587:
1558:(in Chinese)
1550:. Retrieved
1526:(in Russian)
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1505:
1488:
1482:(in Chinese)
1474:. Retrieved
1460:
1454:(in Chinese)
1446:. Retrieved
1432:
1418:
1403:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1374:
1346:
1333:
1308:
1304:
1284:(in Chinese)
1276:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
1251:(in Chinese)
1246:the original
1240:
1233:
1227:(in Chinese)
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1210:
1189:(in Chinese)
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1167:
1141:
1118:
1094:
1073:
1039:
1029:Bibliography
1006:
995:
980:
976:
958:
940:
932:
928:
888:
857:
853:
846:
842:
838:
834:Zhalanashkol
810:
798:Zuo Zongtang
775:
752:
717:
701:
690:
679:
675:
644:
637:
634:
630:
615:
612:
599:
584:
562:
543:
539:
535:
460:
449:
421:
380:Esen Buqa II
369:
365:Qing dynasty
362:
342:
329:Genghis Khan
326:
309:Tang dynasty
306:
293:Chinese army
266:
240:, practiced
231:
223:
199:
180:
141:
97:
96:
4956:Netherlands
4875:South Korea
4795:Afghanistan
4500:Third World
4465:Arab League
4367:New Zealand
4311:Switzerland
4261:Netherlands
4066:South Korea
4046:Philippines
4024:North Korea
3897:Afghanistan
3816:El Salvador
3700:South Sudan
3590:Ivory Coast
2794: /
2479:19 December
2355:jj.15136086
2033: [
1999:China Daily
1468:. 中国领事服务网.
1241:哈萨克斯坦投资环境研究
915:Lake Alakol
867: [
778:Lake Zaysan
734:of China's
591:natural gas
572:Jiang Zemin
376:Moghulistan
307:During the
289:Talas River
273:Han dynasty
234:Han dynasty
232:During the
228:Han dynasty
193:as well as
5057:Categories
4890:Uzbekistan
4840:Kyrgyzstan
4810:Bangladesh
4805:Azerbaijan
4418:Yugoslavia
4357:Micronesia
4291:San Marino
4256:Montenegro
4246:Luxembourg
4118:Uzbekistan
4093:Tajikistan
3984:Kyrgyzstan
3979:Kazakhstan
3932:East Timor
3912:Bangladesh
3907:Azerbaijan
3796:Costa Rica
3680:Seychelles
3645:Mozambique
3630:Mauritania
3615:Madagascar
3510:Cape Verde
3396:17 October
3318:2014-12-23
3286:2014-12-23
3256:2019-09-13
3221:2014-12-23
3183:2014-12-23
3148:2014-12-23
3098:2014-12-23
3088:中华人民共和国文化部
3065:2014-12-23
3034:2013-09-19
2886:2024-05-18
2859:2024-05-18
2782:82°15′30″E
2779:45°37′00″N
2731:2020-08-08
2608:2023-04-20
2308:2013-10-15
2149:2008-10-10
2114:2008-10-10
2075:2019-07-13
2044:2024-05-18
2010:2008-10-10
1898:2012-11-26
1867:2012-11-26
1837:2016-10-14
1767:2014-10-26
1753:"哈萨克 历史沿革"
1735:2014-10-26
1661:27 January
1627:27 January
1552:2014-10-26
1520:2014-12-09
1476:2014-10-26
1466:"哈萨克斯坦共和国"
1448:2014-10-26
1385:2020-08-23
1278:2014-10-26
1221:2014-12-23
1183:2014-09-06
1159:References
935:Nazarbayev
911:Emil River
864:self-media
811:After the
748:Tajikistan
744:Kyrgyzstan
618:Xi Jinping
546:Kazakhstan
526:Alashankou
432:Ablai Khan
415:'s of the
349:Ming China
279:chieftain
250:Zhang Qian
168:Kazakhstan
62:Kazakhstan
4870:Singapore
4860:Palestine
4825:Indonesia
4533:Diplomacy
4475:Caribbean
4342:Australia
4241:Lithuania
4078:Sri Lanka
4061:Singapore
4041:Palestine
3947:Indonesia
3881:Venezuela
3846:Nicaragua
3756:Argentina
3635:Mauritius
3367:227295465
3359:0306-8374
3211:俄罗斯中亚东欧市场
2852:Kazinform
2713:0162-2889
2192:939553543
1973:939553543
1923:Routledge
1325:158552575
1142:Crosroads
1119:Crosroads
1098:. BRILL.
967:Migration
790:Chuguchak
740:air bases
720:terrorism
667:fake news
647:pneumonia
510:Chuguchak
395:from the
111:romanized
4855:Pakistan
4850:Mongolia
4845:Malaysia
4748:Americas
4673:Treaties
4571:in China
4352:Kiribati
4276:Portugal
4171:Bulgaria
4098:Thailand
4036:Pakistan
4009:Mongolia
4004:Maldives
3999:Malaysia
3927:Cambodia
3861:Suriname
3831:Honduras
3791:Colombia
3766:Barbados
3744:Americas
3735:Zimbabwe
3710:Tanzania
3560:Ethiopia
3540:Djibouti
3505:Cameroon
3490:Botswana
3312:Archived
3280:Archived
3250:Archived
3177:Archived
3173:哈萨克国际通讯社
3092:Archived
3059:Archived
2993:22837504
2943:Archived
2915:Archived
2830:Archived
2808:Archived
2805:this map
2752:Archived
2725:Archived
2721:56347789
2663:17 April
2657:Archived
2582:Archived
2503:Archived
2473:Archived
2443:Archived
2412:Archived
2381:Archived
2302:Archived
2253:17 April
2247:Archived
2108:Archived
2030:Daryo.uz
2004:Archived
1831:archived
1546:Archived
1470:Archived
1442:Archived
1410:Archived
1379:Archived
1353:Archived
1272:Archived
1071:(2011).
1012:See also
893:and the
823:and the
815:and the
736:Xinjiang
730:and the
680:China's
663:Shymkent
651:COVID-19
436:Amursana
351:and the
275:and the
158:and the
4981:Ukraine
4941:Hungary
4931:Germany
4921:Finland
4916:Denmark
4906:Austria
4800:Armenia
4661:Albania
4495:Oceania
4455:BIMSTEC
4397:Vanuatu
4335:Oceania
4316:Ukraine
4281:Romania
4251:Moldova
4226:Ireland
4221:Iceland
4216:Hungary
4206:Germany
4196:Finland
4191:Denmark
4176:Croatia
4166:Belgium
4161:Belarus
4156:Austria
4151:Albania
4123:Vietnam
4071:History
4029:History
4014:Myanmar
3994:Lebanon
3972:history
3937:Georgia
3902:Armenia
3876:Uruguay
3836:Jamaica
3821:Grenada
3811:Ecuador
3771:Bolivia
3761:Bahamas
3720:Tunisia
3690:Somalia
3675:Senegal
3660:Nigeria
3650:Namibia
3640:Morocco
3605:Liberia
3600:Lesotho
3555:Eritrea
3525:Comoros
3500:Burundi
3475:Algeria
2973:Bibcode
2965:Science
2938:Toutiao
2910:Toutiao
2635:the map
2449:10 July
2418:10 July
2387:10 July
1348:Toutiao
942:Beijing
732:Uighurs
693:Khorgos
608:Sinopec
522:railway
463:Cossack
428:Dawachi
384:Zhetysu
372:Kazakhs
345:Jiajing
323:Mongols
287:on the
277:Xiongnu
258:Xiongnu
220:History
214:Beijing
160:Kazakhs
113::
4971:Serbia
4966:Russia
4961:Poland
4951:Kosovo
4936:Greece
4926:France
4899:Europe
4880:Turkey
4835:Israel
4765:Mexico
4760:Canada
4755:Brazil
4656:Soviet
4460:Africa
4306:Sweden
4296:Serbia
4286:Russia
4271:Poland
4266:Norway
4236:Kosovo
4211:Greece
4201:France
4181:Cyprus
4144:Europe
4103:Turkey
4088:Taiwan
3962:Israel
3922:Brunei
3917:Bhutan
3851:Panama
3841:Mexico
3781:Canada
3776:Brazil
3730:Zambia
3725:Uganda
3665:Rwanda
3620:Malawi
3580:Guinea
3570:Gambia
3480:Angola
3468:Africa
3365:
3357:
2991:
2719:
2711:
2560:
2531:
2353:
2343:
2280:
2221:
2190:
2180:
1971:
1961:
1929:
1823:
1793:新疆大学学报
1690:
1652:
1618:
1544:. 明報.
1323:
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