158:, also claimed to have destroyed Kazullu. And Rim-Anum, ruler of Uruk, reports in a year name "Year in which Rim-Anum the king defeated the land of Emutbal, the troops of Esznunna, Isin and Kazallu who marched together against him to make booty ... which was not counted since ancient times ... and defeated them". Kazallu briefly became a city-state in its own right before falling to Babylon. The 13th year name of Babylonian ruler Sumu-abum lists the destruction of Kazallu.
117:"To Ibbi-Suen, my king, speak what Ishbl-Erra, your servant, says: I was charged with an expedition to Isin and Kazallu to buy grain. Grain is (now) reaching the rate of one gur (for) each (shekel) and the 20 talents of silver for buying grain have been spent. ... Now the Martus in their entirety have entered the interior of the country taking one by one all the great fortresses. ...
68:"Rimus, king of the world — the god Enlil did indeed grant kingship to him. ... Thereupon, on his return, Kazallu revolted. He conquered it and thin Kazallu (itself) struck down 12,052 men. He took 5,862 captives. Further, he captured Ašarēd, governor of Kazallu and destroyed its (Kazallu's) wall. ... "
484:
Silver, Minna (Lönnqvist). "Climate Change, the Mardu Wall, and the Fall of Ur". Fortune and
Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz, University Park, USA: Penn
239:
Sharlach, Tonia. "Šulgi, Mighty Man, King of Ur", Fortune and
Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp.
55:
in the 24th or 23rd century BC. Sargon laid the city of
Kazalla to waste so effectively that "the birds could not find a place to perch away from the ground." This particular story was written a millennium or more after the fact and is considered a literary composition. The second ruler of the
380:
Michalowski, Piotr, "The Royal
Letters in Their Historical Setting 1: The Affairs of King Šulgi (Letters 1–12, 15–18)", The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 64-81,
408:
Allred, L., Garfinkle, S. J., & Molina, M., "The Tenure of
Provincial Governors: Some Observations", In From the 21st Century BC, to the 21st Century AD: Proceeding of the International Conference on Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010, pp. 115-24, December
92:
writing "Then: Umma, Marda, Šubur, Kazallu, and their settlements, and whatsoever was oppressed by Anšan, verily, I established their freedom". Under the Ur III empire, the city was ruled by ensi (governors). Some of them, Ititi (appointed in 28th year of
418:
Michalowski, Piotr, "Ibbi-Sin to Puzur-Numušda 1 (IbPu1, 3.1.20, RCU 22)". The
Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 463-482,
328:
I. J. Gelb, P. Steinkeller, and R. M. Whiting Jr, "OIP 104. Earliest Land Tenure
Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus", Oriental Institute Publications 104 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1989, 1991 ISBN 978-0-91-898656-6
84:. Naram-Sin crushed the revolt and in an inscription mentioned defeating "Puzur-Numusda, governor of Kazallu". It is unclear how that governor relates to the one under Ur III. The city was briefly under the control of Elam under
197:(modern Tell as-Sadoum). Another researcher has suggested that Kazallu can be found "in the area east or southeast of Dilbat". And yet another "likely modern Azragiya on the Euphrates located 4 kms northwest of Fallujah".
109:, the last ruler of Ur III, and Puzur-Numušda 1 who he had made governor of Kazallu, complaining that he (Girbubu, governor of Girkal, a city associated with Kazaalu in a geographic list) was not doing enough to oppose
456:
Rositani, Annunziata, "Some Rīm-Anum Texts from the Bīt asīrī Kept at the
British Museum", Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, vol. 82, no. 1/4, Fabrizio Serra Editore, Sapienza - Universita di Roma, pp. 97–121,
446:
Fiette, Baptiste, "‘King’ Kudur-Mabuk: A Study on the
Identity of a Mesopotamian Ruler Without a Crown", Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 50, no. 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), pp. 275–94,
371:
Rients de Boer, "Marad in the Early Old
Babylonian Period: Its Kings, Chronology, and Isin's Influence", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 65, The American Schools of Oriental Research, pp. 73–90, 2013
230:
Jonathan L. Ready, "Zeus, Ancient Near Eastern Notions of Divine Incomparability, and Similes in the Homeric Epics", Classical Antiquity, vol. 31, no. 1, University of California Press, pp. 56–91, 2012
134:
finally establishes supremacy for Babylon in the region, Kazallu is often mentioned in the conflicts of that time. In the early 2nd millennium BC the city had a number of conflicts with
466:
Rients de Boer, "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2018, pp. 53–86, 2018
269:
80:
the third king of the Akkadian Empire, mention feasts occurring in Kazallu and people from Kazallu. Kazallu also joined the "great revolt" led by Kish against the 4th Akkadian ruler
193:, and just west of the Euphrates. In texts from Drehem the city is said to be to the east of the unlocated city of Girtab. Old Babylonian records have it as being in the area of
537:
344:
Wright, Jacob L., "Commensal Politics in Ancient Western Asia: The Background to Nehemiah's Feasting (continued, Part II)", vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 333-352, 2010
494:
Owen, David I., "Transliterations, Translations, and Brief Comments", The Nesbit Tablets, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 13-110, 2021
399:
Kutscher, Raphael, "Apillaša, Governor of Kazallu", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 22, no. 3/4, American Schools of Oriental Research, pp. 63–65, 1968
142:
records "Year (Sin-iqiszam) made (statues) of / for Numuszda, Namrat and Lugal-apiak and brought them into the city of Kazallu". The 2nd year name of
249:
Helle, Sophus, "The Temple Hymns", in Enheduana: The Complete Poems of the World's First Author, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 53-94, 2023
282:
Howard, Sethanne, "En Hedu’anna", Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 2, Washington Academy of Sciences, pp. 21–34, 2017
475:
Howorth, Henry H., "The Later Rulers of Shirpurla or Lagash (Continued)", The English Historical Review, Vol. 17, No. 66, pp. 209-234, Apr. 1902
521:
Frayne, Douglas R., "The Zagros campaigns of the Ur III kings", Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 3, pp. 33-56, 2008
353:
Sharlach, Tonia. "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi" Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 2022
308:
503:
Yuhong, W, "Kings of Kazallu and Marad in the early OB Period", XXXIVème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, pp. 221-227, 1998
189:
the Martu were hindering travel between Ur and Kazallu. Some scholars today believe it was only about 15 km from the city of
512:
Finkelstein, J. J., "Subartu and Subarians in Old Babylonian Sources", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 1955
146:
reads "Year the city wall of Kazallu was destroyed and the army of Mutibal occupying Larsa was smitten by weapons". Larsa ruler
206:
303:
Douglas Frayne, "Akkad", in Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2234-2113 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993
211:
333:
330:
105:), are known by name. It has been suggested that Su-Mama and Apillaša had a period of co-regency. There is a letter from
258:
Stol, M., "An Old Babylonian Contract", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 55–56, 1976
542:
437:
Richardson, Seth, "Early Mesopotamia: the presumptive state", in Past & Present, no. 215, pp. 3–49, 2012
428:
Jacobsen, Thorkild, "The Reign of Ibbī-Suen", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 36–47, 1953
362:
Yildiz, Fatma, "A Tablet of Codex Ur-Nammu from Sippar", Orientalia, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 87–97, 1981
161:
After the fall of the First Babylonian Empire the city of Kazallu is no longer recorded in history.
319:
Foster, Benjamin R., "The Sargonic Victory Stele from Telloh", Iraq, vol. 47, 1985, pp. 15–30, 1885
81:
291:
Grayson, A. K., "Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles", TCS 5. Locust Valley: J. J. Augustin, 1975
304:
127:
85:
38:
with his consort Namrat. There are indications that the god Lugal-awak also lived in Kazallu.
27:
57:
52:
531:
97:), Izariq (S31), Kallamu (S43), Šu-Mama (S47), and Apillaša (appointed in year 7 of
186:
178:
155:
147:
139:
77:
110:
143:
131:
98:
31:
182:
106:
89:
35:
190:
102:
73:
390:
Goetze, A., "Šakkanakkus of the Ur III Empire", JCS17, pp. 1–31, 1963
174:
94:
61:
273:, 3d ed. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton: University Press, 1969
194:
170:
135:
151:
113:, ruler of Isin. A notable letter sent to Ibbi-Sin reads:
150:
also reports repelling the forces of Kazullu. A ruler of
72:
A number of land grant inscriptions, the predecessors of
270:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
88:until Elam fell to Ur with the first Ur III ruler,
51:Under its king Kashtubila, Kazalla warred against
177:, Kazallu was located somewhere to the west of
115:
66:
130:, between the fall of the Ur III empire until
8:
64:, suppressed a revolt by Kazallu reporting:
538:Former populated places in Southwest Asia
485:State University Press, pp. 271-296, 2021
299:
297:
169:According to a tablet from the reign of
223:
34:whose locations is unknown. Its god is
7:
101:continuing until at least year 5 of
14:
30:sources to a city in the ancient
26:(Ka-zal-lu) is the name given in
267:Oppenheim, A. Leo (translator).
207:Cities of the ancient Near East
212:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
1:
185:. According to a letter to
559:
16:Ancient human settlement
119:
70:
122:Old Babylonian period
76:, from the reign of
47:Third Millennium BC
181:, in the land of
138:. A year name of
128:Isin-Larsa period
86:Puzur-Inshushinak
550:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
492:
486:
482:
476:
473:
467:
464:
458:
454:
448:
444:
438:
435:
429:
426:
420:
416:
410:
406:
400:
397:
391:
388:
382:
378:
372:
369:
363:
360:
354:
351:
345:
342:
336:
326:
320:
317:
311:
301:
292:
289:
283:
280:
274:
265:
259:
256:
250:
247:
241:
237:
231:
228:
558:
557:
553:
552:
551:
549:
548:
547:
543:Sargon of Akkad
528:
527:
526:
525:
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
489:
483:
479:
474:
470:
465:
461:
455:
451:
445:
441:
436:
432:
427:
423:
417:
413:
407:
403:
398:
394:
389:
385:
379:
375:
370:
366:
361:
357:
352:
348:
343:
339:
327:
323:
318:
314:
302:
295:
290:
286:
281:
277:
266:
262:
257:
253:
248:
244:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
203:
167:
124:
58:Akkadian Empire
53:Sargon of Akkad
49:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
556:
554:
546:
545:
540:
530:
529:
524:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
477:
468:
459:
449:
439:
430:
421:
411:
401:
392:
383:
373:
364:
355:
346:
337:
321:
312:
293:
284:
275:
260:
251:
242:
232:
222:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
209:
202:
199:
166:
163:
123:
120:
48:
45:
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
555:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
533:
518:
515:
509:
506:
500:
497:
491:
488:
481:
478:
472:
469:
463:
460:
453:
450:
443:
440:
434:
431:
425:
422:
415:
412:
405:
402:
396:
393:
387:
384:
377:
374:
368:
365:
359:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
335:
332:
325:
322:
316:
313:
310:
309:9780802035868
306:
300:
298:
294:
288:
285:
279:
276:
272:
271:
264:
261:
255:
252:
246:
243:
240:211-220, 2011
236:
233:
227:
224:
217:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
63:
59:
54:
46:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
517:
508:
499:
490:
480:
471:
462:
452:
442:
433:
424:
414:
404:
395:
386:
376:
367:
358:
349:
340:
324:
315:
287:
278:
268:
263:
254:
245:
235:
226:
168:
160:
125:
116:
71:
67:
50:
23:
19:
18:
179:Mesopotamia
156:Erra-imitti
148:Kudur-Mabuk
140:Sin-Iqisham
78:Manishtushu
532:Categories
218:References
111:Ishbi-Erra
144:Warad-Sin
132:Hammurabi
99:Amar-Suen
82:Naram-Sin
32:Near East
201:See also
187:Ibbi-Sîn
165:Location
107:Ibbi-Sin
90:Ur-Nammu
74:Kudurrus
36:Numushda
28:Akkadian
191:Babylon
126:In the
103:Shu-Sin
42:History
24:Kazallu
20:Kazalla
334:Plates
307:
175:Lagash
95:Shulgi
62:Rimush
195:Marad
183:Martu
171:Gudea
136:Larsa
457:2009
447:2020
419:2021
409:2013
381:2011
331:Text
305:ISBN
152:Isin
173:of
22:or
534::
296:^
154:,
60:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.