99:(ordinance). Lachhimidas and his brother Chandrabir Pradhan(Kasaju) divided the areas into number of estates to be distributed within the members of the family. During this period another Newar family led by Chandrabir Maskey settled in Sadam, South Sikkim. In the same year an agreement was reached between the two families where Chandrabir Maskey was given the Pendam, Temi, Regu, Pakyong and Chotta Pathing estates. Lachhimidas Pradhan and his family took control of the estate bordering Majitar to Kaleej Khola and Barmick in South Sikkim. His brother Chandrabir Pradhan(Kasaju) was given Rhenock, Mamring, Pache Khani, and Taja along with a joint supervision of Dilding and parts of Pendam.
87:
After contact with the
British, the agrarian Sikkimese society witnessed a drastic change in land use and settlement pattern. The British encouraged migration of Nepalese to Sikkim mainly for agriculture and labour. The two Newar trade families of Lachhimidas Pradhan and Chandrabir Maskey from
254:
Adda Courts of the Kazis, Thikadars and Lamas were given judicial powers in 1909 through a resolution by State
Council. These courts could try civil matters up to Rupees 500. The feudal landlords of Sikkim could punish peasants with then prevalent system of forced labour practices such as
143:(assistants to the mandals) were employed by the Kazis and Thikadars as rent collectors and dispute mediators. Out of Sikkim's 104 revenue estates, 61 were leased to Kazis and thikadars for fixed sums, five were given to monasteries and fifteen retained by the Chogyal for his private use.
226:. The Sikkimese feudal landlords could also serve as "Forest Officers" to implement laws related to forests and were given a proportion of revenue collected from forest area of his estate.
242:
and enjoyed a position just below the Kazis. Later, Kazis and
Thikadars were more or less given equal status as the institution evolved in Sikkim. British granted noble titles like
106:
214:(District officers) as main agents of the government at regional level. They could collect taxes in the form of food grains or money under three types of tenancy systems -
697:
116:
given to various landlord on lease. 36 estates were divided among different landlords of which 21 were Kazis, 6 Bhutias, 8 Lepchas, 10 Nepalese and 1 plainsman. All
238:
and Bhutia communities were influential members of State
Council of Sikkim. Thikadars who were granted leesse landlordships were mostly from the Nepali
95:
trader
Lachhimidas Pradhan was the first Nepalese to be given territories in East and South Sikkim by Khangsa Dewan and Phudong Lama by issuing a
771:
88:
princely estates of
Kathmandu were given land as a contract or ‘’thika’’. These new landlords hence came to be known as Newar Thikadars.
38:. They had administrative and judicial powers within their respective land estates. This system existed since the establishment of the
681:
648:
607:
711:
162:. Kazis were the Bhutia-Lepcha aristocracy while the Thikadars were the Nepali aristocracy. Each Kazi or Thikadar had several
343:
492:
George L. Harris; Jackson A Giddens; Thomas E. Lux; Frederica
Muhlenberg; Francis Chadwick Rintz; Harvey H. Smith (1964).
306:
103:
or estates of Sadam, Pachekhani, Dikling and parts of Pendam were put under joint supervision of both the families.
852:
837:
847:
842:
857:
499:
463:""Chogyal's Sikkim: Tax, Land & Clan Politics" (2012). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1446"
112:
introduced several administrative changes from 1888 onwards until in 1890, land estates was created with 70
175:
147:
210:
introduced changes in administration of Sikkim in 1890, the role of Kazis and
Thikadars largely replaced
862:
517:
587:
174:. The ruling Kazis and Thikadars were also part of Sikkim's former legislature and governing body, the
166:
under them whose chief role was collection of taxes from people. The
Mandals were further assisted by
378:
444:
413:
430:
117:
815:
798:
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677:
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386:
351:
109:
54:
35:
792:
726:
698:"THE NEWARS ASPECT IN ZAMINDARI SYSTEM IN SIKKIM : Kalo-bhari and Jharlange demystified"
595:
57:
445:"Role of Llu.chimadas Pradhan and his family for the socio- economic development of Sikkim"
414:"Role of Llu.chimadas Pradhan and his family for the socio- economic development of Sikkim"
750:
573:
538:
399:
364:
344:
http://www.internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijhss/article/viewFile/139173/97708
271:
This system was abolished in 1951 Land Reform
Program initiated by the Sikkim government.
462:
72:
or administrative units, which each contained a fort. Individual Dzongs were headed by a
207:
43:
289:
831:
623:
493:
235:
77:
81:
31:
186:
Sikkimese feudal landlords resided with their families in a residence known as a
759:
671:
552:
243:
599:
256:
127:
By the end of nineteenth century lands of Sikkim were leased as gifts to many
260:
27:
150:
gave the feudal landlords permanent rights to their respective estates.
819:
802:
503:
39:
518:
https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/480729.pdf
65:
727:"A Study of Plural Societies in Sikkim: Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepalee"
379:
http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1239/10/10_chapter_04.pdf
239:
92:
198:(court) that had jurisdiction over their respective land estate.
84:
were also given full autonomy of their districts under the King.
121:
812:
Kirat History and Culture: All about south asian Monoglians
307:"Ritual and identity in the diaspora: the Newars in Sikkim"
712:"Introduction and Background of the High Court of Sikkim"
135:
who in turn leased sub-plots to peasants at high rents.
42:
and was further institutionalised under the period of
498:. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Areas Studies Division,
431:"Rhenock: The Forgotten Black Hill — Sikkim Project"
797:, Narrator: Amar Nembang, Kirat Yakthung Chumlung,
640:Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface
120:were made Thikadars. Besides Kazis and Thikadars,
495:Area handbook for Nepal (with Sikkim and Bhutan)
673:Sikkim: Society, Polity, Economy, Environment
588:"2. Sikkim: Imperial Stepping-stone to Tibet"
553:https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2206627.pdf
8:
333:, chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty.
16:Ruling class in the former Kingdom of Sikkim
467:Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
764:Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim
747:Commodities of Empire: Working Paper No.9
194:(bungalow), which was accompanied with a
330:
68:community and split his kingdom into 12
280:
569:
558:
534:
523:
395:
384:
360:
349:
158:Sikkim was divided into 90 estates or
479:
7:
107:British Political Officer to Sikkim
14:
1:
20:Kazis and Thikadars of Sikkim
305:Shrestha, Bal Gopal (2005).
246:to many Kazis and Thikadars
810:Chumlung, Yakthung (2014).
643:. De Gruyter. p. 216.
146:In 1906, an order from the
879:
670:Lama, Mahendra P. (1994).
80:. The Limbu chiefs or the
794:Kirat History and Culture
600:10.1515/9789048501243-006
594:. 2008. pp. 85–114.
124:also held land as Lords
766:. Mittal Publications.
592:Their Footprints Remain
500:The American University
76:drawn from amongst the
758:Bareh, Hamlet (2001).
314:Bulletin of Tibetology
64:or ministers from the
26:, were the hereditary
745:Arora, Vibha (2008).
725:Nakane, Chie (1963).
637:Fisher, J.F. (1978).
288:Risley, H. h (1894).
46:influence in Sikkim.
789:Chemjong, Iman Singh
230:Rank within nobility
805:, GGKEY:PP03Y9PZZBD
461:Tran, Hong (2012).
433:. 18 February 2022.
291:Gazetteer Of Sikkim
234:Kazis mostly from
118:Taksaris of Sikkim
853:History of Sikkim
838:Kingdom of Sikkim
773:978-81-7099-794-8
568:Missing or empty
533:Missing or empty
502:on behalf of the
394:Missing or empty
359:Missing or empty
110:John Claude White
36:Kingdom of Sikkim
870:
848:Indian feudalism
843:Indian landlords
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58:Phuntsog Namgyal
22:, also known as
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250:Judicial powers
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40:Namgyal dynasty
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12:
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5:
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760:"Introduction"
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506:. p. 368.
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139:(headmen) and
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9:
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2:
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683:9788173870132
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650:9783110806496
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624:"Turuk Kothi"
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609:9789048501243
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331:Chemjong 2014
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176:State Council
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33:
29:
25:
21:
863:Noble titles
811:
793:
777:. Retrieved
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746:
738:Bibliography
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665:
654:. Retrieved
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570:|title=
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535:|title=
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494:
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482:, p. 4.
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32:ruling class
28:feudal lords
23:
19:
18:
320:(1): 25–54.
267:Abolishment
263:and Kurwa.
832:Categories
820:B00JH8W6HQ
803:B00JH8W6HQ
656:2016-01-25
480:Arora 2008
275:References
257:Kalo Bhari
224:Mashikotta
34:in former
676:. Indus.
261:Jharlangi
244:Rai Sahib
212:Dzongpens
202:Functions
196:Kuchcheri
182:Residence
154:Structure
133:Thikadars
91:In 1867,
24:Ilakadars
791:(2014),
561:cite web
526:cite web
387:cite web
352:cite web
141:Karbaris
30:and the
779:19 June
504:US Army
208:British
172:Kamdari
164:Mandals
160:Ilakhas
137:Mandals
114:Elakhas
101:Ilakhas
78:Lepchas
55:Chogyal
50:History
44:British
818:
801:
770:
680:
647:
606:
240:Newars
236:Lepcha
220:Kutiya
206:After
168:Baidar
82:Subbas
74:Dzonga
70:Dzongs
66:Bhutia
62:Kalons
448:(PDF)
417:(PDF)
310:(PDF)
216:Adiya
192:Kothi
190:or a
188:Dzong
129:Kazis
122:Lamas
97:Sanad
93:Newar
816:ASIN
799:ASIN
781:2011
768:ISBN
678:ISBN
645:ISBN
604:ISBN
574:help
539:help
400:help
365:help
222:and
131:and
596:doi
170:or
834::
814:.
762:.
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363:(
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