335:
253:
323:
347:
204:
102:
311:
299:
226:. The appearance of the Kebaran culture, of microlithic type implies a significant rupture in the cultural continuity of Levantine Upper Paleolithic. The Kebaran culture, with its use of microliths, is associated with the use of the bow and arrow and the domestication of the dog. The Kebaran is also characterised by the earliest collecting of wild cereals, known due to the uncovering of grain grinding tools. It was the first step towards the
334:
539:
237:, the Kebaran is classified as an Epipalaeolithic society. They are generally thought to have been ancestral to the later Natufian culture that occupied much of the same range, who advanced the use of wild grains, building on the Kebaran traits to acquire some symptoms of permanent settlements, agriculture, and hints of civilization.
282:
The engravings found in Ein
Qashish South involve symbolic conceptualization. They suggest that the figurative and non-figurative images comprise a coherent assemblage of symbols that might have been applied in order to store, share and transmit information related to the social activities and the
272:, Israel. The engravings were uncovered in Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran deposits (ca. 23,000 and ca. 16,500 BP), and include the image of a bird, the first figurative representation known so far from a pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic site in the region, together with geometric motifs such as
276:, cross-hatchings and ladders. Some of the engravings closely resemble roughly contemporary European finds, and may be interpreted as "systems of notations" or "artificial memory systems" related to the timing of seasonal resources and related important events for nomadic groups.
230:. The Kebaran people are believed to have practiced dispersal to upland environments in the summer, and aggregation in caves and rock shelters near lowland lakes in the winter. This diversity of environments may be the reason for the variety of tools found in their kits.
252:
346:
322:
244:, the skeleton of a 30-40 year old woman associated with the Kebaran was discovered. The morphological characteristics assigned the individual to a Proto-Mediterranean population, being very similar to the Natufians.
279:
Similar looking signs and patterns are well known from the context of the local
Natufia, a final Epipaleolithic period when sedentary or semi-sedentary foragers started practicing agriculture.
663:
268:
Evidence for symbolic behavior of Late
Pleistocene foragers in the Levant has been found in engraved limestone plaquettes from the Epipaleolithic open-air site Ein Qashish South in the
549:"A Unique Assemblage of Engraved Plaquettes from Ein Qashish South, Jezreel Valley, Israel: Figurative and Non-Figurative Symbols of Late Pleistocene Hunters-Gatherers in the Levant"
1074:
283:
subsistence of mobile bands. They also suggest a level of social complexity in pre-Natufian foragers in the Levant. The apparent similarity in graphics throughout the
310:
656:
1069:
1079:
478:
Dayan, Tamar (1994), "Early
Domesticated Dogs of the Near East" (Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 21, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages 633–640)
298:
649:
203:
1084:
200:
and retouched bladelets can be found for the first time. The microliths of this culture period differ greatly from the
Aurignacian artifacts.
392:
547:
Roskin, Joel; Porat, Naomi; Greenbaum, Noam; Caracuta, Valentina; Boaretto, Elisabeta; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Yaroshevich, Alla (24 August 2016).
509:
1089:
630:
463:
430:
340:
Microlith tools from Ein
Qashish South, Jezreel Valley, Israel, Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran deposits (ca. 23ka and ca. 16.5ka BP)
101:
287:
world and the mode of their application support the possibility that symbolic behavior has a common and much earlier origin.
1018:
752:
672:
174:
126:
1064:
185:
635:
153:. The Kebaran was produced by a highly mobile nomadic population, composed of hunters and gatherers in the
706:
689:
130:
683:
215:
134:
83:
757:
767:
993:
973:
926:
731:
695:
560:
495:
227:
189:
110:
879:
772:
894:
889:
832:
817:
621:. Siglo XXI Editores, 1970 (reviewed and corrected in 1994) (original German edition, 1966, titled
114:
1034:
947:
916:
273:
1013:
1008:
932:
874:
869:
863:
988:
762:
626:
596:
578:
459:
426:
388:
212:
49:
1023:
952:
798:
793:
726:
586:
568:
451:
418:
380:
284:
219:
93:
803:
777:
736:
223:
158:
968:
838:
564:
1039:
1028:
591:
548:
487:
269:
257:
138:
192:, and are thought to have lacked the specialized grinders and pounders found in later
1058:
942:
937:
113:(LGM). Climate and Post-Glacial expansion in the Near East, based on the analysis of
998:
884:
193:
641:
573:
384:
921:
848:
843:
234:
146:
106:
69:
543:
372:
105:
The
Kebaran corresponds to the period of progressive warming at the end of the
911:
182:
162:
582:
218:(also known as the Athlitian or Antelian) and followed by the proto-agrarian
197:
142:
64:
600:
455:
422:
1003:
978:
858:
79:
371:
Goring-Morris, Nigel (2002), Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (eds.),
17:
538:
241:
352:
Associations of wild cereals and other wild grasses in northern Israel
983:
853:
261:
178:
154:
39:
207:
Stone Age stone mortar and pestle, Kebaran culture, 22,000-18,000 BP
542:
Material was adapted from this source, which is available under a
251:
202:
150:
100:
645:
27:
Archaeological culture in the
Eastern Mediterranean - Palestine
377:
Encyclopedia of
Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia
638:, Archaeology 1 Lectures, "From Foraging to Farming", 2008
256:
Engraved plaquette with bird image from Ein
Qashish South,
328:
Microlith productions, Kebaran culture, 22,000-18,000 BP
544:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
510:"Human remains from Ein Gev I, Jordan Valley, Israel"
264:, Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran ca. 23,000-16,500 BP)
961:
904:
825:
816:
786:
745:
714:
705:
89:
75:
63:
55:
45:
35:
211:The Kebaran is preceded by the final phase of the
448:Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory
415:Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory
304:Flint knife, Kebaran culture, 22,000-18,000 BP
657:
379:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 122–126,
8:
316:Kebaran culture microliths, 22,000-18,000 BP
30:
822:
711:
664:
650:
642:
619:Historia Universal siglo XXI. Prehistoria
590:
572:
1075:Archaeological cultures of the Near East
363:
294:
173:The Kebaran is the first phase of the
29:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
7:
196:cultures. Small stone tools called
1070:Upper Paleolithic cultures of Asia
25:
1080:Ancient peoples of the Near East
537:
508:Bar-Yosef, Ofer (January 1973).
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
673:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia
617:M. H. Alimen and M. J. Steve,
137:dating to c. 23,000 to 15,000
1:
1085:Prehistory of the Middle East
574:10.1371/journal.pone.0160687
385:10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_13
188:are characterized by small,
240:In the prehistoric site of
125:, also known as the 'Early
1106:
492:Neolithic of the Near East
679:
233:Situated in the Terminal
127:Near East Epipalaeolithic
1090:Epipalaeolithic cultures
59:c. 23,000 – c. 15,000 BP
636:University of Edinburgh
265:
208:
131:archaeological culture
118:
456:10.4324/9780203009420
423:10.4324/9780203009420
255:
216:Levantine Aurignacian
206:
135:Eastern Mediterranean
109:, which followed the
104:
84:Levantine Aurignacian
496:Macmillan Publishers
228:Neolithic Revolution
190:geometric microliths
111:Last Glacial Maximum
565:2016PLoSO..1160687Y
248:Artistic expression
115:Greenland ice cores
32:
698:(15,000–11,500 BP)
692:(19,000–15,000 BP)
686:(25,000–19,000 BP)
266:
209:
119:
36:Geographical range
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
812:
811:
753:Geometric Kebaran
394:978-1-4615-0023-0
213:Upper Paleolithic
99:
98:
50:Upper Paleolithic
16:(Redirected from
1097:
1024:Tell Abu Hureyra
823:
712:
666:
659:
652:
643:
605:
604:
594:
576:
541:
535:
514:
513:
505:
499:
485:
479:
476:
470:
469:
443:
437:
436:
410:
404:
403:
402:
401:
373:"Epipaleolithic"
368:
349:
337:
325:
313:
301:
285:Late Pleistocene
220:Natufian culture
94:Natufian culture
33:
21:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1065:Kebaran culture
1055:
1054:
1053:
1044:
994:Hilazon Tachtit
974:ʿAyn al-Saratan
957:
933:ʿUyun al-Hammam
927:Tabaqat al-Buma
900:
808:
782:
741:
701:
675:
670:
614:
612:Further reading
609:
608:
559:(8): e0160687.
546:
536:
517:
507:
506:
502:
488:Mellaart, James
486:
482:
477:
473:
466:
445:
444:
440:
433:
417:. p. 105.
412:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
370:
369:
365:
360:
353:
350:
341:
338:
329:
326:
317:
314:
305:
302:
293:
250:
224:Epipalaeolithic
175:Epipalaeolithic
171:
161:areas who used
123:Kebaran culture
82:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1040:Wadi Hammeh 27
1037:
1032:
1029:Tell es-Sultan
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
919:
914:
908:
906:
902:
901:
899:
898:
892:
887:
882:
880:Wadi Hammeh 26
877:
872:
867:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
829:
827:
820:
814:
813:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
796:
790:
788:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
716:
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
693:
687:
680:
677:
676:
671:
669:
668:
661:
654:
646:
640:
639:
633:
613:
610:
607:
606:
515:
500:
480:
471:
464:
438:
431:
405:
393:
362:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
351:
344:
342:
339:
332:
330:
327:
320:
318:
315:
308:
306:
303:
296:
292:
289:
270:Jezreel Valley
258:Jezreel Valley
249:
246:
170:
167:
139:Before Present
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
77:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:ʿIraq ed-Dubb
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Wadi Jilat 22
941:
939:
938:Wadi Jilat 10
936:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
903:
896:
895:Yutil al-Hasa
893:
891:
890:Wadi Madamagh
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
833:Ain al-Buhira
831:
830:
828:
824:
821:
819:
815:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
713:
710:
708:
704:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
674:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
647:
644:
637:
634:
632:
631:84-323-0034-9
628:
624:
623:Vorgeschichte
620:
616:
615:
611:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
540:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
516:
511:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
481:
475:
472:
467:
465:9780203009420
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
434:
432:9780203009420
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:"Athlitian".
409:
406:
396:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
367:
364:
357:
348:
343:
336:
331:
324:
319:
312:
307:
300:
295:
290:
288:
286:
280:
277:
275:
271:
263:
259:
254:
247:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
112:
108:
103:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
19:
1035:Tell Qarassa
969:ʿAin Mallaha
885:Wadi Jilat 6
839:ʿAyn Qasiyya
721:
622:
618:
556:
552:
503:
491:
483:
474:
447:
446:"Antelian".
441:
414:
408:
398:, retrieved
376:
366:
281:
278:
267:
239:
232:
210:
194:Near Eastern
172:
122:
120:
948:Wadi Mataha
922:Kharaneh IV
917:Jebel Hamra
866:(WHNBS 242)
849:Kebara Cave
844:Kharaneh IV
235:Pleistocene
186:assemblages
163:microlithic
149:, south of
147:Kebara Cave
107:Pleistocene
90:Followed by
76:Preceded by
70:Kebara Cave
1059:Categories
1014:Shubayqa 6
1009:Shubayqa 1
912:Neve David
875:Uwaynid 18
870:Uwaynid 14
864:Tor Sageer
400:2024-04-09
358:References
198:microliths
183:stone tool
181:. Kebaran
141:(BP). Its
1031:(Jericho)
989:Gilgal II
897:(WHS 784)
835:(WHS 618)
763:Mushabian
758:Nizzanian
583:1932-6203
291:Artifacts
143:type site
129:', is an
65:Type site
1004:Mureybet
979:Azraq 18
929:(WZ 200)
859:Ohalo II
799:Harifian
794:Natufian
768:Ramonian
727:Nebekian
707:Cultures
601:27557110
553:PLOS ONE
490:(1976),
274:chevrons
169:Overview
80:Ahmarian
18:Kebarian
804:Zarzian
778:Zarzian
737:Zarzian
732:Qalkhan
722:Kebaran
592:4996494
561:Bibcode
242:Ein Gev
222:of the
177:in the
165:tools.
133:of the
31:Kebaran
1019:Tabaqa
984:El Wad
953:WZ 148
905:Middle
854:KPS-75
773:Hamran
746:Middle
690:Middle
629:
599:
589:
581:
462:
429:
391:
262:Israel
179:Levant
155:Levant
46:Period
40:Levant
826:Early
818:Sites
715:Early
684:Early
159:Sinai
151:Haifa
56:Dates
962:Late
787:Late
696:Late
627:ISBN
597:PMID
579:ISSN
460:ISBN
427:ISBN
389:ISBN
157:and
121:The
625:).
587:PMC
569:doi
452:doi
419:doi
381:doi
145:is
1061::
595:.
585:.
577:.
567:.
557:11
555:.
551:.
518:^
458:.
450:.
425:.
387:,
375:,
260:,
665:e
658:t
651:v
603:.
571::
563::
512:.
498:)
494:(
468:.
454::
435:.
421::
383::
117:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
